Title: Simplify Your Systematic Literature Review Data Collection Process

Embarking on a systematic literature review can be an intimidating task, especially when it comes to
data collection. The process involves meticulous planning, exhaustive research, and a keen eye for
detail. As researchers delve into the vast expanse of existing literature, they often find themselves
overwhelmed by the sheer volume of information available and the complexity of organizing it
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One of the biggest challenges researchers face in conducting a literature review is the daunting task
of collecting relevant data. This involves sifting through countless articles, books, journals, and other
sources to identify information that aligns with the research objectives. Additionally, ensuring the
reliability and validity of the collected data adds another layer of complexity to the process.

Navigating through this labyrinth of information requires time, patience, and expertise. Researchers
must possess a thorough understanding of their research topic, as well as the methodologies and
techniques necessary to conduct a comprehensive literature review. Moreover, they need to stay
updated with the latest developments in their field to ensure that their review reflects the most
current knowledge available.

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If you are conducting an analytical review with a meta-analysis to compare data outcomes from
several clinical trials you may wish to computerize the data collection and analysis processes. To
ensure inter-raterreliability, this procedure is usually carried out by at least two reviewers. A graduate
student might do an exploratory review of the literature before beginning a synoptic, or more
comprehensive one. The process includes conducting systematic reviews, meta-analysis, clinical
practice guidelines and methodology research. ( Mayo Clinic Science of Health Care Delivery:
Robert D. If you use truncation, the automatic mapping won’t work. Research Questions: Please
define the research questions for your study in the first step. Step 2. Definitions: In general, we use
some formal words in our study, therefore it’s a good idea to provide definitions for these terms to
make things clearer. You can search protocols of SRs on the following databases. Find existing
reviews on your topic to inform the development of your research question, identify gaps, and
confirm that you are not duplicating the efforts of previous reviews. These elements are crucial for
attracting readers and making your work discoverable. Quality evidence-based practice initiatives
and nursing care and medicine are based on understanding and evaluating the resources and research
available, identifying gaps, and building a strong foundation for future work. Communications of the
Association of Information Systems, 37 (43), 879-910. Tabulating study characteristics is generally
preferable to lengthy description in the text, since the structure imposed by a table can make it easier
and faster for readers to scan and identify patterns in the information presented. Table 9.3.b
illustrates one such approach. Statistical methods ( meta-analysis ) may or may not be used to
analyse and summarise the results of the included studies. - Cochrane Collaboration Definition
Considerations before you start. All of the elements come together to form a coherent look
(synthesis). Because of differences in how we extract data from sources and what information is
relevant, the analysis within and structure of our literature reviews will vary. Develop a search
strategy and locate studies This is where a reference librarian can be particularly beneficial in
assisting with the creation and execution of electronic searches. In addition to including all the
questions needed to answer the review question and. The quality of the recorded information in the
medical records, the use of checklists, and the training of health workers contribute to safe care in
paediatric nursing and improve the medication process and partnerships with parents. From here,
identify the purpose or thesis for your topic. They are self-contained pieces of writing that can
function as a stepping stone to a larger piece of writing or can enhance writers’ understandings of a
topic. In this chapter, we focus on the PICO for each synthesis and the PICO of the included studies,
as the basis for determining which studies can be grouped for statistical synthesis and for
synthesizing study characteristics. Through a range of tools and practical resources, this
international, cross-sector initiative aims to educate researchers, promote integrity, and build trust in
credible research and publications. Using Smartwatches to Assist Students with Intellectual and
Developmental Dis. Therefore, review authors must compare the magnitude and direction of effects
reported by studies with how they are to be presented in the review. So, don’t shy away from
existing research that takes an opposing view to yours. For example qualitative studies can suggest
reasons. Gather data from many different, independent studies that look at the same research question
and assess similar outcome measures. This is a crucial step, and one that review authors need to
address carefully. In fact, I just started doing so when I was writing the confirmation report.
