[ UniVersity of Technology 〕

〔Departrnent of Chernica!Engineering l

I BranChOfpetroleunnrefinery l

High density polyethylene used in wide range of various 1. ln manufacturing of many pieces of cars ,
industrial fields such as in bags, cars manufactures, templates, bottles and insulators
furniture and other using. HDPE manufactured by the
suspension polymerization method, to produce 30000 2. in manufacturing of home tools, shoes, balls , toys
tonryear as it found in the plant of petrochemicals of Al- , boxes and the field of food saving
Basrah we used (Zigler-Nutta) method . ln this method
high purity ethylene is introduced into the reactor vessel in 3. because of its resistance to heat, humidity and
which catalyst - TiCl4 in alkyl aluminum C4H1oAlCl with worse climate it used in covering of many equipment
condition of (130'C) and (20atm). We will make the material to safe it
and energy balance on the process and design it and
evaluate the cost of plant and it's location 4. HDPE combined with other polymers to create new
material called copolymers that have many features

a\,'l oto I
GOmpogn<,
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1. High-Pressure Process

1.coulson and Richarson;chemical Engineering"

3. Gas-Phase Process Vol6 R.S.sinnott co;4h edn ;1985

4. Solution Process 5. Ziegler Process 2. perry;"chemical Engineer's hand book";6th edn

"pergamon press co.1 986"

3 . high-density polyethylene-wikipedia,the free

sunervisor: Dr. Ghanim encyclopediawww. en.wi ki ped ia.oro/wiki/HD PE.
f
Students: Amani Qusai

Mohammed Nezar
 University of Technology
Chemical Engineering Department
Engineering of Refining of Oil and Gas Branch

"Desigl of caustic \r,ash s)'stern for light h1'drocarl)ons such as

I-PG.N(]L anrl Naphtha"
By supervision of: Dr. Adel Shoreef Name of students : 1- Amno Essam 2- Molak Riyadh 3- Meno Raid

Abstract Removal Processes

Merox Sweeting can be accomplished in four ways :

lmpurities such as hydrogen sulfide and mercaptan 1. Fixed bed with circulation of caustic solution .
compounds in light hydrocarbons usually cause bad odor,
corrosion problem and air pollution after combustion. 2. Minimum - alkali fixed bed ( Minalk process ).
Therefore elimination of these impurities is very important. 3. Caustic free merox treatment .
One of the processes for removing these compounds is
(caustic wash process) that is applied in refineries and
4. Caustic extraction process .

petrochemical plants for extraction of hydrogen sulfide and

mercaptan compounds and organic acids fiom hydrocarbons.
This process is safe, economic and performance effective
Caustic extraction pfoC€SS: Feed (naphtha ) enters to two
which is also safe for environment. The VOP merox process using 20% caustic solution, from the first stage 16% of Caustic solution is
is an efficient and economical catalytic process developed for
the chemical treatment of petroleum fractions to remove consumed and the total HzS will be eliminated. Also the concentration of
sulfur present as mercaptans. This process is used for liquid methyl mercaptan and ethyl mercaptan and propyl mercaptan in outline will
phase treating of liquefied petroleum gases (LPG), natural
gas liquid (NLG), naphthas, gasoline, kerosene set fuels and
be 13.2 ppm, 86.6 ppm and 402.1 ppm respectively.

heating oils. lt is also can be used to sweeten natural gas and Then this naphtha stream enters to the second stage, where 15% of the
synhetic gas merox treated products may finish products caustic is consumed and the concentration of methyl mercatan, ethyl
sent directly to storage without and further processing or
intermediate products that may require either blending into mercaptan and propyl mercaptan will be reached to 0.8 ppm, 24 ppm and
I
flnished stocks. 359.2 ppm respectively. The final product is pumped to the sand filter and
then to the product tank.

Uses
The major use of saturated hydrocarbons is as a mixture,
sometimes with unsaturated or aromatic compounds, as
heating fuels, motor fuels and lubricants. Saturated
hydrocarbon also sever as raw materials for the production
carbon black. ln the chemical industry, the following
processes are important

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w ww. di gilib. mercubuane. acid,/manger/fi lebook
www.vop.com
Daura refinery , Baghdad , Iraq
Coulson J.M and Richard son J.F Cl.remical Engineering design
vol.6 4m edition , butterrvolth Heinemann, oxford(2005)
6- Kirk othmer , encyclopedia of chemical technology 4th edition
vol12 , john wiley new York (1998)
 I O.partrnent of Chemical Engineering I

Branch of Oil and Gas Refining

I I

1 rn. n"r*

I *"*r,.,- l- Abdolassis Abod Younos I

| 2- Mustim Hassan Alawy I

I 3- Mustafa Nashaat Amiad I

Abstract: The purpose ofthis project is to produce "vinyl acetate Uses :

monomer" by using available and inexpensive materials. The product capacity
- vinyl acetate is product the follorving :

100,000 ton/year . This compound is an important industrial material

I -Poly vinyl alcohol used to produce paints ,adhesive ,coating for
Although presence ofseveral methods used for production , but this compound
flexible substrates and sizing for polyester fiber-fill insulation textile
is produced mainly in such process (acetic acid , ethylene , and oxygen) and produce insulation for magnatic wire ,inter- layer safety glass wash
using the following raw material (AA,C?H4 and O:).This material has been primers
prepared first time in 1912 by klatte. And the importance of this material
gradually increased after entering in many applications. 2- polyvinyl alcohol used to produce adhesive,coating and water
soluble packing frlm product gas barrier layer in co- extruded
packaging
Production Methods :-
l- Reaction of Acetic Acid with Acetylene 3- vinyl acetate co-polymer are used to produce flexible film , coating
2- Ethylidene Diacetate Process ,adhesive , molding and insulation.
3- Reaction of Acetic Acid with Ethylene and Oxygene
4- Reaction of Methyl Acetate with CO and Hz.
Process selection :
Reaction of Acetic Acid with Ethylene and Oxygene.
Main reation : I To Manufacture Production of vinyl acetate monomer Production I

CrHn+ 611t69911 * 0.5O2 + CzH3O0CCH3 + HzO | .upu.ity looooo tor/day

side reaction: I

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Refrence :

-1-Perrl, ; "Chemical Engineering handbook "; 6th edn"pergamon press CO.l986 ".

