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On the side of chromosomal disorders, intellectual disability like Down syndrome shows
characteristics like development of flat nose, slanted eyes, pleasant personalities and the victims tend
to smile and in a good mood most of the time (Schrander-Stumpel, et al, 2007). In the United States
there have been significant concerns about the relationship between ethnicity or racial origin and
performance on intelligence tests (Neisser et al., 1996). This has generalized to adaptive behavior
measures. As a result, the committee commissioned Monte Carlo simulations to understand better the
implications of requiring a specific numeric cutoff point. Looking up a phone number is a relevant
item for that subdomain. Kaderavek and Rabidoux, (2004) opine that it is very important to focus on
literacy during child intervention programs from those with special educational needs and that the
final product of such interventions are not emergent literacy or early literacy development, rather
what is to be targeted is written or oral language development that is not only reciprocal, but also
interrelated. In addition, there is a strong need to fund studies examining the nature and distribution
of adaptive behavior deficits among individuals with mental retardation in general and those with
mild mental retardation more specifically. There are few data on which to base such a decision. This
is my case study about a nine year old boy who faces his own moral dilemma at the early stages of
his cognitive and moral development. It was also not made known how the terms 'loneliness' and
'sadness' were operationalized to ensure standard measurement. The technique of asking open-ended
questions that tap the process of generating strategies for solving problems is widely used in standard
assessments of intellectual functioning, such as the Wechsler scales. For some children, there is
difficulty in learning by way of a structured and uni-dimensional curriculum. Those taking care of
them tend to act on their own intuition without listening to the person who would know what is best.
Jenny was responsive to the adults and eager to participate in all testing activities. Let us write or
edit the research paper on your topic. His height is usually just a little over 3 feet, the shortness
accentuated by slightly bent legs and a curvature of the spine. Some theorists have even observed
self-regulated approach of learning, strategic thinking in situations fraught with problems and self-
directed study (Dermitzaki, 2008). Interestingly, individuals with mild mental retardation often face
their most. They deserve the same rights that have been allotted to others. Generally, however,
adaptive behavior measures will be less effective in fine-grained analysis and classification of such
problems as specific motor disorders or communication disorders and deficiencies in concentration,
persistence, or pace. Phelps to be concerned because it is starting to extend to men who are strangers
to her. The quasi-experimental design is used in studies that are unable to control the independent
variable, or when it is considered unethical or unfeasible to attempt to control the IV (Mason, 1997).
There are acquired factors that also cause intellectual disabilities and these can be grouped into two
groups: Congenital and developmental factors. They have very little say in who helps to take care of
them and they are often appointed by somebody who does not listen to their needs. Is adaptive
behavior a set of abilities and skills useful in coping with environmental demands that are mastered
by the individual. There is a much larger number of scales that do not have extensive norms but may
nonetheless be suitable as a means of gathering and summarizing information that can be assessed on
a clinical basis. McGrew and Bruininks (1989) and Thompson et al. (1999) have concluded, for
example, that the number of factors emerging from factor analyses depends on whether data were
analyzed at the item, parcel, or subscale level, with fewer factors found for subscale-level data than
item- or parcel-level data. Unknown causes are those for which there is no clear explanation.Some of
the more common organic causes of mental retardation include Down syndrome, fragile X
syndrome, and Williams syndrome. This skill could be assessed by giving the individual a local
phone directory, asking them to look up a number, and observing the results, yielding a measure of
whether the individual can demonstrate this skill. These findings are generally consistent with other
findings regarding service utilization, showing, for example, that people with mental retardation,
regardless of age, are less likely than others in need to receive psychological services in the
community mental health systems, including assessment services. Because Florida is a large and
populous state with a culturally diverse population, it is likely that results can be generalized to the
national population.