Although, secondary research is acquiring data that already exists or relying on the results of other
authors and researchers.
The length of embedded literature reviews varies, but is usually dependent upon the length of your
assignment. Table 7 Data Collection form completed for Maxwell et al., 1998. At the moment, KI
does not have a license for these kinds of programs. A few examples. Guide Sections - Table of
Contents If you're new to this methodology, check out the video and resources below. Important
areas of expertise to cover are: content expert, systematic review methods expert, statistician,
librarian, reference management. How many documents did you find in total as per inclusion and
exclusion criteria? 2. First, carefully examine your topic to gain necessary background information.
Literature review can be a continual process; as more information comes to light, researchers may
reassess or reframe their research questions. When you include the subject heading in your search
you will find articles about a subject even if the authors of the article have chosen other, adjacent
words to describe the article themselves. But some studies may have multiple, if the review
addresses more than one comparison, or deals with substantially different populations that require
separate tables. Some things to keep in mind as you begin your own research and writing are ways to
avoid the most common errors seen in the first attempt at a literature review. Careful planning will
also help you to provide insightful analysis. After this first exploration, you will conduct a deeper
dive into the literature to learn everything you can about the topic and its related issues. In both
stand-alone and embedded historiographies, you must support your arguments and analyses with
examples from the sources. Also there may be other 'Instructions to Authors' provided by the journals
or organisations in which you plan to publish. A bibliography of the included studies should always
be created, particularly if you are intending to publish your review. For instance, you can search for
the articles using titles, but you can also do so using PMID-nr or DOI-nr. It’s usually best to keep
titles as short and descriptive as possible by following this formula: Intervention for those with a
disease (e.g., Dialectical behaviour therapy for adolescent females with a borderline personality
disorder). A basic check is to ensure the same qualitative findings (e.g. direction of effect and
statistical significance) between the data as presented in the review and the data as available from
the original study. It is especially important to consider other disciplines when you do not find much
on your topic in one discipline. For example, examination of the interventions studied is often needed
to itemize their content so as to determine which studies can be grouped in a single synthesis. UCD
and ASD, has been around for some time, many integration. You will include relevant theory and
empirical research. Himmelfarb Library recommends using RefWorks to manage your references.
Rapid reviews differ from systematic reviews in that the process is tailored for a shorter timeline, but
it is still important to use rigorous methodology to ensure that the best available research evidence is
used in decision making. The Sto:lo have an intrinsic relationship with what they refer to as S’olh
Temexw (Our Sacred Land), therefore we express our gratitude and respect for the honour of living
and working in this territory. RJ’s position is supported by the NHMRC Cochrane Collaboration
Funding Program and Cabrini Institute. 9.7 References Chamberlain C, O’Mara-Eves A, Porter J,
Coleman T, Perlen SM, Thomas J, McKenzie JE. If you want to include your references in some
other way, for instance by using PMID or the DOI-nr, we recommend CitationChaser. A review of a
clearly formulated question that uses systematic and explicit methods to identify, select, and
critically appraise relevant research, and to collect and analyse data from the studies that are included
in the review. The search strategy should be documented in full for each database, and can be
published in an appendix to the published review article.
Results in forest plots should agree with data in the original report (point estimate and confidence
interval) if the same effect measure and statistical model is used. This comprehensive range of
resources includes over 3,000 records across seven publication types: Evidence Based Recommended
Practices, Evidence Summaries, Best Practice Information Sheets, Systematic Reviews, Consumer
Information Sheets, Systematic Review Protocols, and Technical Reports. Here are some analogies
to help with the concept of synthesis. Watson, 2002), they are less common in software engineer-. A
measure of the typical burden of these outcomes (e.g. illustrative risk, or illustrative mean, on control
intervention). Adding a number after adj will determine how many words you want to “allow”
between your two terms. Codes related to the parallel interwoven creation tracks principle.