2-Kirk - othmer - encyclopedia of chemical Technology. "4 th edn John Willey and Son co .2004.

3-Coulson and Richardson ; "Chemical Engineering " vol 6 -"R.S. sinoott Co.4th edn 1985 "

4- ullmanns - Encyclopedia of chemical Industries .

5-Tobpik - 4 ; "vinyl Acetate Monomer process - chemical process design",

 Universiry of Technology

Department of Chemical Engineering

Branch: Oil and Gas Refining

Natural gas Iiquefaction process

: l- Asmaa abd al kahdim

2- Meaad sadiq

The Name of Supervisor: Dr. Adel Sharif Hamadi

AbStfaCt: Due to the increasing demand for natural gas in the world Uses of LNG :

today, transportation of natural gas fiom different parts of the world has
l- NGLs have their own unique properties that make thern suited to a specific use-
become a necessity. Liqueffing of the natural gas provides a safer and cheaper
for example, butane is used in lighters, while propane is used in back yard grills and
alternative for its hansportation and increases its storage capabilities. However,
home heating systems.
it has been accounting for the highest operating cost ifcompared to the other

chain of the industry. Studies had been done on several parameters that 2- Petrochernical plants are the largest consumers of these liquids, which are used in

influence the process efficiency and lead to wide difference in the production the manufacturing of plastics.

of LNG in a plant. In this Method we use raw natural gas fiom southem Iraq
3- Use ofLNG to fuel large over-the-road trucks.
which contain many Component include light and heary hydrocarbon and acid
gas (CO:)Therefor it should be pass through purification and separation
4- Use of LNG to fuel high-horsepower/high-torque engines
process to remove CO: and healy hydrocarbon, then the mixture of light
hydrocarbon pass through compression and refrigeration process to convert it $ One of the main reasons for the emergence of the LNG industry is that it makes
to liquefied natural gas. transporting natural gas over long dislances both technically and economically
feasible.

Production methods
l_ C I MR or ACPI (desigrred by Air Products & Chemicals) 2_ Shell DMR
3_ Cascade (designedby ConocoPhillips) 4 _ Linde

Flow .h*t of N.tur6l 9.8 llqu€factlon procGss

Reference:

t - htto://petrowiki.orelLiquified natural eas %28LNG%29

2 - "electricity from natural gas". Retrieved 2013-l l-10.

3 - "composition of natural gas". Naturalgas.org. Refieved20l2-07-14.

4. htto://www.worldenergvoutlook.ore/media/weowebsite/2009/WEO2009.pdf
 University of Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
Branch of Oil and gas refining

Producdm of u:6rml dry rben Rrforulry

ofNrhnlGu
The Name oF SuDerViSor:― Dr Ghanim Magbul Alwan

Name of Students:‐ l― Abbas Enaad Waheed

2‐ Tabarak Mahir Moneam

Abstract of Pro.iect:- Ut6:.

Methanol is a new future alternative fuels and it also widely uses as a Methanol used as raw materialfor product Formaldehyde,
raw material for MTBE and other materials. Pure methanol ,however, Methyl tetra-butyl ether, Acetic Acid and may be used in
was first isolated in 1661 by Roben 8oyle, who called it spirit of box, Other Synthesis Products. ln the intensive search after the
because the produced it via the distillation of boxwood. oil crisis for routes to alternative fuels, processes were
Approximately 70% of the methanol produced worldwide is used in developed that allowed fuels to be produced from synthesis
chemical syntheses: in order of importance formaldehyde, methyl gas with methanol as an intermediate. Methanol is used as
tetra butyl ether (MTBE), acetic acid, methyl methacrylate, and an industrial solvent; antifreeze for automotive radiators
dimethyl terephthalate. The demand of this fuel is increasing in the and air brakes; an ingredient in gasoline and diesel oil
world. production capacity of methanol about 100,000 ton/year, antifreezes; an octane booster in gasollne, Methanolcan be
production of a crude methanol stream which is about 80% methanol used directly or blended with other petroleum products
and water, carried out over a catalyst. as a clean burning transportation fuel.

I t- St"urn+"fo.*r,g Nurrot cu. I

| 2- Steam-Reforming ofNaphtha I

| 3- Orher Synthesis Cas Ceneration oroccss I

PROOuCr!oN O,MFTHA“ OL u"NG STEAM REFORMiNG OF NATURAL GAS

Rcn℃ ncc:
1‐ Mcthanol― Wikipcdia,Tllc■ cc cncvc!opcdia
2 Hpa― mcthanol― gcncral― info― vo12-hcalth protcction Agcncy 211C17-prcparcd J D Pritchard― Vcrsion 2
3‐ Dcrivcd Syngas― Mcthanol and Mcthanol dcrivativc

4-mcthanol― chcmical compound― Brltannic

5-u‖ manns― Encyclopcdia oFchcmical industHcs
'wilcy― VCH vcriagc CmbH&CO KCaA,wcinhcim 14喘 cdn-211115・
6-Kirk― othmcr― cncyclopcdia oFchemical Tcchn010gy
'4 th cdn John Willcy and Son co 2004"
7-Coulson and Richardson:
''Chcmical EnginccHng''vo1 6''R S sin∞ tt C0 4thcdn 1985''
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University of Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
Branch of Oil & Gas Refinery
Abstract Uses of Aniline
Project for Production of Aniline from Phenol L Aniline is used for
Anilinc is colorless oily liquid the
which darkens on exposure to air and
of
preparation methylene
lt
light. has a characterstic amine
Recycle N$5t3
An‖ inest9
diphenyl di isocyanate
(Cl5HI0N2O2) used for the
odor ol rotten fish and igrrites production of
readily, burning with a smoky flame. rigidpollurethane. These
As an aromatic derivative, it is rigid polyurethane foams are
highly reactive with respect to good thermal insulators and
NHI from Storages
clectrophilic substitution reactions.lt used in ncarly all freezers
also cornbines with acids to form st.2 and refrigerators worldwide,
salts. Anilinc is miscible with as well as buildings.
alcohol, benzene, chlorofonn, carbon 2. Herbicides (a substance that
tetrachloride. Commercially, aniline is toxic to plants and is used
is produced upon reduction of to destroy unwanted
vegetation) (2%)
nitrobcnzene by a variety of Phenol from Storages