Namely, observation of the patient and picking up on cues that may be seen during the assessment
process. The result is an overidentification of skill limita-. A sample of 440 kindergarten and grade
one children filled in a survey about feelings of loneliness and social dissatisfaction at school. Even
visuospatial construction is at a similar level. While the expansion of the skull helps minimize
destructive pressure on the brain, serious brain damage occurs nonetheless, leading to intellectual
impairment and such other effects as convulsions and impairment or loss of sight and hearing. The
definition speaks to the presence of significant limitations in intellectual functioning and significant
limitations in adaptive behavior, which exist concurrently. With the genetic disorders in the fragile X
syndrome, a person’s brain is affected, hence, displaying characters associated with autism, which
include poor eye contact, anxiety, sudden mood change and hand flapping (American Psychiatric
Association, 2000). At this stage, the child may be given developmental therapy or language therapy
aimed at vocabulary acquisition. We use cookies to create the best experience for you. Lastly, the
victims should be given affection just as other normal children or people in the society by both the
parents and society as a whole. It is important that people with intellectual disabilities and their
advocates remain up-to-date on their rights, so that they can learn to take control of their own rights.
His design was a mixed model of secondary data analysis (i.e., a review on the literature), and
phenomenological description (i.e., his personal teaching experiences). As far as education of an
MMR child is concerned, it is very important to have a high degree of individual commitment,
constant repetition, patience and willingness to provide emotional support (Kutscher, 2005).
Biological stigmata is always present with the diagnosis (Reschly, 2009). A second limitation of this
scale is that the standardization sample was limited to the state of Florida. Among the major primary
features of the disorder include general difficulties in communication with most affected children
displaying a failure to develop language skills. The DSM-IV definition places a greater emphasis than
the Division 33 one on intelligence than on adaptive behavior, defining mental retardation as
“significantly sub-average general intellectual functioning accompanied by significant limitations in
adaptive functioning” (p. 39). In using the term “accompanied,” the definition suggests that adaptive
behavior is a supplementary variable to intelligence, although both criteria must be present. The two
versions of the AAMR ABS differ with respect to the age groups emphasized and the settings about
which items are structured and weighted in item selection. Mild mental retardation in black and
white children in metropolitan. Ultimately, it is evident that research requires use of the empirical
scientific method due to its systematic and observable processes that inhibit the likelihood of
alternative explanations for research findings. This is an interesting topic for me because I am
interested in technology no matter. They also have utility in documenting delays or functional
limitations consistent with marked impairment in motor development, activities of daily living,
communication, social functioning, or personal functioning. Community grouping and interactions of
persons with the same problems also create a feeling of belonging, which is also a moral support that
they are not alone in such kind of disabilities (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Thompson et
al. concluded: “No single adaptive-maladaptive behavior assessment instrument completely measures
the entire range of adaptive and maladaptive behavior dimensions... It is clear that different scales
place different levels of emphasis on different adaptive behavior domains. Poverty opens up a wide
exposure to environmental and psychosocial factors to the infants. This potential inconsistency means
that less confidence can be placed in the findings of Cassidy and Asher. The last few years have seen
dramatic revolution in the care of MMR children and these children are now cared at home. It is
necessary to define the extent to which the individual is capable of initiating and participating in
activities independent of supervision or direction. While a regular teacher has a responsibility to
make the intellectually disabled student as comfortable as other normal students without any form of
discrimination. Therefore, the most common method of assessing adaptive behavior is through a
third-party respondent, although many difficult measurement issues arise in such assessments.
There is no mention of any standardized cutoffs for adaptive ability, except for mention of the use of
“scales of social maturity and adaptation” in the measurement of adaptive behavior. Definition and
its meaning: The American Psychiatric Association (1994) in DSM IV defines Mental Retardation as.