Systematic Reviews: the process, quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods. An official website of
the United States government The.gov means it's official. While there may be good reasons for
modifying the format of a 'Summary of findings' table for some reviews, a standard format for them
has been developed with the aim of ensuring consistency and ease of use across reviews, inclusion of
the most important information needed by decision makers, and optimal presentation of this. Here at
UNC, we use a systematic review software called Covidence. Formulate a clear, well-defined
research question of appropriate scope. Before you start, you may want to brainstorm some common
themes that you will use to analyze the sources (e.g., participant characteristics, measurement tools,
results). The protocol can be registered, in PROSPERO for example, or in another open repository,
such as Open Science Framework or Figshare. Adding a number after N will determine how many
words you want to “allow” between your two terms. What type of literature review do you think this
study is and why. Apart from suitable databases in which to conduct your search, you will also want
access to a program that can help you manage your references, such as EndNote. A comprehensive
literature review helps researchers identify unanswered questions and make a case for further studies.
A grade of the overall quality of the body of evidence for each outcome (which may vary by
outcome). Therefore, review authors must compare the magnitude and direction of effects reported
by studies with how they are to be presented in the review. Data is combined and re-analyzed,
providing a greater statistical power than any single study alone. You will use these to create search
blocks that will then form the basis for the search strings used in the different databases. She wishes
to construct a narrowly-focused and succinct literature review of thinkers who have donned a
feminist lens to analyze Dewey’s approaches to education, learning, and democracy and to employ
Dewey’s works in theorizing on gender and education and on gender in society. UNC Libraries HSL
Academic Process Systematic Reviews Step 7: Extract Data from Included Studies Systematic
Reviews: Step 7: Extract Data from Included Studies Created by health science librarians. After
obtaining his Bachelor of Science in Genetics, he earned a Master of Science in Microbiology from
the Michael DeGroote Institute of Infectious Disease Research at McMaster University. Int J Health
Policy Manag. 2015 Jul 28; 4(11):787-8. The more search blocks you have, the narrower your search
will be; the narrower your search, the greater your risk of excluding relevant articles. Methods for the
statistical synthesis are described in Chapter 10, Chapter 11 and Chapter 12. 9.2 A general
framework for synthesis Box 9.2.a A general framework for synthesis that can be applied irrespective
of the methods used to synthesize results Box 9.2.a provides a general framework for synthesis that
can be applied irrespective of the methods used to synthesize results. Definitions may be similar
across the disciplines, with new types and definitions continuing to emerge. Cochrane Handbook for
Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.4 (updated August 2023).
As a study of the research on a particular topic, it is arranged by key themes or findings, which may
lead up to or link to the research question. Kabacoff; Ellen R. Girden Telling a Research Story by
Christine B. Because most historical writing uses the Chicago Manual of Style as a reference system,
most historiographies will also require you to use the Chicago Manual of Style. Hollands GJ, Shemilt
I, Marteau TM, Jebb SA, Lewis HB, Wei Y, Higgins JPT, Ogilvie D. Because of differences in how
we extract data from sources and what information is relevant, the analysis within and structure of
our literature reviews will vary. Writers can easily summarize material but seem to struggle to
adequately synthesize knowledge about their topic and express that in their writing. You must have a
clear understanding of the important people, series of events, places, or times that were involved
with your topic. Phases to planning a systematic review and meta-analysis The succeeding
components to a successful systematic review and meta-analysis writing are: Formulate the Review
Question The first stage involves describing the review topic, formulating hypotheses, and
developing a title for the review. This might include handsearching selected journals, or doing a
citation analysis. You can create evidence and summary tables to describe study characteristics,
results, or both. This process can be done by hand or by using a computer program.? Click an item
below to see how it applies to Step 7: Extract Data from Included Studies. In order to identify
candidate principles, each code was investi-. Besides making room for suf?cient up-front design
activities as. There are two main ways to search the database: --- select General Search to search for
articles by subject term, author name, journal title, or author affiliation --- select Cited Reference
Search to search for articles that cite an author or article that you specify. Reporting your review
with PRISMA If you reach the data extraction step and choose to exclude articles for any reason,
update the number of included and excluded studies in your PRISMA flow diagram. However,
Wichor Bramer and co-authors have also later published a modified and more advanced version (
Bramer et al., 2016 ). The middle represents the effect size (e.g., SMD) and the endpoints
representing both ends of the CI. Results in forest plots should agree with data in the original report
(point estimate and confidence interval) if the same effect measure and statistical model is used. This
standardization includes applying the labels and terminology used to articulate the PICO for each
synthesis ( Chapter 3 ), and structuring the description of PICO elements. Also there may be other
'Instructions to Authors' provided by the journals or organisations in which you plan to publish.
