Crafting the Discussion Section of a Literature Review

The discussion section of a literature review is a critical aspect of academic writing, presenting the
analysis, interpretation, and synthesis of the gathered literature. It requires meticulous attention to
detail, analytical thinking, and coherent organization to effectively communicate the significance of
the reviewed literature. However, many students and researchers often find this task daunting and
challenging.

Writing the discussion section involves more than just summarizing the findings of the reviewed
studies. It requires the writer to critically evaluate and interpret the existing literature, identify
patterns, inconsistencies, and gaps, and provide insights into the implications of the findings.
Additionally, it necessitates the integration of diverse perspectives and theories to offer a
comprehensive understanding of the research topic.

One of the primary challenges of writing the discussion section is maintaining clarity and coherence
while addressing complex ideas and arguments. It requires the writer to strike a balance between
providing detailed analysis and avoiding unnecessary repetition. Moreover, synthesizing multiple
sources and perspectives into a coherent narrative can be intellectually demanding and time-
consuming.

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Consider whether your sources are current Some disciplines require that you use information that is
as current as possible. This chapter is similar to what is called the list of references and its main
purpose is to collect all the relevant sources of information and organize them in a logical. Begin
composing Once you’ve settled on a general pattern of organization, you’re ready to write each
section. Although you won’t be coming up with new, original ideas for the lit review, it still takes a
substantial chunk of time to write. One way to do this is to begin the literature review by
summarizing your argument even before you begin to make it. “In this article, I will describe two
apparently contradictory phenomena, present a new theory that has the potential to resolve the
apparent contradiction, and finally present a novel hypothesis to test the theory.” Another way is to
open each paragraph with a sentence that summarizes the main point of the paragraph and links it to
the preceding points. Although you do not have to provide a definitive explanation or detailed
theory for your results, you at least need to outline one or more possible explanations. The right
structure will vary from study to study, depending on various factors. Your opinion on the quality of
the research is just as important as the facts you include. 3. Relying too heavily on one source.
Literature reviews can be categorized as experimental and theoretical. It is the second page of the
manuscript and is headed with the word Abstract. Other Sections of Your Literature Review Once
you've decided on the organizational method for your literature review, the sections you need to
include in the paper should be easy to figure out because they arise from your organizational
strategy. You can use a subheading for each theme, time period, or methodological approach.
However, the literature review is not simply a list of past studies. For example, it might begin by
describing a phenomenon in a general way along with several studies that demonstrate it, then
describing two or more competing theories of the phenomenon, and finally presenting a hypothesis
to test one or more of the theories. For the most convincing and forceful dissertation discussion you
can present, contact us today. In the second approach, the participants section is followed by separate
design and procedure subsections. If your assignment is not very specific, seek clarification from
your instructor: Roughly how many sources should you include. Point the way in fulfilling a need for
additional research. This example shows how a literature review from a phd thesis can be analysed
for its structure, purpose and content. In other words, you’re first explaining what the problem is
(some sort of gap) and then proposing how you’ll solve it. The introduction should clearly establish
the focus and purpose of the literature review. A scientific text relying on previously published
literature or data New data from the Narrative reviews do not have a methods section but should
include some. Doing Your Literature Review: Traditional and Systematic Techniques. A literature
review is an essential part of a ph.d. Literature review examples from the duly written dissertations
contain structured scientific data on the selected topic, obtained as a result of the analysis of the
relevant sources. Victoria (BC): University of Victoria; 2017 Feb 27. Convey it to your reader A
literature review may not have a traditional thesis statement (one that makes an argument), but you
do need to tell readers what to expect. When getting started on your literature review, it helps to
know what role this plays in your overall project. A well-written review brings together the previous
work done in your field and places an emphasis upon established points relevant to your topic. Then
your review would have subsections according to eras within this period. For instance, a thematic
review of material on sperm whales might examine how they are portrayed as “evil” in cultural
documents.
To this end, they provide a number of recommendations to strengthen knowledge development
towards improving the design and execution of future reviews on home telemonitoring. 9.4.
Summary Table 9.1 outlines the main types of literature reviews that were described in the previous
sub-sections and summarizes the main characteristics that distinguish one review type from another.