Also very stressful and physical pregnancies and births can cause damage to a child’s brain
(Introduction to Mental Retardation). For example, some instruments permit more than one
respondent to answer different items, depending on which respondent is most knowledgeable about
the behavior (Adams, 2000). This shows them that despite their shortcomings, to both the parents
and the society they are still valued, loved and cared for. Of concern is that the child may not
acknowledge feelings of loneliness, or engage in peer relationships that share feelings of loneliness
with each other, cultivating a child's sense of worth, belonging, and of being cared for. From the
sample, 46 children were randomly chosen to be interviewed to assess their understanding of the
concept of loneliness. Further influencing confidence in their findings, is that Cassidy and Asher
assumed that it is possible to know when a young child can conceptualize the difference between
'aloneness' and 'loneliness', even though they note that some had only a basic understanding of what
loneliness was. We use cookies to create the best experience for you. Unless he contacted the
individual researchers themselves, in which case he did not mention it. In this fashion, the
assessment of social-cognitive processes can. In Teachers, Schools, and Society (pp. 44-46). New
York: McGraw-Hill. This mainly comes from a lack of knowledge about the disability and any
stereotypes that are associated with the disability. Typically these measures are structured in terms of
factors, domains, and subdomains or scales. Also, the survey for perceptions of loneliness was on a
3-point scale, and so may have lacked sensitivity. ABS-RC:2 norms are not available for adults with
typical functioning, and most norm-referenced scores provide comparisons only with adults with
developmental disabilities. The quality of performance may be somewhat more subjective, but a key
feature is the appropriateness of a given level of adaptive behavior performance. Hard of Mental
Retardation Case Sample case study on mental retardation. Down Syndrome is an example of a
chromosomal disorder (Mental Retardation Issues). It is not realistic to compare the literature and or
Pavri's results considering his lack of operationalization of his primary variables. The new description
led to a change in attitude towards these children. It is unfortunate to say that many adults with
intellectual disabilities are often disregarded because of their conditions and sometimes those that
speak out for them are also ignored. This facilitates the early identification of preschool children at
risk of mental retardation and permits confirmation of persisting developmental delays. The results
are morel likely to be reliable, in that the study can be replicated and similar results found over time.
For example, the ABAS is organized into 9 or, depending on age, 10 adaptive skills areas, clearly
reflecting the 1992 AAMR manual on classification (American Association on Mental Retardation,
1992), which also identified 10 adaptive skills areas. Rather than weighing the likely outcomes of
enacting a particular strategy in a given situation, these individuals tend to render global judgments
(e.g., whether a strategy is generally a good thing or bad thing to do) when evaluating behavioral
options. Thus, the child became easily abstinent with minimal pharmacological and behavioral
management. Inhalants are volatile substances that produce chemical vapors that can be inhaled to
induce a psychoactive or mind-altering effect. Some explanations include localized deficits in
memory, attention deficits and defects in the processing of information (Dermitzaki, 2008). Methods
of data collection and analysis are inter-dependant and dramatically impact on the practical
implications of any research project.
With this in consideration, it can be possible to reduce the rate at which intellectual disabilities are
caused or spread. Assessments work best when they document: (a) quantitative level of performance,
(b) fluency of performance (e.g., qualitative criterion performance), (c) the extent to which the
individual has failed to acquire skills or failed to perform skills already learned, and (d) the inability
of the individual to perform skills through lack of opportunity. The causes of mental retardation
include genetic factors, prenatal influences like infections and diseases, and postnatal factors such as
injuries, malnutrition, and infections. However, if functional independence is to be considered
“within the context of the environments and social expectations that affect his or her functioning”
(Hill, 1999), interpreting scores without considering opportunity and societal expectations for a
person with physical limitations could be problematic for a diagnosis of mental retardation. In
addition to rating skill performance, raters also specify whether each skill is critical to success in the
environment in which the child is observed, i.e., school or classroom. No mention is made of the
degree of severity of adaptive deficits for each of these levels, nor of the number or types of
impaired adaptive behavior domains at each level. An alternative explanation is that adaptive
behavior must be understood in the context of the individual’s relevant daily and social life, which is
determined by age, culture, and context (Thompson et al., 1999). To the extent that SSSQ data can
predict entry or retention of competitive, gainful employment among people with mental retardation,
it may have utility. Numerous research studies have been conducted on juvenile delinquents who
obtain. Unfortunately, this does not stop people from treating each mentally retarded person the
same, regardless of the extent of their condition (Eaton, 2006). Introduction Learning ability has
been found to be intrinsically related to perceptions of isolation and loneliness. Mack, N, et al.