Systematic reviews usually rate at the top of evidence hierarchy since they analyze and evaluate
results from all available, original research articles that answers a specific research question. The
search terms within each block are combined with OR, then the blocks are combined with AND.
Little design up front Separate product discovery and product creation. Cochrane Library Collection
of health databases providing independent evidence to inform clinical treatment decisions and other
health related decisions. Evidence level 1 (Table 3.1). RCTs, controlled clinical trials, controlled
before-and-after studies, interrupted time series from 1966 to 1998 (levels 2, 3, 4). The more search
blocks you have, the narrower your search will be; the narrower your search, the greater your risk of
excluding relevant articles. Need of systemic review and meta-analysis: There are several reasons for
performing a systematic review and meta-analysis: It may assist in resolving discrepancies in results
published by individual studies that may include bias or errors. SLRs differ from stand-alone
literature reviews because they follow a rigorous review protocol that is objective and comprehensive
so other researchers may replicate the work. Chapter 9: Summarizing study characteristics and
preparing for synthesis. Table 7 Data Collection form completed for Maxwell et al., 1998.
Covidence allows you to create and publish a data extraction template with text fields, single-choice
items, section headings and section subheadings; perform dual and single reviewer data extraction;
review extractions for consensus; and export data extraction and quality assessment to a CSV with
each item in a column and each study in a row. Important areas of expertise to cover are: content
expert, systematic review methods expert, statistician, librarian, reference management. When
analyzing the result set, it became apparent that, while. The protocol can be registered, in
PROSPERO for example, or in another open repository, such as Open Science Framework or
Figshare. First, carefully examine your topic to gain necessary background information. Authors will
need to assess whether the measurement methods or tools used within each study provide an
appropriate assessment of the domains ( Chapter 3, Section 3.2.4 ). A next step is to group each
measure into the pre-specified time points. Carefully select sources that will provide current and
credible information on your topic. When you search for literature using quotation marks, the search
becomes more precise; you will only find articles where that exact phrase is used and miss articles
that contain variations on that phrase or a similar combination of search terms. Cochrane Handbook
for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.4 (updated August 2023). In this case, devote
most of your space to explaining the connections between sources, but you must also include a thesis
and a conclusion, even though they will be brief. MEDLINE (OVID) Comprehensive index to the
international literature of biomedicine including clinical practice, psychosocial issues, health care
administration, medical research, nursing, and more. Moreover, we identi?ed the research type of
each paper as pre-. How do I know which findings to use, or how many to include. It might be
possible to hire study authors to collect missing data for data pooling (e.g., means, standard
deviations). Systematic Reviews: the process, quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods. You can
also add or alter the columns to look for shared study populations, sort by level of evidence or source
type, etc. Please check your junk or spam folder in case this is misdirected. Remember a
comprehensive literature review is, at its most fundamental level, an original work based on an
extensive critical examination and synthesis of the relevant literature on a topic. If you want to
include your references in some other way, for instance by using PMID or the DOI-nr, we
recommend CitationChaser. Systematic Reviews: Step 7: Extract Data from Included Studies In this
step of the systematic review, you will develop your evidence tables, which give detailed
information for each study (perhaps using a PICO framework as a guide), and summary tables,
which give a high-level overview of the findings of your review. This is a crucial step, and one that
review authors need to address carefully. The literature review is not just a summary of the already
published works. If you search without quotation marks, the terms are not kept together as a phrase.
