Define Electrical Charge and Electrical Current.: Beeta1

Beeta1
1. Define electrical charge and electrical current.

Ans:
Electrical charge is a physical property of particles which allow them to interact with each other. It experiences force only in
electric field. And its unit is Coulombs (C) /tsahilgaan tseneg/
Electrical current is the rate of flow of charge particles (generally electrons). It experiences force in both magnetic and electric
field. And its unit is Amperes (A) /tsahilgaanii guidel/
In summary, electrical charge is a property of matter that can be positive or negative, while electrical current is the flow of electric
charge through a conductor.
2. Explain electromotive force(e.m.f.), electric potential and potential difference.

Ans:
Electromotive Force (e.m.f.):
Electromotive force (e.m.f.) is a term often used to describe the voltage or electrical potential difference across a device or
component, such as a battery or generator. Despite its name, e.m.f. is not a force but rather a measure of the energy per unit
charge supplied by the source to drive the electric current in a circuit. It is measured in volts (V). For example, in a battery, the
e.m.f. represents the maximum electric potential energy that can be provided to charges within a circuit.
Electric Potential:
Electric potential is a measure of the electric potential energy per unit charge at a specific point in an electric field. It is also
measured in volts (V). Electric potential represents the potential energy that a charged particle would have if placed at that point
in the electric field.
Potential Difference:
Potential difference is the difference in electric potential between two points in an electric circuit. It represents the work done on a
charge when it moves from one point to another within the circuit. Potential difference is also measured in volts (V). In practical
terms, potential difference is what causes electric charges (usually electrons) to flow through a conductor, creating an electric
current
To summarize:
- Electromotive force (e.m.f.) is the energy per unit charge supplied by an energy source, often associated with devices like
batteries or generators.
- Electric potential is the electric potential energy per unit charge at a specific point in an electric field.
- Potential difference, or voltage, is the difference in electric potential between two points in an electric circuit, which drives the
flow of electric current.
3. Define resistance and write down factors on which resistance depends
Ans:
The electrical resistance of an object is a measure of its opposition to the flow of electric current. Its reciprocal quantity is
electrical conductance, measuring the ease with which an electric current pass. Electrical resistance shares some conceptual
parallels with mechanical friction. The SI unit of electrical resistance is the ohm (Ω)
Factors on which Resistance Depends:
Material
Length
Cross-Sectional Area
Temperature
Temperature Coefficient of Resistance
Presence of Impurities
Frequency (for AC Circuits)
Pressure (for Some Materials)
Configuration and Geometry
4. Explain different types of resistors.

Ans: The most common types of resistors are:
Fixed Resistors:
Carbon Composition Resistors: These are made of a mixture of finely ground carbon and insulating ceramic material. They are
inexpensive and widely used in a variety of electronic devices.
Metal Film Resistors: These have a thin metal film on a ceramic base. They offer more stable and precise resistance values
compared to carbon composition resistors.
Metal Oxide Film Resistors: These are similar to metal film resistors, but the film is made of metal oxides. They are known for
their high stability and low noise characteristics.
Variable Resistors:
Potentiometers (Pots): These are adjustable resistors with a third terminal called the wiper. By turning a knob or shaft, you can
change the resistance between the wiper and one of the other terminals, allowing for variable control of resistance.
Rheostats: These are variable resistors with two terminals and are often used to control current in a circuit.
Wirewound Resistors:
Wirewound resistors are made by winding a resistive wire around a ceramic core. They can handle high power loads and have
low inductance, making them suitable for high-frequency applications.
5. Explain the effect of temperature on resistance and define temperature co-efficient of resistance.
Ans:
The resistance of a material tends to change with temperature. This phenomenon is known as temperature dependence of
resistance aka effect of temperature on resistance. Generally, most conductors (like metals) exhibit an increase in resistance as
temperature rises, while semiconductors may either increase or decrease in resistance depending on their type.
The temperature coefficient of resistance (α) is a measure of how much a material's resistance changes with temperature. It is
defined as the fractional change in resistance per degree Celsius (°C). The formula for the temperature coefficient of resistance
is:
R 2−R 1
α=
R 1× ( T 2−T 1 )
 α is the temperature coefficient of resistance.

 R1 and R2 are the resistances at T1 and T2 respectively
 T1 and T2 are the initial and final temperatures in degrees Celsius
6. Let resistance and temperature coefficient of resistance at temp t1 be Rt1 and αt1 respectively, and at temp t2 be Rt2
and αt2 respectively. Derive the relation between Rt1 and Rt2 and also among αt1 and αt2.
Ans:
Rt = Ro (1 + 𝛼ΔT)
7. An aluminum wire 7.5 m long is connected in parallel with a copper wire 6 m long. When a current of 5 A is passed
through the combination, it is found that the current in the aluminum wire is 3 A. The diameter of the aluminum wire is 1
mm. Determine the diameter of the copper wire. Resistivity of copper is 0.017 µΩm; that of the aluminum is 0.028 µΩm.
Ans:
8. A transmission line cable consists of 19 strands of identical copper conductors (shown in figure a), each 1.5 mm in
diameter. The length of the cable is 2 km but because of the twist of the strands, the actual length of each conductor is
increased by 5 percent. What is resistance of the cable? Take the resistivity of the copper to be 1.72 × 10–8 Ω m.
Ans:

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Beeta1

1. Define electrical charge and electrical current.

2. Explain electromotive force(e.m.f.), electric potential and potential difference.

4. Explain different types of resistors.

 α is the temperature coefficient of resistance.

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