(2005). Qualitative Research Methods: A Data Collector's Field Guide. Students Labeled with
Mental Retardation in Connecticut. Keep on browsing if you are OK with that, or find out how to
manage cookies. From the results it appears that all of the children had a clear conceptualization of
loneliness. Is adaptive behavior a set of abilities and skills useful in coping with environmental
demands that are mastered by the individual. Very few people are willing to accept that even
mentally challenged people know what is best for themselves. This access to information would
greatly benefit those that work in environments that could cater to people who have been diagnosed
with a disability. Yet in the past, literacy rarely has been emphasized for students with mental
retardation. Factor analyses of existing measures finds consistent domains of functioning. Finally, it
worth’s mentioning that there are some professional. The technique of asking open-ended questions
that tap the process of generating strategies for solving problems is widely used in standard
assessments of intellectual functioning, such as the Wechsler scales. Down Syndrome is an example
of a chromosomal disorder (Mental Retardation Issues). This technique involves four steps: (1) silent
generation of ideas, (2) round robin recording of ideas; (3) clarification of ideas and (4) ranking of
ideas (voting). The skills or abilities items may be readily assessed through direct measures of the
individual with behavioral tasks, while performance or does-do features can be assessed only through
extensive behavioral observations that often are impractical given the breadth of the adaptive
behavior construct and the number of relevant settings. Norms are available to age 18 for the ABES
and to age 12 for the parent scale. Smith's case leads to the conclusion that he suffers from the mild
mental disorder. Although almost 40% to 50% of the causes of intellectual disability is not known,
the few known cases can be grouped into four categories (American Psychiatric Association, 2000).
A history of altercations, evictions, firings, fear of strangers, avoidance of interpersonal relationships,
or social isolation may demonstrate impaired social functioning. These areas include social-cognitive
and social skill assessment—with a specific focus on social cognitive processes of social perception,
strategy generation, and consequential thinking—and vocational and work-related skills assessment
with prognostic value.
While these are common characteristics, there are those particular characters that are observed with a
particular disability. However, interviews are highly subjective and some of the information to be
collected will be biased (Shank, 1995). The typical adaptive behavior inventory inquires about both
the individuals’ skills or abilities (what they can do) and about what they usually do in various
circumstances (performance of skills or typical performance). Please contact us for more details.)
MediVisuals will modify any animation to suit your case. It takes a lot of time for even both the
doctors and the parents to intervene since in most cases the disability is diagnosed at a later stage
(American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Infants and toddlers may more appropriately be assessed
with more specialized measures in most cases. There is evidence that these children suffer from
language disabilities and the abilities pertaining to language are much below their chronological age
and are similar to those with other types of developmental problems. In one report by Bellugi et al
(1988; cited in Mervis and Becerra 2007), the researchers opined that those with William syndrome,
despite severe mental retardation had excellent language skills. Use of the interview method allows
the participants to share their feelings, opinions and experiences employment and safety practices. A
history of altercations, evictions, firings, fear of strangers, avoidance of interpersonal relationships,
or social isolation may demonstrate impaired social functioning. For each article, the aim and results
of the research will be briefly summarized; the method of data collection about the research question
will then be critiqued. When a mentally disabled person acts as a self-advocate, they can take charge
of their own lives, as well as how they are cared for within the medical community. Some data
suggest that ceiling and developmental range effects hinder the full description of skill assets for
some individuals with mild mental retardation. Methodological issues in interviewing and using self-
report questionnaires with people with mental retardation. The result is that the unique aspects and
characterization of individuals with mild mental retardation are no longer the basis for
differentiating them from more moderately and severely involved individuals. Medical personnel
should help them cope with the situation and give guidance as well as the required health care. In
this essay, communication problems, their evaluation tools, and treatment will be discussed with
reference to MMR. Since there are several causes of MMR and it is beyond the purview of this essay
to discuss them, one cause of MMR, the William syndrome will be discussed. However, the
diagnoses of mental retardation Switzky, 2006 are never carried out to people until they are in an
elementary school where most of the persons suffering from the same display difficulties in
mastering academic skills. The 1961 manual (Heber, 1961) discussed adaptive behavior with respect
to maturation, learning, and social adjustment. When this condition is undetected, the phenylalanine
builds up in the blood and leads to brain damage. By: Jolene Swoverland. Definition. A condition
diagnosed before the age of 18 that includes below-average general intellectual function and the lack
of skills necessary for daily living Also called intellectual and developmental disability. Causes.