reducing agcnts such as iron and st.1 andagricultural chemicals,

l 968
hydrogcn chloride, followod by a
Where 3. Dyes and pigrnents (2%o) as a
steam-distillation of the precursor to indigo, the blue
product.Aniline is used in rubber R.o1=Fixed-bed Reactor of blue jeans and also as ink
acceleratoru and antioxidants, dyes for tattoo. Other aniline dyes
and intermcdiates, and there is S.01=Liquid-Gas Separator followed, such as fuchsine
anothcr method to produce aniline Solvent and rubber
from chlorobeneze and the selected Dr.01=Dryer phenylcnediamine
rnethod is production ofaniline lionr (C6H8N2) and
D.01=Distillation Column diphenylamine (Cl2Hl lN),
phenol and we choose this method
because ofthere is no side rcactions which are additives to
St.=Stream rubber.

Students Name
References
Production Methods
Mohammed Khalil
. Kirk Othnrcr Enc-rclopedia o1'C'henrical 'l'echnolog_r (R). Ncrv Yolk. Intcrsciencc
Mohammed Basim
Pulr
o Manulacturing of Aniline fiom Nitrobenzene
. IJllmann's l:nc1'clopcdia ol' lndustrial chomstr-r'
o Manut-acturing of Aniline frorn Phenol
Supervised By . Chemical Engincoring,Volumc 6,Thircl Edition."Chcmical Iinginccring I)esign"
o Manulacturing of Aniline from Chlorobcnzene
R.K.Simrott
Lec. Nagham Adeeb
 Chemicol Engineering Deportment

Branch of Oil and Gas Refining

Project Name

Production of COz Gas by burned of Noturol Gas

The Students Name : 1- Ali Saffa Hassan 2-Tamara Sarmed Hadi

The Nome of Supervisor : Dr.Khalid H. nosn4
Abstract Uses of CO2
1- Soft drinks, wines, are produced using gaseous carbon
Gas dual carbon dioxide (CO2) has
dioxide for carbonation. Carbon dioxide is used in water
been prepared for the first time before
treatment to neutralize alkaline water. It is added to
lhe Scientist (Van Helmont) , in the
drinking water and carbonated beverages including beer
period confined between years (1577
and champagne to add sparkle .
lo 1644 ) where he was during this
long period, the Scientist mentioned 2- Liquid carbon dioxide is used widely in the food
lhe preparation of this article in industry for freezing meats, poultry, vegetable, and
;everal different ways, so he first fruits. also used to increase recovery from oil and gas
;ooked by in with fermentation Then wells. Other industrial uses include the production of
ln with treated carbon compounds by chemicals, plastics, rubber, metals, and electronic
lcids and then are also cooked by the
3- Solid carbon dioxide ( d.y ice ) is used to cool meats
ourning of coal.This Scientist has
prior to grinding and also to refrigerate meat and poultry
itudied the properties of the product
during transit and used to cool meats prior to grinding
ipecifications and all of these
and also to refrigerate meat and poultry during transit .
methods and techniques.

Methods: 7- Carbon Dioxide from ( N.C.) 2- Cdrbon Dioxide from Fermentotion.

Carbon Dioxide from Carbonotes
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leferences:
. Ullmanns , Encyclopedia of chemical industries 2005 Wiley-VCH vertage GmbH & CO. KGaA ,weinheim ; 4th edn
. Krik -Othmer:'Encyctopedia of chemicat technotogy ","4th edn ; John willey and son Co.2004"
. .Shrcve' Chemiaal nroce.q.s lnrttntries'1982
 University Of Technology
Ghemical Engineering Department
Branch : Ghemical Processes
The Project Name : Production of DME

The Students Name : Yousif Mhsen & The Name Of Supervisor:

Zuhair Abdalkareem Dr. Nabilah Adel Mohammed

Abstract ofProject: Uses :

The object of this project is to produce 1- The largest use of (DME) in 2010 as substitute
Dimethyl ether (DME) also Known as for propane !n LPG used as fuel in household and
methoxymethane ,is the organic compound industry
with the formula CH3OCH3 . It is a colorless 2- Used for the production of methylating agent, (dim
gas has boiling point(24.8-C") The largest use ethyl sulfate).
of dimethyl ether in 2010 as substitute for 3- Used for the production of acetic acid .

propane in LPG used as fuel in household 4-Used in the aerosol industry as a propellant.
and industry Dimethylether is know 5- (DME) is a low temperature solvent and extraction
manufactured wih two processes , first from agent.
natural gas and second by dehydration of 6-(DME) is being developed as a synthetic second
generation biofuel (Bio DME).
methanol by the following reaction
7-(DME) is used in refrigerant blends with propane
zCH3OH >CHTOCH3+ H.O and butan
8-Unlike other alkyl ether,DME resists autoxidation ,it
J
is also relativelv non-toric.