I agree that my (optional) personal data (name, e-mail) is stored in accordance with the Data
Protection Regulation (GDPR). It is suggested that authors maintain a list of all checked research,
including reasons for inclusion or exclusion. What type of lit review do you think this study is and
why. Future scope The systematic review’s findings should be discussed in terms of the strength of
evidence and shortcomings of the initial research used for the review. Studies of guidelines aimed at
medically qualified professionals. Fig. 3 illustrates. This re?ects that, while the idea of integrating.
Note that you would only rarely use all parts of the PICO-question in a search; most of the time, you
will focus on population and intervention.
Level 2 Little design up front Prototyping Close collaboration Data exchange. If you have less time
than that available, you may want to conduct a rapid review instead. This article first explores
Dewey as both an ally and a problematic figure in feminist literature and then investigates the
broader sphere of feminist pragmatism and two central themes within it: (1) valuing diversity, and
diverse experiences; and (2) problematizing fixed truths. ( Vorsino, 2015 ). This is a crucial step, and
one that review authors need to address carefully. Please check your junk or spam folder in case this
is misdirected. There are circumstances under which a meta-analysis is not possible, however, and
other statistical synthesis methods might be considered, so as to make best use of the available data.
It can take between 6 months and 2 years to conduct a systematic review. Always cite your sources
correctly and paraphrase ideas in your own words while maintaining the original meaning. A review
of a clearly formulated question that uses systematic and explicit methods to identify, select, and
critically appraise relevant research, and to collect and analyse data from the studies that are included
in the review. This standardization includes applying the labels and terminology used to articulate
the PICO for each synthesis ( Chapter 3 ), and structuring the description of PICO elements. The
Evidence for Evidence-Based Practice Implementation. Standardizing the description of PICO
elements across studies facilitates these comparisons. RJ’s position is supported by the NHMRC
Cochrane Collaboration Funding Program and Cabrini Institute. 9.7 References Chamberlain C,
O’Mara-Eves A, Porter J, Coleman T, Perlen SM, Thomas J, McKenzie JE. An official website of the
United States government The.gov means it's official. Quality evidence-based practice initiatives and
nursing care and medicine are based on understanding and evaluating the resources and research
available, identifying gaps, and building a strong foundation for future work. But some studies may
have multiple, if the review addresses more than one comparison, or deals with substantially different
populations that require separate tables. Be sure to include some background information on the
actual topic in the introduction. Note: This site will continue to evolve and develop through
community driven collaboration with information retrieval and evidence synthesis experts across
many disciplines. Psychosocial interventions for supporting women to stop smoking in pregnancy.
Primary research methods include interviews, internet surveys, and focus groups. The National
Collaborating Centre of Methods and Tools (NCCMT) has developed a Rapid Review Guidebook
that details each step in the rapid review process, with notes on how to tailor the process given
resource limitations. Is this template for an undergrad, Master or PhD-level thesis. Patient Safety and
Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses. You’re also welcome to convert it to whatever
format works best for you, such as LaTeX or PDF. Aggregative methods produce effect sizes or
percentages across studies (such as meta-summary). The process used to undertake these steps is
rarely described in reviews, yet can require many subjective decisions about the nature and similarity
of the PICO elements of the included studies. However, in a systematic literature search, it is
recommended that you specify the search field manually instead. A graduate student might do an
exploratory review of the literature before beginning a synoptic, or more comprehensive one.
Conclusion: Our paper contributes to the software development body of knowledge by (1) providing
a. Portion, package or tableware size for changing selection and consumption of food, alcohol and
tobacco.