STATISTICS & PROBABILITY

(WITH FORMULAS FOR INDEX CARD) L#3: MEAN AND VARIANCE OF A OF DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE
L#1: DISTINGUISHING RANDOM VARIABLE (DISCRETE & CONTINUOUS) Mean (μ) – The weighted average of the values that random variable X can take.

Probability – A field of mathematics that deals with chance. Expected Value or Mean Value – Can be computed by first multiplying each possible X value by
the probability of observing that value and then adding the resulting quantities.
n(event )
P ( E )=
N (sample space) μ=ΣX ∙ P(x )

Sample Space – All possible outcomes. Variance (ϑ 2) – It shows the distance of a random variable from its mean.

Random Variable – A way to map outcomes of a statistical experiment determined by chance Formula 1: ϑ 2 =Σ [ X 2 ∙ P ( x ) ]−μ 2
into number.
Formula 1: ϑ 2 =Σ ( X−μ)2 ∙ P( x )
Random Experiment – Any activity, which can be done repeatedly under similar conditions.
Standard Deviation (ϑ ¿ – Square root of the variance.
TYPES OF RANDOM VARIABLES
ϑ =√ ϑ
Discrete Random Variable – Are random variables that can take on a finite (or countably
infinite) number of distinct/certain values. Ex: The number of books in a library.
Continuous Random Variable – Are random variables that can take an infinitely uncountable
number of possible values, typically measurable quantities. Ex: The weight of a person.

L#2: PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

1. The sum of all probabilities must be 1.
2. Probabilities should be confined within 0 and 1.
L#4: NORMAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION AND ITS PROPERTIES (NORMAL
n( X) n(number of elements havingthe same variable)
P ( X )= or P ( X )= RANDOM VARIABLE)
N ( S) N (total number of outcomes ∈the experiment )
Normal Probability Distribution - A distribution of continuous random variables.
PROPERTIES OF A NORMAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
a. The normal curve is bell-shaped.
b. The curve is symmetrical to its center (mean).
c. The mean, median, and mode are equal.
d. The width of the curve is determined by the standard deviation.
e. The tails of the curve are asymptotic to the baseline. L#6: NORMAL VARIABLE TO A STANDARD NORMAL VARIABLE
f. The total area under the curve is 100% or 1.
Z-Score – Measures the distance between an observation and the mean, measured in units of
Empirical Rule – 68-95-99.7 standard deviation.
x−μ
z=
ϑ
- If the z score is positive, the score is above the mean. If the z score is 0, the score is the mean.
If the z score is negative, the score is below the mean.
Raw Score
x=zϑ + μ
Standard Deviation
x−μ
L#5: REGIONS UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE ϑ=
z
Normal Standard Table (Z-Score Table) – Is a mathematical table indicating the values of the
cumulative distribution function of the normal distribution.
L#7: LOCATING PERCENTILES UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE
If you are in the 90th percentile, it means that 90% of the scores were lower than yours and 10%
were higher.
Ex. 1: If
Step 1: your teacher
Express tellspercentage
the given you that you scored
in four at the
decimal 90th percentile, what is the corresponding
places.
z-score?
90th percentile -> 90% -> 0.9000

Step 2: Split the given z-score percentile

0.9000 = 0.5000-0.4000

Step 3: Find the area of 0.4000 in the z-table. If not found, get the
closest value.
0.4000 = 0.3997

Step 4: Identify the corresponding z score

The corresponding z-score of 0.3997 is z = 1.28
(Print niyo yung z-table na binigay ni ma’am for the exam)
Example #2: Thethe
Step 1: Convert result
raw of a nationwide
score aptitude test in mathematics are normally distributed
of 84 into z-score Cluster Random Sampling – The population is divided into randomly selected clusters or
withinx−μ
an average
84−80of 804and standard deviation of 15. What is the percentile rank of a score of groups. Ex: 4 of the 10 groups
z= = = z = 0.27
84? ϑ 15 15
2. Non-Probability Sampling – Does not involve random selection.
Step 2: Find the area that corresponds to the z-score.
z = 0.27 is 0.1064
Convenience Sampling – The researcher gathers data from nearby sources of information.

Step 3: Get the total area below the z-score. Purposive Sampling (Judgement/Selective Sampling) – Based on judgement/criteria.
0.5000 + 0.1064 = 0.6064 Snowball Sampling (Chain-Referral Sampling) – The chosen respondent is asked to give
Step 4: Compute the percentile rank of 84. recommendation or referrals to other possible respondents.
0.6064 x 100 = 60.64%
Volunteer Sampling – Sample units are volunteers.
Quota Sampling – Certain quotas are given to interviewers.

L#9: PARAMETER AND STATISTIC

L#8: SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
Parameter – Measurement or quantities that describe the population.
Sampling Technique – The specific process by which entities of the sample have been selected.
Statistic – Measurement or quantities that describe the sample.
Random Sampling – Method wherein each element of the population has an equal chance of
POPULATION FORMULAS
being chosen to represent the population.
Population Mean
Population – All members of the group about which you want to draw a conclusion.
Σx
μ=
Sample – A portion or part of the population. N μ = the population mean
x = given data
TYPES OF RANDOM SAMPLING Population Variance
2 N = number of elements in the population
Σ(x−μ)
1. Probability Sampling - Involves random selection. ϑ2= Σx = the summation of x
N 2
ϑ =population variance
Simple Random Sampling – Most commonly used; Each element has an equal chance
Population Standard Deviation ϑ = population standard deviation
probability of being selected. Ex: draw lots, spin the wheel
Systematic Random Sampling – Uses a system or calculation to select respondents.
N (Population)
ϑ=
√
Σ(x−μ)2
N
Ex: K= SAMPLE FORMULAS
n¿¿
Stratified Random Sampling – The population is divided into strata or homogenous partitions Sample Mean
or divisions. Ex: 20 boys and 20 girls Σx
x=
N
Sample Variance ś = the population mean
2
s =Σ ¿ ¿ x = given data
N = number of elements in the population
Sample Standard Deviation
Σx = the summation of x
s= √ Σ ¿ ¿ ¿ 2
s = population variance
s= population standard deviation