Production Methods
1- From natural gas 2- Dehydration of methanol

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References:

l-Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4'h Edition , Vol.,Iohn Wity; New York(1998).
2-Mcketta and John J., Encyclopedia of chemical processing and Design,2nd Edition, Vol. Marcel Dekker, New York
(1s88).
3-Ullmann; Encyclopedia of lndustrial Chemistry 2nd Edition, John Wily, New York (2005).
4-Faith, Keyes and Chlark; lndustria! Chemicals 4'h Edition, John Wiley; New York (1975)
S-Nelson W.L; pertroleum Refinery Engineering,4tn Edition, Mc Graw-Hill, NewYo.rk (1958).
5-Gary H.J and Handwerk G.H, petroleum Refining Technology and Economics, 2nd Edition, Marcel Dekker, New York
(19rr8).
7-Kohl A.L and Riesenfeld F.C, Gas purification, 3'd Edition, Gulf publishing CO., London (1979).
― ―― J
 ¨ ¨

Che‐ m ical[n」 Lglme pに 興 me:nt

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ProdQoctOom ttAttbldeMe

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SIADEATTNAME

1. MT]STAFA SAADI M O E & 2-MOEAMIWD SAAD EASSAW

Ab.t ror t.

The objed ofthis proied isto produce (a.etaldehyde) by using lU5€.5

the available, inexpenrive and suitable raw materials .The fir5t
time that material ln 1774 by Scheele during reaction of black Traditionally, acetaldehyde was mainly used as a precursor to acetic
manganese dioxide and sulfuric acid with alcohol. This material acid , The predominant use of acetaldehyde is as an intermediate in

is important in industrial , is used ln produce acetic acid , acetic

the synthesis ofother chemicals. Acetaldehyde is used in the
production of perfumes, polyester resins, and basic dyes. lt is also
anhydride, intermediate in the synthesis, a fruit and fish
used as a fruit and fish preservative, as a flavorinS agent, and as a
preservative .Although presence of several methods used to.
denaturant for alcohol, in Iuel compositions, ,or hardening gelatin,
produce a.etaldehyde from (Ethanol , methanol , acetylene ,
and as a solvent in the rubber, tanninB, and paper industries.
Lower hydrocarbons, Carbon monoxide and hydrogen, ethylene )
, but is produced mainly in procesi from ethylene using (C2H4 +
()2 )as raw materia15 at production capacity (5 ton /hr)

l tiゞ :rillil ":l● 111`ま ￨、

'I`1,`ま

1)Ethanol from lcrmcntation oFcarbohydrate or from hydration oFethylene

2)Acetylenc 3)Ethylene 4)Lower hydrocarbons 5)CarbOn mOnoxide and hydrogen6)Methan01

警
l...。

8s.!gr€!ssl
l.Airtoric - chemi.aland physical properties, (www. the science dnd torety behind yout ptodud/ptodu.t)

2-lJllmanns;Encyclopedia of chemi.al industrles,"2oo5 wiley-vch verlaS€ cmbh & co.kgaa,weinheim;46 edn"

3-Kirk-othmer; Encyclopediaof.hemlcaltechnology. " 4'i edn; lohn willy and ao.2(m4"

4- coulsen and Richardson ; ch emical Engineering " vol 5 R.5. sinnott.co ; 4it ed n ; 1985

s-Perry R.H. and Chilton, C.H., 'ChemicalEnginee6Handbook- McGraw Hill, lnc., Net York, 1984.

6- M.S. Matar, M.r. Mirbach. H-A. Tavim, catalvst in Detroahemlcal Drocesses " Xluwer academic oublishers, Dordrecht.1989.
 哺熙 繊]憮 肝
Production ofpyridine

Iffi
I l-arr r-"4 xilli- I

I Zahra
z- Hassanen Abd At- I

I Hussein
r-Abdatla Ati I

I Suoervtsed bv
Lec, Luma Husseln
I

出
I

中馳
Uses
m

順
¨ ¨ l_Pyridine is an excellent solvent for paint and rubber
preparation.
2_Use for dehydrochlorination reaction.
EX■ l EX・ ● 3_Use for extraction of antibiotics.
Abstract: 4_Large amounts of pyridine are use as starting material for
pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.
Pyridine is a basic heterocyclic organic compound with
5_Use directly in the denaturation of alcohol.
chemical formula CsHrN. lt is structurally related to 6_Approximately 20% of pyridlne goes into the production of
SEPERATOR
bcnzcne, with one methane group (=CH-) replaced by pipyridine which is commerically significant in the preparation of
nitrogen atom. The Pyridine ring occurs in many chemicals used .
important compounds , including azines and vitamins 7_Pyridine is also used as an intermediat€ in the preparation of
niacin and P),ridoxal . It is a colorless, highly flammable , drugs and dyes.
weakly alkaline, water-soluble liquid with a distinctive . 8_ Used as an intermediate in the preparation of polycarbonate
resins.
Pyridine is produced usually 99.9% purity for use as 9_ Used as flavoring agent in the preparation of food.
solvent ,extraction , Pharmaceuticals and other industrial 10_Used as raw material for production ofvinylpyridines.
purpose. Pyridine is produced by two processcc first, is 1l_Used as raw material for production of pyridinlum
separation from tar and second is from aldehydes chlorochromate.
(acetsldchyde and formaldchyde with ammonia). 12- Used as raw material for production of
N-alkylpyridinium salts.

Di“ ￨い Oon 02

References
Щ
1- Kirk _ Othmer , Encyclopedia of chemical 剛 CtOR lP
Technology , 46 Edition , Vol. , John wiley , New Ot001 tar.
| l-separation from I
york (1998 ) . Ot● 10
婦 H● ● Dl“ ‖
￨lon Oi
I z-svntt trorn aldehydes (acetaldehyde and formaldehyde)
2- Ulman ; Enryclopedia of
Edition , John Wiley, New York (2005).
lndustrial Chemistry 2^d HЮ 順
CJt‖ with ammonia
"sis |

Ci十 円
I I

3- Mcke$a and John J. , Enc.yclop€dia of Chemical

and Design , 2d Edition AIR NG
processing , vol. Marcel
Dekker..

4- Faith , Keyes and Cklark; lndustrial Chemical 4rh Edition

I
t-
seleiion of productlon method I
|

I synthesis from aldehydes ( acetaldehydes and formaldehydes )

I*-n""'""I
|
s-Coulson J.M and richardson J.F, chemical engineering
design vol.6 4$ edition,butteniyorth Heinemann,oxford

G Galla nt W.R , physical Properties of Hydrocarbon .

