PAGE NO

BImelcules
BL9meloculor ae tne ouaMiL LOmpoiinüL pHezont
UmdipeALNtcoll hete aHe uOyhLg M Aize_
HOH eM Lakbehydnates, miumeDd, pHatrime
emymes, nutteicacids, uitomins, houmonwe.
coubehudare icaubhehyduates aue theMaiunally
ocCLia SKgmicLompaird uhichaneamajoy
AouMLa omooyio'oui hody-Sm plont
Cowboyduater aie.poumed by+hepunteLs np
Phatasymtheuik
uC0tyHDhDOByS
Aumlight
CHgody tD2-
Cavbonydate
Thechomtalpaumuula op coukolhydnatrsugget
theseaue hyduato.op.coubom hutLatenon i~uwas
poumd +hattmotal cauhohyduates aua hyduateg
O Laubm 2Net+all the hydHntLIngcanbon
auhehyduate. b
cauhehiduatu could ka atategai iho polyhydxaxy
ompouos uuhith He.optncally actie Lwham
hyduolyscd)
ClouigicaiensoLLaLheh1yduotez
rOkbehiydHater aka.inauuh a acthauide! Sachaidoe
mon AuLgau Ln Latm
(al Based pm hotetiulausiza_3 tyhs
MMoneAaLChouidee : simnloztcaubphyduattluuhh
Omt be hyduolyaed unio smalle pu2duch
i) inaLthoades(oisarchouidedaxhohypduatot hunlyai
2-10 moleadlo op mbnDAacth0Hiderupinhyiniau.
rOaLthauidocoueshduatar uhiihgie lakgene:og
LOTiacchauides (moue-thaniD) upm hyduolyn
 Lb)Bntod om Talte
) AugaL Caubchydunlu that hauo. suDet Lute
Sa. nu mono ard olig osarhayuideg
Cm.pgm iugaHL nubohujduatg uilhout IuuLsh lnle,
Paluaithnnidu.
lc)Bouod om natwL
i)ReduimAugau (Obohydsunts Aht
heducoTaiame oagemt Fehlinq solulion
gluosp pruutole
lii)ionHeducingsupau- hát dond-eduze
cutho AHe theie Eg>suNOL2
Memasntchnuidos
simpli caHhohyduate that canna behyduclyy
Lnte moHD ALmplan LompoLurds
HLtalline sodlide ALeetADluhie in uuatos
Bolubilituy i due to AtLon2 44-hordir bJuD
H04-DHqelyps pHesont Lin.thresa wnpoumd.
(a) AldneR :momoachanidu thatcontaim
aldeyde -cHD)quoup 2tupuient Ot cat
H2o ed ag C-häm ey:C
EN glucoie laldohamoink C-6 wmbourdi.
b) KotasosMomoAaLchàidd hat Lontaim
Hete uoup (c=0) Hhe.Hato guouip atled
Cnula bemyuhet enopl-althoaind ombon.
emerally heto JuoLp iipHLLOMIQtC2

Hlucose-LDntunse, quape.3uga)
wa 2uCOSeis A naHiHollF OLtLIHiÝ OganicconaLu
ADLHL2HLIpe GUADaL,honey,thamyfsuuetpuiti,
humanblocd
 4 dedue Hatatey in matune
9+iadiiahauide.
(o) EuMm LLcHOAe (tmd sLDaA :
Ci2 H220tH20 CHI2 O6tC6Hi206
ULUtHh dl:H oH
(By boluMq aq dolutiom OQ AuCAOLL
di: H2SOy).
b EHgm AtakhpolysaLchanmde. when itu boled vn
Leme oLaud at 393 K 2-3 am pwiame,
glucose is obstauncd
(CgHio Og) +mHz0 H
393 k2-3atm
m GgH26
Physical Pnpouilies demhoo.
Luhite LHIL tallime solid. soluble.inuuater Totatouy
Aueet mtüute edugsugaH
AUriUUOog gluucpse ktutunalpokmula
gluunse i CHolCHOH) y CH20H
TP Aegtthmidue ta=DHAHOLID
1) ctyLation
CHO CHO
LCHOH)Y+ 5lCHaCo),0>(cHOCOCH3)4+SCH3OH
CH20H Cactic CH206OCH
LLquuco1e) anhydud) pemt-a aLeklgluuase
i1) Rlatiomsuitth mehyL_alLohiL
CHolCHOHs CH2OHtCH20H-> HOl CHOH)UCH,0 Ha +H0
(meHuyt glycoide)
Ronctiera dueto l-cHolGunp
iReduztign
CHOLCHDHs CLH0HLAt 2HI2CH20HlCHDH)YCH20H
AOHbitl
eyde qynyAAA asaLLAlaelkaEHP
CHQCHopettoE
 to alcoholuLgup
ne alehuyde quoup i Hedured
Hedl> cHaltt2CH,Ü42 CH2 H
CHO CCHDH)r H2DH +HI
-hMmL

uith oniansi
(i)uidatiom tiluuete is omidied
agemts Lik bnomuma uLatA
CoOH lCHDH)YCH2OH
>
chocHOHDuCH20HCO LlucomiLALid