The subsections might include how they are personified, how their proportions are exaggerated, and
their behaviors misunderstood. For the sperm whale project, one methodological approach would be
to look at cultural differences between the portrayal of whales in American, British, and French art
work. Do the results provide support for any existing theories. After the introduction, it grounds your
research in a scholarly field and leads directly to your theoretical framework or methodology.
Thematic: If you have found some recurring central themes that you will continue working with
throughout your piece, you can organize your literature review into subsections that address different
aspects of the topic. Take notes that you can later incorporate into the text of your literature review.
Goals of Literature Reviews What are the goals of creating a Literature Review. Methodological If
you draw your sources from different disciplines or fields that use a variety of research methods,
you might want to compare the results and conclusions that emerge from different approaches. We
normally answer all urgent queries very promptly, including late-night and weekend requests. Your
discussion section is thus where you explain how your results fill this gap. Development of the
Literature Review Four Basic Stages of Writing 1. Identifying Gaps: Aims to pinpoint areas where
there is a lack of research or unresolved questions, highlighting opportunities for further
investigation. Sometimes a literature review is written as a paper in itself. This makes you wonder
about American whaling methods during the time portrayed in Moby Dick, so you find some
academic articles published in the last five years on how accurately Herman Melville portrayed the
whaling scene in his novel. The type of information you choose to mention should relate directly to
the research problem, whether it is thematic, methodological, or chronological. A literature review
can be just a simple summary of the sources, but it usually has an organizational pattern and
combines both summary and synthesis. These authors synthesized published articles that describe the
development process of mobile health ( m-health ) interventions for patients’ cancer care self-
management. In the present context, the notion of rigour refers to the reliability and validity of the
review process described in section 9.2. For one thing, reliability is related to the reproducibility of
the review process and steps, which is facilitated by a comprehensive documentation of the literature
search process, extraction, coding and analysis performed in the review. The format of a review of
literature may vary from discipline to discipline and from assignment to establish the writer's reason
(point of view) for reviewing the literature; Source: templatelab.com Literature review writing guide,
structure, examples and tips for writers on essaybasics.com. How to write a literature review. Make a
list of keywords Start by creating a list of keywords related to your research question. The summary
effect size is a value that reflects the average magnitude of the intervention effect for a particular
outcome of interest or, more generally, the strength of a relationship between two variables across all
studies included in the systematic review. Write the review Thompson Writing Studio This link
opens in a new window Need to write a systematic review. A set of predetermined rules provides a
basis for including or excluding certain studies. A literature review is an integrated analysis -- not
just a summary-- of scholarly writings and other relevant evidence related directly to your research
question. Here are some examples: Chronological: The simplest approach is to trace the development
of the topic over time, which helps familiarize the audience with the topic (for instance if you are
introducing something that is not commonly known in your field). This means that you will not just
simply list your sources and go into detail about each one of them, one at a time. No. As you read
widely but selectively in your topic area, consider instead what themes or issues connect your
sources together. The research team started with an exploratory review of background documents
and research studies to identify ways in which patient portals may contribute to health service
delivery and patient outcomes. Use Quotes Sparingly Some short quotes are appropriate if you want
to emphasize a point, or if what an author stated cannot be easily paraphrased. Limitations aren’t
about listing your errors, but about providing an accurate picture of what can and cannot be
concluded from your study.
Writing editing and publishing the paper is the last step in the research process. You don’t want to
substitute a thorough review of core research literature in your discipline for studies conducted in
other fields of study. This example shows how a literature review from a phd thesis can be analysed
for its structure, purpose and content. A set of predetermined rules provides a basis for including or
excluding certain studies. As you begin writing your research proposal it is helpful to think of the
introduction as a narrative of what it is you want to do, written in one to three paragraphs. The
extracted data must be presented in a meaningful way that suggests a new contribution to the extant
literature ( Jesson et al., 2011 ). Webster and Watson (2002) warn researchers that literature reviews
should be much more than lists of papers and should provide a coherent lens to make sense of extant
knowledge on a given topic. Unlike a dissertation research question, this question has to be
answerable without collecting original data. This will give you a better understanding of the author’s
argument and what to focus on in your own review. 2. Not critically evaluating the sources. Here is a
potential outline for your conclusion: Discuss why the study should be done. Consider organization
You’ve got a focus, and you’ve stated it clearly and directly. Instead, pick two or three limitations
that seem like they could have influenced the results, explain how they could have influenced the
results, and suggest ways to deal with them. For the most convincing and forceful dissertation
discussion you can present, contact us today. Here are some suggestions on how to approach the
writing of your literature review: Think about what questions other researchers have asked, what
methods they used, what they found, and what they recommended based upon their findings. It also
provides evidence you can refer back to later to help interpret your own results. Is it manageable?