 University of Technology
Chemical Engineering Department

Branch

The Proiect Name

Production of maleic anhydride

コ
The Students Name: Ahmed Kadhem Ouda
Salih Hassan Abd

E The Name of Supervisor: Dr. Salah Salman

￨

Abstroct Uses
1- Around 50% of world maleic anhydride output is used in the
The dominont end use of maleic anhydride (MA) is to the manufacture of unsaturated polyester resins.
production of unsoturated polyester resins. These resins, 2- The production of 1,4-butanediol (BDO) is also having an impact
which hove hioh structural strength ond good dielectric on the maleic anhydride market.
prorytia, ltorv o voriegt of opplications in automobile 3- Another market for maleic anhydride is lubricating oil additives,
which are used in gasoline and diesel engine crankcase oils as
bodia lsrUing pnels, molded boats, chemicol storage , dispersants and corrosion inhibitors.
tanks lryhtwetght pipe, , furniture, radar domes, luggage, 4- There are a number of smaller applications for maleic
and bdrtubs, Ather end products ore formic acid, anhydride. The food industry uses maleic anhydride in artificial
ag ri rrrrttvml c ttc*t*z I s, o I l<y d re si n s, I u b r i cq n ts, co p o ly m e r s, sweeteners and flavour en hancements.
Olastia, surfoce odive oSe!t:, o( more

Prodrction Methods: 1- Oxidation of benzene

2‐ Debydration of aqueous lnaleic acid solution 3- Oxidation of butane

I Water □
59-qoc
To atmo3pherc
□
ｌ

Preheting
03
E‐ ■

ラ」仁要LE
一

助 仁 To waste
treatment
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いオ

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一

r-1o2
I l
-fL l---'
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E‐ ■02 ‐
9?
L---_[|a malelcanhvdrlde

Figure L: PFD for maleic anhydride production

References:
I gB5
cottlsort nrtcl riclnrtlsort;"chemical engineering'1'ol6-R.S.s innott co. :1't' edu,

perry;"chemical engineer's handbook";6't' - pergamon press co ' 1986

"d"
 Universitlg Of Technology
Ghemical Engtneering Department
Branch:gas and ol:Refinery
Production of ethyl benzene

The Name Of Supervisor :

The Students Name :
Thamer Hattem
Dr.Eman Taha
Adnan Abdulhussien
Uses :

Dhulfqaar Amer 1) Large amounts of ethylbenzene production is consumed for

manufacturing of styrene.

2) Used as a solvent in inks, rubber, adhesives, varnished and paints.

Abstract:
Ethylbenzene also called (ethylbenzol and pheniethane) is an organic 3! Used to produce acetophenon.
compound with the formula (C6H5C2H5) it is a highly flammable,
colorless liquid with an aromatic odor similar to that of gasoline. This 4) Used to produce diethylbenzene.
mono cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon is important in the petrochemical
industry as an intermediate in the production of styrene the precur:ior
to polystyrene a common plastic material. ln 2012 more than 99% of
ethylbenzene produced was consumed in the production of styrene .
Nlauulac[urin g proccsscs :
Ethylbenzene is also used to make other chemicals, in fuel and as a
Ethyl benzene is manufactured by the following processes
solvent in inks, rubber, varnishes and paints. Most of ethylbenzene is
1-Liquid phase alkylation ofbenzene over (Alcl: process]
produced by alkylation of benzene with ethylene in the liquid or
2- vapor phase alkylation ofbenzene over (zeolite process]
vapor phase over a catalyst such AlCl3, zeolite. Ethylbenzene was first
produced in a commercial seal in the 1930 by Dow chemical in the
United State and by BASF in the Germany.

H-301 R‐ 301 E-301 v-301 T-301 E-302 E-303 ■ 302 E,304 E-305
■red ethソ :benzene re● ¨ r flssh banzcne bctrrcnc ber2ene ethソ lし entene c'fiylbenzene c{hylbcnzenc
わo● ler re● ctr coo:er drum tower liler r tarer lser lower
rEboilar cOme“
… er Ebo'l€r @ndGns€r

ギrl◇
ethylbaEgna

D
dl― Otry:b● ●2ene

[1]: Ullmann; Encyclopedia of industrial chemistry second Edition, John Wiley; New York {2005)

[2]: Coulson J.M and Richardson J.F, chemical engineering design vol.6. fourth Edition, Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford
(2oos)

[3] ,MckettaandjohnJ.,Encyclopediaof Chemical processinganddesign,znd Edition,VOL Marcel Dekker,NewYork

. ( 1sB8)
 University of Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
Branch of Oil and Gas Refining

Ethylene GIycoI Production

Objective Abslroct
This Projecl oims to design foclory to produce Elhylene Glycols ore diols, compounds conloining two hydroxyl groups groups ottoched 10 seporole
glycolwhich used in induslry. corbon oloms in on olipholic choln. Allhough glycols moy conloin helerooloms. Ethylene glycol is
The production copocily is 120000 ton/yeor occording one of the mosl imporlonl ethylenederived induslriol chemicol worldwide. All known elhylene
to the Nisso peirochemicol. glycol is now produced vio the hydrotion of ethylene oxide, which olso produces smoll quonlilies
of di, tri, ond higher glycols os by-pro.