Infact, it is warranted that any such suspicion in any child must lead to psycho-educational testing
for determination of appropriate placement of education (Kutscher, 2005). Revising the current laws
would help individuals have more of a say in who helps to take care of them so that they are
guaranteed the care that they not only need but want. However, the limitations of experimental
methods are that there must be a large enough sample for the results to be representative and so
generalised to a wider population. Cassidy and Asher went to great lengths to gain informed consent
form the students, their parents and their teachers. Promoting social communication: Children with
developmental disabilities from birth to adolescence. It is unclear whether individuals with low-
normal intelligence or mild mental retardation would be able to respond reliably to hypothetical
situations. Because standard scores and percentile ranks do not indicate standing relative to people
without developmental disabilities, and because the norming sample is probably not representative of
the population of adults with developmental disabilities, the ABS-RC:2 may not fit the psychometric
criteria used in determining a diagnosis of mental retardation according to AAMR requirements
(American Association on Mental Retardation, 1992). Adults with intellectual disabilities also have
the right to deny something that they do not agree with or feel they need. Down Syndrome is an
example of a chromosomal disorder (Mental Retardation Issues). They are, however, unable to
understand even the most immediate implications of their admirably constructed sentences’’ (Mervis
and Becerra, 2007).
The analysis of Arnie's behaviour allows to say that mental retardation is characterized by
subaverage general intellectual functioning which has originated before the age of 16 years and is
associated with impairment in adaptive behavior manifest as: (1) delayed maturation, (2) slowness in
learning, and (3) social adjustment. By revising the laws, they are given the chance to have more
control of the situation and become less dependent on others. Those taking care of them tend to act
on their own intuition without listening to the person who would know what is best. Some
researchers have opined that such difficulties mainly arise because of poor educational achievements,
especially when tasks which require language mediation are encountered (Dermitzaki, 2008). For the
most part, such concerns result from considerations of the structure of measures (e.g., as related to
items and other factors mentioned in this section), procedures for obtaining information used to
complete the protocols, and issues surrounding informant bias. There are few data on which to base
such a decision. Mental retardation can be categorized into mild, moderate, severe and profound
based on the intelligent quotient and of these, mild mental retardation (MMR) accounts for more
than 85 percent of the cases. Since mental retardation makes up a huge part of the cognitive disorder
population, it is vital that people are informed and are fair in how they treat individuals that have an
intellectual disability. Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.
As a result, they may become less available for use in disability determinations. Most intellectual
disabilities like cognitive disabilities are not curable although they require diagnosis and proper
observation to normalize the victim’s behavior in accordance with the normal behaviors and the
society’s expectations (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Recent formulations for grading the
severity of mental retardation are based on the levels of support needed rather than intelligent
quotient. After the six year old boy shot his classmate he threw the gun down and took off running
out of the room to hide. People with intellectual disabilities can and do learn new skills, but they
learn them more slowly. Infants are often small for gestational age and show intrauterine growth
retardation. Developmental disability can be best defined as “a substantial handicap in mental or
physical functioning, with onset before the age of 18 and of indefinite duration” (Dorland's Medical
Dictionary, D, 2010). It is unclear whether individuals with low-normal intelligence or mild mental
retardation would be able to respond reliably to hypothetical situations. It is unfortunate to say that
many adults with intellectual disabilities are often disregarded because of their conditions and
sometimes those that speak out for them are also ignored. His height is usually just a little over 3
feet, the shortness accentuated by slightly bent legs and a curvature of the spine. So investigation to
enable and empower disabled learners to function in society is critical. Impaired ability in this area is
manifested by failure to develop such skills, failure to use them, or self-injurious actions. Cassidy
and Asher (1992) used a mixed-method survey and interview design to investigate the reliable
assessment of loneliness in children younger than those previously researched; to determine if peer
rejected results in higher levels of loneliness and social dissatisfaction; to evaluate children's
conceptualization of loneliness; and to identify common behavioral responses of lonely children.
Other methods of language therapy are music therapy and traditional language therapy but there is
no evidence based information in this regard (Mervis and Becerra, 2007). Keep on browsing if you
are OK with that, or find out how to manage cookies. Both legislative action and judicial decisions
at the federal level have focused on concerns that parents may misinform clinicians regarding their
children’s skills in order to obtain SSI benefits. Stigma related to the state of humiliation or
embarrassment because it badly affects the life of the person which is experiencing the illness.