Begin writing down terms that are related to your question. Academic Research and Dissertation
Consulting Coursework Assistance. FORMAT DAN CONTOH MINI RISET Mini riset adalah karya
tulis ilmiah hasil karya mahasiswa UNIMED sebagai syarat untuk menjadi anggota Wira Usaha
Mahasiswa UNIMED. Fink, Arlene. Conducting Research Literature Reviews: From the Internet to
Paper. Source: nationalgriefawarenessday.com Here are five steps to writing an excellent literature
review. What might your study mean for future practitioners working in the field. If you have found
some recurring central themes, you can organise your literature review into subsections that address
different aspects of the topic. The most interesting literature reviews are often written as arguments
(again, as mentioned at the beginning of the page, this is discipline-specific and doesn’t work for all
situations). It is also helpful to use as a guide is the searches are not finding any useful results. By
trend: A better way to organize the above sources chronologically is to examine the sources under
another trend, such as the history of whaling. Should I evaluate the sources in any way beyond
evaluating how they relate to understanding the research problem? 5. Typically you’ll cover a few
things within the theoretical framework: Firstly, you’ll need to clearly define the key constructs and
variables that will feature within your study. Or, does is merely add more of the same thing being
said. Hamilton (1988) asked students to complete sentences that required them to fill in pronouns
that agreed with gender-neutral antecedents such as “writer,” “pedestrian,” and “persons.” The
students were asked to describe any image they had when writing the sentence. Consequently,
Sheppard and Williams had to go back and add a new section to their literature review on individual
resilience factors. Your professor will probably not expect you to read everything that's available
about the topic, but you'll make the act of reviewing easier if you first limit scope of the research
problem.
You can argue for the relevance of a specific theoretical approach or combine various theorical
concepts to create a framework for your research. However, when they returned to the literature to
search for individual resilience factors, they discovered a small body of literature in the child and
youth psychology field. It is also an argument as to why and how the tasks you have outlined will
help you investigate the research problem and answer your research question(s). Potential limitations
include sources of potential bias, threats to internal or external validity, barriers to implementing an
intervention and other issues inherent to the study design. During the interviews, the researchers
heard many participants discuss individual resilience factors and how they believed these individual
factors helped make the community more resilient, overall. Lamb, Sandra E. 1998. How to Write It:
A Complete Guide to Everything You’ll Ever Write. As you’re doing your research, create an
annotated bibliography ( see our page on the this type of document ). A literature review can be just
a simple summary of the sources, but usually contains an organizational pattern and combines both
summary and synthesis. It also provides evidence you can refer back to later to help interpret your
own results. Source: nationalgriefaw.b-cdn.net Before we get started on how to write the literature
review chapter, we've got to look at the why. Objectivity -- is the author's perspective even-handed
or prejudicial. It is often written as part of a dissertation, thesis, research paper, or proposal. While
conducting a review of the literature, maximize the time you devote to writing this part of your paper
by thinking broadly about what you should be looking for and evaluating. As you write, make sure to
follow these tips: Summarise and synthesise: give an overview of the main points of each source and
combine them into a coherent whole. At a minimum, it consists of a participants subsection and a
design and procedure subsection. How To Write Discussions And Conclusions Plos Pdf How To
Write A Literature Review In A Proposal Thesis A Conversation With A Purpose 13 1 Formatting A
Research Paper Writing For Success Second Grade Style Nonfiction Writing Nonfiction Writing
Elementary Writing Writing Informational Text. Consequently, Sheppard and Williams had to go
back and add a new section to their literature review on individual resilience factors. Explain how
you plan to go about conducting your research. Include each of the key concepts or variables you’re
interested in, and list any synonyms and related terms. You can add to this list as you discover new
keywords in the process of your literature search. Narrow your topic There are hundreds or even
thousands of articles and books on most areas of study. First, it is extremely important to start with
an outline of the main points that you want to make, organized in the order that you want to make
them. Literature reviews provide the reader with a bibliographic history of the scholarly research in
any given field of study. It restates the research question and comments on the method. What you
include in each depends on the objective of your literature review. However, this model does not
adequately take into account Archer's theory of 'Under-reporting' which states that people are less
likely to report frequently occurring small accidents until a critical mass of injuries are reached
(2009). When you find a useful book or article, you can check the bibliography to find other relevant
sources. APA7 Style resources APA Style Blog - for those harder to find answers 1. The literature
review usually comes near the beginning of your thesis or dissertation. Identify areas of prior
scholarship to prevent duplication of effort. As explained above, systematic reviews seek to identify
causation.