Uses of Ethylene glycol Produclion Melhods

l - Ethylene glycol is o perfect onti freezing ogent in motor vehicles, solor energy
units, heot pumps, woter heoting systems. l- Hydrolysis of Ethylene Oxide
2- Ethylene glycol is olso usedin the production of some voccines but il is not 2- DuPont formoldehyde process.
itself present in these injections. lt is used os o minor (1-2%l ingredient in shoe 3- Holcon Aceloxylotin Process.
polish ond in some inks ond dyes. 4- Union Corbide Syngos Process.
3- Ethylene glycols ore used os o reoctonl in the monufoclure of polyester 5- Union Corbide-Ube Syngos Process.
6- Ethylene corbonote process.
resins.
4- Ethylene glycols including mono ethylene glycol (MEG), diethylene glycol
(DEG), ond tri-ethylene glycol (TEG) ore versoiile chemicol intermediqles
used to produce o voriety of products for commerciol ond induslriol use, for
exomple: Adhesives ond coolings. CH2CH2O +H2O- HOC H2C H2O
Mono-ethylene GIycol

( Flowchort for the production of EG by Hydrolysis of Ethylene Oxide method)

\
References Design by
l- Encyclopedia of chemical processing and desigr, volume 21, edited by John J. Mcketta New York: Ahmed Hoider
Marcel Dekker, (1976).
2- Siegfried Rebsdat; Dieter Mayer, "Ethylene Glycol", "Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
Hoider Mohommed
Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, (2005).
Supervisor
3- Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (R), New York, Inter science Pub.
4- Jacqueline I. Kroschwitz (executive editor); Mary Horve-Grant (editor), Encyclopedia of Chemical Dr. Zoidoon M. Shokoor
Technology, 4th Edition, New York: Wiley, (1991).
)
 University of Technology

Department of Chemical Engineering

Branch ofoil and gas Refinery

Alkylation of Pentene C5*

HP -lhyt-a|6- ! ol-tu a€4 ddoF3 B: l.&ucono lod d;lo!. e. -dd Ettlor: D. .ol4 €loF.
B: rff rEndrr-n: ?: -ddreuaubtoF: G: doprpct--: E: d-pryl'Freuml.aor:
J: .c:a .tFlpDGr: dclet ubl-r: t<: d.l-bqt.nl-t aceuEu:-toF: M: dcbu!-nltcr: N: dc-
lruteslar acc@dalori '(: P: Pl€lr.na quatlo tE.t-F; Q: but.no o-u*to tEatGr.
Flirutc 2 Phillips hf.drc(luoric eid llkyldtion unit.

\bstract: Uses:
The addition of an alkyl group to any compound Alkylate is a key component in reformulated gasoline. Alkylatio
r an alkylation, but in petroleum refining terminology, The processes are becoming important due to growing demand for hig
erm alkylation is used for the reaction of low molecular weight
octane gasoline and requirement of low RVP, low Sulphur, and lor
,lefin with'an isoparaffin to form higher-molecular weight
toxics. Alkylate is an ideal blend stock to meet these requiremen
roparalfin. The processes of commercial importance involving
0w temperature. alkylation are connected in the presence of Alkylation of C5* cut from FCC and significantly reduces RVP o

ither hydrofluoric acid or sulfuric acid as catalyst. The firet finished gasoline pool. Cs alkylate: Maylene alkylation has two fol
rrocess, using hydrofluoric acid, was selected for its many advantages: it increase the volume of alkylate available whil
.dvantages. By prefer choice of operetion conditions, most of decreasing Reid vapor pressure and olelin content of gasoline blen
he product can be made to fall within the gasoline boiling
stocks.
enge.This study is divided into form chaptem. The fimt
hapter presents introduction to the subjmt, i.e., alkylation
eaction, catalyst, feed stocks and products, process variables,
Lnd process description.The second chapter includs methods
,f production. The third and fourth chapters cover material Reference:
rnd energy balance respectively. The lifth chrpter deals with an l- J.H. Gary & G.E. Handwerk petrolume Refiniry, arcel Dekker Inc
quipment design, a condenser, The study is linalized with N.Y.& Basel.
onclusions. 2- W.A. Gruse and D.R. Stevens "Chemical Technology of petroleun
3a. (Mc Graw-Hill book company, New York, 1960) pp. I 53- 163.
3- R.E. Payne, petrol, refiner 37(9),316-329 (1958).

4- R.J. Hengsteech "petroleum processing" (Mc Grarv-Hill boo

company, New York, 1984\, pp.27 -63.

5- C.L. Thoms catakly process and person catalysts (Mc Graw-Hi

book company, New York, I 970), p.p 87-96.

Coulson &Richardson, Chemical Engineering, vol.6.

Nelson, petroleurn refinery Engineering Mc Graw-Hill Boo

Company.

Иethods of Alkylation of Pentene C∫

Super宙 sed by:Dr.Khalid Hamid Rasheed
l.Alkylation on Solid Acids"zeolites':
Studentル 勧レ Иtts″力 10′ ″ル￨カ
レ助■lra力 amme″ ん力ぅ′
:。 Sulfuric Acid Alkylation "″ “
;.Ⅱ F Alkylation.
 Uneversity of Technology

Chemical Engineering Department

Project Name:-Drying Oil Production Process

Abstract Uses

Drying oils are additives to paints and varnishes These oils are added to some types of paint and
to aid in the drying process when these products coloring agents and dyes, and various as well as
are applied to surfaces. Drying oil is modeled as inks in all forms and types, as well as pastes
1 -tetradecane (C1 4H28). industrial and coatings, and packaging and dyes
The goal of project is the facility manufactures varnish, dye shoes and leather fabrics, as well as
drying oil(DO) from acetylated castor oiI(ACO). add to the types of resins and polymeric plastic used
Both of these compounds are mixtures.However, to make surfaces and packaging and that of the
for simulation purposes, acetylated castor oil is most important benefits of using these oils are the
modeled as palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid work of layers and surfaces of thin and transparent
(C15H31COOH) and drying oil is modeled as 1- and solid on different products for the purpose of
tetradecene (Cl4H28). ln an undesired side preserving it from damage and distortions, humidity
reaction, a gum can be formed, which is modeled and dust. As well as achieving a speed of drought
as 1 -octacosene (C28H56) and durability and aesthetic quality of the surfaces
and different products

Production dd

method
1- dol2-"Drying oil
Drying oil can be production" ch E455-Fall-
obtaind by one 2002-M ajor - 1 -(1 0 I 25 I 02)
industial method wwnv.qq. uwvo.edu/content
ilecture/enerqv/
from acetylated
2- Perry;"chemical
castor oil
e&t Engineer's hand book";6th
edu "pergamon press
co.1986"
3- coulson and
Richardson;"Chemical
Engineering" vol6
"R.S.sinnott co.4th
edu;1985"
 University of Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