(Scheffer, 2003). Developers have addressed this issue through several strategies: (1) assessing the
interrater and test-retest reliabilities of measures, (2) providing instructions to raters for coding items
(e.g., Sparrow et al., 1984a), and (3) specifying training for clinicians and preparation of raters (e.g.,
Bruininks et al., 1996). Reliabilities are initially assessed at the item level and then at the scale and
factor levels. These laws often go against the civil rights of disabled individuals. For adolescents and
older children who have mild disability with reference to intellectual ability, it is very important to
target language intervention in specific areas of weakness (Mervis and Becerra, 2007). This mainly
comes from a lack of knowledge about the disability and any stereotypes that are associated with the
disability.
With multiple companies lately adopting and encouraging a work-exercise balanced lifestyle and
others simply stressing more work-time, my goal is to answer with the use of reliable sources
whether if there. Early intervention in situations involving abuse and poverty will also help. It
examines the adequacy of the SSA definition of mental retardation and its current procedures for
assessing intellectual capabilities, discusses adaptive behavior and its assessment, advises on ways to
combine intellectual and adaptive assessment to provide a complete profile of an individual's
capabilities, and clarifies ways to differentiate mental retardation from other conditions. Current
measures evidence acceptable interrater and test-retest reliability, with consistency scores at levels
of.90 and above (seldom at a level below.80) for clinical and normative subgroups, partitioned by
age and clinical variables. However, if functional independence is to be considered “within the
context of the environments and social expectations that affect his or her functioning” (Hill, 1999),
interpreting scores without considering opportunity and societal expectations for a person with
physical limitations could be problematic for a diagnosis of mental retardation. The definition of
abnormality can be evaluated using four concepts including statistical infrequency, deviation from
social norms, deviation from ideal mental health, and dysfunctional behavior. Inventories or
checklists that attempt to assess vocational interests, emotional status, and personality traits nearly
always are typical performance measures. Ultimately, it is evident that research requires use of the
empirical scientific method due to its systematic and observable processes that inhibit the likelihood
of alternative explanations for research findings. This early intervention is of great positive therapy
outcome like in the case of cerebral plasticity, which is most essential in the first five years of the
therapy that could bring positive changes to the child. Some patients may have higher degrees of
mental retardation. Diagnosis of MMR is often complex and also controversial because of lack of
unequivocal symptoms and signs (Hegde and Pomaville, 2008). It does not require specific or
graduate training to complete. It describes 4 levels of mental retardation based on IQ scores: mild,
moderate, severe, and profound. It did not cover adults and had a limited range of items tapping
community living skills (Scheerenberger, 1983). ED226 Fall 2010. Historical Foundation of MR.
Read pg 104 and 105 1919—American Association on Mental Deficiency (AAMD, now AAMR)
1959 dual classification system describing medical and behavioral factors associated with MR.
Decisions about which instrument to use depend on the age of the individual to be tested and
available norms, available sources of information, the context in which the individual is known, and
the training of the rater. The overall level of intelligence is affected though cognitive, language,
motor and socialization functions. Cassidy and Asher informed each participant of their: right to
confidentiality, anonymity, and voluntary withdrawal at any time without penalty. Finally, it worth’s
mentioning that there are some professional. The seven-year-old child is treated with more respect
and dignity than the man with Downs syndrome. Since mental retardation makes up a huge part of
the cognitive disorder population, it is vital that people are informed and are fair in how they treat
individuals that have an intellectual disability. Which explanation for autism is no longer considered
valid and lacks research support. It is common beliefs that performance of individuals with autism
was inferior. The Social Skills Rating System, described below, is a behavior rating scale that was
developed to provide this information for students. However, such a statement has been fraught with
a lot of criticism and Mervis and Becerra (2007) argue that researchers who claim that language and
cognition are independent in William syndrome are those who have not studied the syndrome in a
direct sense or are those who have tested the abilities in small sample sizes. In cases with less
pronounced physical signs of cretinism, the degree of mental retardation is usually less severe. And
informed consent was achieved with the health and safety of the participants as a priority. The
highest rankings were given to issues around involvem. Standard score scales are preferred for these
comparisons. Washington, DC: American Association on Mental Retardation.