For example: Look at what results have emerged in qualitative versus quantitative research Discuss
how the topic has been approached by empirical versus theoretical scholarship Divide the literature
into sociological, historical, and cultural sources Theoretical A literature review is often the
foundation for a theoretical framework. We can compare your findings with those in your literature
review, organize your information, present data effectively, and compile all your research into a
convincing document that clearly establishes your point. Two authors independently screened titles
and abstracts to determine inclusion status. Their model follows the systematic data processing
approach comprised of three steps, namely: (a) literature search and screening; (b) data extraction and
analysis; and (c) writing the literature review. A methodological scope will influence either the types
of documents in the review or the way in which these documents are discussed. A literature review
can also be a valuable tool in identifying potential gaps in the existing research. Unless there is good
reason to think they would have, however, there is no reason to mention these routine issues.
Research Methods for Comprehensive Science Literature Reviews. The second type of coverage
consists of presenting materials that are representative of most other works in a given field or area.
Perhaps there is some evidence that participants did not fully understand their task or that they were
suspicious of the intent of the researchers. The theoretical literature review helps to establish what
theories already exist, the relationships between them, to what degree the existing theories have been
investigated, and to develop new hypotheses to be tested. A scientific text relying on previously
published literature or data New data from the Narrative reviews do not have a methods section but
should include some. In other words, a research gap emerges whenever there’s still some uncertainty
regarding a certain topic or question. As a piece of writing, the literature review must be defined by
a guiding concept (e.g., your research objective, the problem or issue you are discussing, or your
argumentative thesis). Include each of the key concepts or variables you’re interested in, and list any
synonyms and related terms. You can add to this list if you discover new keywords in the process of
your literature search. Anson, Chris M., and Robert A. Schwegler. 2010. The Longman Handbook for
Writers and Readers, 6th ed. The sample I surveyed included a large number of mature students,
unlike the samples in the previous research. As with any scholarly research paper, you must cite the
sources you used in composing your research proposal. Identifies critical gaps and points of
disagreement. In this case, the purpose is to evaluate the current state of research and demonstrate
your knowledge of scholarly debates around a topic. Fink, Arlene. Conducting Research Literature
Reviews: From the Internet to Paper. And a review does not necessarily mean that your reader wants
you to give your personal opinion on whether or not you liked these sources. She has also worked as
an editor and teacher, working with students at all different levels to improve their academic writing.
They originated from criticisms of positivist systematic reviews which centre on their “simplistic”
underlying assumptions ( Oates, 2011 ). While there are no hard and fast rules, you should attempt to
address some or all of the following key points: State the research problem and provide a more
thorough explanation about the purpose of the study than what you stated in the introduction. When
you’ve answered the main questions and achieved the set goals, sharing your thoughts is a wise
solution, especially if you disagree with something and need to support any points of view. Were the
results effectively interpreted and reported. Heterogeneity between the included studies in terms of
reported outcomes and measures precluded the use of meta-analytic methods. Depending on the
length of your literature review, you can combine several of these strategies (for example, your
overall structure might be thematic, but each theme is discussed chronologically). A thematic review
would have subtopics based upon factors that relate to the theme or issue.