Branch: Oil and Gas Refining

Design of plastic bottle recycling

(Poly Ethyethylene Terephthalate " PET")

The Student Name:1_KwaMb Kadhim 2‐ Fatima Header 3‐ Lena Haracll

Supervised by: Dr.Ruyadh Saddek

Abstract Uses of PET

The purpose ofthis project is to recycling piastic bottles PET is used as a raw material for making packaging
(PET) by using available and inexpansive raw materials . materials such as bottles and containers for packaging a wide
The product capacity ; ( I 578.28 Kg/h)
range offood products and other consumer goods. Examples
This compound is an important industrial, and the most include soft drinks, alcoholic beverages, detergents, cosmetics,
important uses are :( fibers, films, barrier film, soft drying pharmaceutical products and edible oils. PET is one of the most
bottles).
corrmon consumer plastics used. Polyethylene terephthalate also

Although presence of several methods used for production, can be used asmainmaterial in making paper.
but this compound is produce mainly in such process (PET-
Recycling Unit).And using the following raw materials (PET
used as raw materials). This material gas been prepared first

time in American households in 1970 -and the impo(anc€

ofthis material gradually increased after entering in many
application.

Production methods
1- Mitsubishi Process (MHI)
2- Polyethylene Terephthalate Recycling Facility

Reference:
1- Pet bottle recycling - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia polyethylera terephalate- Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
w.en.wikoedia.orslwiki/PET
2- ww.dx.doi.ore.recyclabiliw/Ethylera tereohthalate.
3- Petpdyethylena terephthalate Relycling facility w.naocor.com/report.html
4- Development of chemical Recycling process for post-consumer PET Bottles by mathonolysis in supercrical methanol.w.mitsubishi haery
industries./technical review vo140/2003i anl.
 Un i verci ty of Te ch n o I ogy

Ch emica I E ngin eering Depa ftmen t

Branch: oil &gas rcfinery Engineering

Th e S tu de n ts Na nt e : Sirin Bala sim&Ta ba rek AM-Alh u ssin

The Name of Suneruisor:Talib mohamed

Toluene Production
スムF力 認εrar
-
The purpose of this project is to produce (Toluene)by using available and l. 'lltc
largcst usc lbr tolucne is in the production ot'benzene.
inexpensive raw materials .the product capacity;130000 ton/year.
2.Toluene is a common solvent
This compound is an important industrial material ,and the most
important uses are :(to produce benzene and xylene as solvents and 3.Toluene is used as an octane booster or enhancer gasoline
used for an action booster in gasoline,and also used for paints.Although
presence of several methods used for production ,but this compound is 4.Thefourth ranked application involves it is disproportionation a
produced mainly in such process(catalytic reforming and BTX) and using mixture of benzene and xylene .When oxidized it yields
the following raw materials(Naphtha and BTX)
enzaldehydeand benzoic acid,two intermediates in
This material has been prepared first time in 1837 and the importance chemistry.
ofthis material gradually increased after entering in many applications.

Production Methods

l.Tbluene tom petoleum taction

I. l.Hydro trea ting 1.2. Cab lytic reforming I. 3. kcondary hldrogena tion

2.Tbluene production front coa I 3.Toluene prduction from styrene ( Main lhe nethod of catalstic rclbrming)

Recycle compressor
Furnaces

H2 rich gas
hydrogen

Fuel gas

Stabilizer
column

Stabilized
reformate
Reactor 1 Reavto12 Reactor3

Refe re nce

l..Toluene-wikipedia,the free encyclopedia www.en.wikipedia-org/wiki/toluene

2.faith,keys;"industrial chemicals";4th edu;1976 mcgraw h ill.co.

3.Data and information from "Aldaura refinery"

 University of Technology

︱ Ｉ︲Ｊ Ｊ
︱
Chemical Engineering
Branch: oil and gas refining
The Project Name:

Production of Sodium Benzoate

The Students Name: Mostafa Hamid Abbas & Adwaa Hamid Abbas
The Name of Supervisor : Dr.Riyadh S-ALMuktar
Abstract of Project: Uses:
1'he purpose of this project is to produce (sodium benzoate) by using Sodium benzoate is most rvidely used in acidic foods such as salad
available and inexpensive raw materials. The product capacity:75 dressings (r,iregar) carbonated drinks, and used as preservative in
ton/year.this compound is an important industrial rnaterial,and the most medicines and cosmetic, used as a treatment lor urea cycle disorders due
important uses are:(is most widely used in acidic foods such as salad to its ability tobind arnino acids,sodium benzoate has found considerable
dressings(vinegar) carbonated dimks, used as preservative in medicines application as a conosion inhibitor, used in industry in paper, and used
and cosmetic ,used in industry in papr ,sodiurn benzoate has lound extensively in pharmaceutical preparation, used to treat hyper ammonia.
considerable application as a corrosion inhibitor).Although presence of Sodium benzoate is used in firervorks and sen,es as fuel to the
several methods used for production . but this compound isproduced whistle mixture; it is the powder responsible for the whistling noise
rnainly in such process(reaction between the benzoic acid solution and when ignited
sodium hydroxide solution) and using the follos ing rarv materials
(benzoic acid and sodium hydroxide

Production Methods:

I -reaction betu'een the benzoic acid solution and sodiurn hydroxide solution. 2-rrethod of direct oridation oftoluene in the sodium
hydroxide solution. 3-the addition ofwater to the benzoic esters.

Plot the desired Flow sheet:

Refef enC€ 3 t-soair,r, Uenzoate -wikipedia,the liee encyclopedia .2-http.//doc.ccc-group.coom/spec/S0090.pdf. 3-kirk-

othmer,encyclo@ia of chernical engineers hand book,Ts cdition ,uc graw-hilt,neiryork( 1997)

 University of Technolory

Chemical Engineering Department/p€troleum and gas Refinery

Production of xylene

P-xyhne

trSrtt

,A reformate Benzene

卜撫
Benrene
al
cobmn ―

ど↑ゝ ‖
摯鑢
0.Xylene
[}, p'ry'er

Rerttte

‖on・ aromatlcs

Heavy
refonBate

Abstract: Uses:

Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon mixture consisting of benzene ■ 1- Xylene used as antiknock agents in gasoline and as an intermediate
ring with two methyl groups at various substituted positions. in synthetic reaction
2- used as the solvent in chemical industry for chemical and
'xylene is
petrochemical
.the three xylene isomers are o- xylene, m-xylene, para-xylene
which differ in the position of two methyl groups on the ring 3- to product compounds: terephthalic acid, dimethyl, terephthalate

.chemical formula C8H10 4-to synthesize plasticizers and polyester fibers, photographic films
. -I'he goal ofthis project is to construct a plant to produce: to 5-in product of polymer
product xylene u ith capacity 3 I 7000 ton/year .the plant 4-to synthesize plasticizers and polyester fibers, photographic films
contrin: rcformer unit. distillation, ertraction, sep{ration
5-in product of polymer

Methods: Reference
1-Xy'ene introdudion &production of xylene

"ww.teach - material .com/makint- 5upplies"

2- Xylene - Wikipedia; the free encyclopedia

"ww.en.wikipedia. Ory /wiki/xylene.

3- Ullmans; encyclopedia of chemical Industries

P xylelle
"2005 wiley -vcH.verlag GmbH&co.kGaA, weinheim;4th edn "
ο_xyrene l
C9,cr● mad‐ , 4-kirk-othmer; encyclopedla ot chemial technology

Besides the aromatics, naphtha fmctions ard gaseous products (hydrogen, fuel gases, "46 end; iohn willey and son co.2m4"
etc.) are fomed. This optimized result involves the following opeEtiors:
Toluene is dcqwlqtcd to benane s-routson and Richardron; chemi@l engineering "vol 6 R.s.sinnott.co;4h
1 )
2) m.Xylcne ls ifimerized to o- and p-rylenw edn;1985"
3) Ethylberune is tmnsal:}I,atcd to rylenG.
6. Perry; chemical engineer "hand book" 66 end program press co,1986
Ifthe toluene is subjected to ransal$lation instad ofthemal dcalkylation, the yield of
xylenes can be funher incr@sed at the expense ofbenzenc. The structure ofa modem Tdata from "Al- Dora refinery
aromatics rcnrplex, which produes a md pxyleoe in the highest possible yield, is based
on a combination of a series of tiese prGsses. The ethylbenzene is mainly mnvencd to
'w.Xlcdl fr.E/ ompay - Oon <etrnery
xyhncs beause obtaining ethylbenzene from reformate is energy intensive. The main
soure of ethylbenzene, which is almost exclusivcly dehydrogcnated to sNrcne, is
therefore now the more economical alkylation ofbenzene with ethylene. Distillatire By: sally murvaffaq - saja hathim
removal ofethylbenzene, which for styrene production must be toluene-free, from
reformates cm take place af'ler removal ofToluene from the sump ofthe toluene column
Supervisor: Dr. Talib N{ohanrmed
 University of Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
Branch of Oil & Gas Refinery

Abstract Project for Production of Naphthalene from petroleum Uses of Naphthalene

Naphthalene was first isolated from nrph$rhnr
ft*l grs As a chemical intermediate
coal tar in l8l9 bY Alexander
Garden;it rePresents about l0%o of
Naphthalene is used mainly as a
this complex mixture of aromatics. hy&ogrn mrke up
precursor to other chemicals.
The industrial imPortance of oon401 T cmd.02
naphthalene dates from the latter half
As a solvent for chemical
of the last century, owing mainlY to
the ease with which it can be
Molten naphthalcne provides an
convertcd into sulfonic acids and
excellent solubilizing medium
thence also to the naphthols, for use for poorly soluble aromatic
as dyestuffs intermediates. However, compounds.
the first synthetic naphthalene-based
dye was a nitro-derivative, Martius Wettins aqent and surfactant
Yellow (Acid Yellow24). which was
patented in 1864 bY Carl Alexander
Alkyl naphthalene sulfonates
Martius. (ANS) are used in many
industrial applications as
nondetergent wetting agents.

As a fumisant
boL03 boi.01

Naphthalene has been used as a

houschold fumigant. It was once
bottomr the primary ingredient in
hrvyftrl mothballs

Students Name
References Production Methods
o Mustafa Thammer
. Wissam Hassan o Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chernical Technology (R), New York, o Manufacturing of Naphthalene from coal tar
Interscience Pub
Supervised By o Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial chemstry
o Manufacturing of Naphthalene from petroleum
. Chemical Engineering,Volunte 6,Third Edition,"Chernical Engineering
+ Lec. Basheer Ahmed Design" R.K.Sinnott
 University of Technology
Chemical Ensineerins Denartment

Branch : gas and oil Refinery

The Students Name:Ahmed Radhi Adnan

Abstract Of PrOject: you work in o focitity USeS, benzene as a source for the
thot produces obout 637.657 ton/day of reformate production of many petrochemicals and
hydrocarbon mateials. Other chem icals
which is produced from cotolytic reforming of derived from benzene are styrene,
nophtha thot is contoins on paroffins,BTX ond heovy phenol, and cyclohexane About 85-90%
oromatic. BTX are extracted from reformote by
of toluene produced annually is
blended directly into the gasoline pool
sulfolone process . as a component of reformate and of
ln this process useses sulfolane (C4HBSO2) As solvent pyrolysis gasoline. The remainder is
blended into gasoline to increase
where consisting two loyers (roffinate & extroct) in octane number of premium fuels
extroction column. BTX ore seporated from extract The majority of xylenes, which are
layer in distillation column whereas the solvent is mostly produced by catalytic
reforming or petroleum fractions, are
recycled back to the extractor. used in motor gasoline

Production Methods: 1- Sulfolane Process

2-Morphylan process 3- hybrid process