HNO
CHolCHOH) y H20HC
CDOH(CHOH)y co0H
AALLhautAcd

t) Aentign uithHCN OH
CH2DH (CHOH)s CHD-+HONCH0H(cHDHy CH
Lyluae tymahydsin CN

iv)Reartien uith NH2DH

CH20H LcHDH)yCH0-NH20H CH2OH(Hon)yCHNOH +H2D
itose OMiMA_
(v)Ronctiom ulithTollem? He0Aemt_
AgND tNHyOH AgDH+NLYND
AgOH +2NHyOH 3 CÃglNHG)tOH +2H20
unm Heacted ulth guioie,shunrig siluu ge
denosited, d Ahiies Like miHLDH
CHO CooH
CHOH)y +2 Ag/NH),J
CH20H oHT(CHOH)y+2Ag +YNH
CHOH H2U
gumLLAid
(vi) RondtimuithFehlums soltiogn
CHO CODH
CHOH)t +20u+YOH (cHOH)+CA,04 2HD
CH2OH CH20HtRedppt)
 Nhemyuhyolumime
(0sazATL Ne Romud)
(vit) headimuuith CH=NNHC6H CHENHCGMS
CHO
CHOH
CHOH CGHsNHNH2 (CHOH)
-H20
tcHoH) 3
(CHOH)3 CHzOH CH2 OH
CH2 0
yluae phelnyl huydsageme Ho
CgHsNHNH2

CH NNH C6H
NNH CLH
CCHOHD3
Lyicosaze u2OH
CenpigukAtiom apeLuLDAL
(omLguHatien qo guucose has beam guuem by Eiuthty om
He haiu ofti hemica pHonoktis. Cbmkigunation
hasbeam nomed au Dl+)qlucoe DHhLeLemts
COmiguatien op 4 E) imnies Motaten ap elme
olaHized ight to the Lught
CHO
H OH na.comyumd gycoHaLdohyde.enistr
HO -H Un 2 ematusmaL RORMng. he
H- -OH
H OH
enantiommeuiuith Hatem n Lstz
OH QHaup om iGht called
CHOH D-Lomiguunakion & Hhe atu:u
called LONLLguUtion:
haompiguudtem op.tHoie MEMDLALthaudehat
hasngiouvuaLiomaimilLay to D-glyanaldehyde,
HhatCmmtiomuu is (Qlled LonLguHatien D
Lce=UOHLA.
 PAGE N0

umitatiomk op.opemthaim stuucduueog DELgluua4

9 t docamot HeaLttuith Nauso2 ,2,4, D-N-P, does
pes neg
ne
Roum Achi base
2 Pemtn acctyt gucoe documot Oatulth NH,OH
3: D4) guioie haI 2 systallime poHm 2P
yi9K 423k
m:P
Rotatue +I120 +190

Lyclicstucuuep0L DLt)guLose
ToLlem gaue a yclii stmciue LQllLd
hemiauefaistAuctuke mL suung poHmec
i a sin membtked sung Colled S-0Aide MIg
m 244elic hemiatetal s+uLuus
diywu in ne comfigusiaten op 0Hg0up
Hatom at C0nly d heLeaHe"calid
K d p pokmsog D(+) qluLoe
H OH HC HO H
H OH H24 OH H OH
HD H O Ho3
HO H HO H6-
H OH H -DH H OH
H H OH
CHOH CHzOH H-
CH20H
-D+gluLnie onenchaim AtkuchuMa -Dtgluunse

awouh gaue the Pyhanioio sug stjuu

Ppuam i hetekouyci, uun thbt haj gm
eygen atom
 PAGL NO.

CHOHL 6 CH2 0H
H H OH
H
H OH H
2 OH OH 3 H

-DEqlucopuHmOIe_ BDOluuabyuOmote

MIuta-Ratatien
Le mol that LBp0m oe D+)lucose
haup Motatin op 120 19 uiham bofh th
kuystallunegonmoane diuolued im uatethe
ataten op phem chomgc £a4ea ZAYmtime!
he HalLon foH boh {om becomag 2qual to
524 hil Cenditiom ú called muuta Hatatien
&-0(+gluLoLe B-D+)gluLDLe
1120 524 19

Euctnse (Lacuiulosa),CguigDg_uiLsugaH
0 monosdichaHulle, Hetohemose huepauid
by hyduolysit op AuCHOse
CaH22O+H20 Cgti2Dg CGHi2D% Umda
.
 PAGE NO:

CH2OH CH,0H CH2DH

CHoH
H H
H/H P
0H OH H OH
CHoH OH
7CH,0M
oH oH H

LmkageROMMOd_ b/uu QlucoLe puultOLe isglyroud

umKage: s, both thealdohydic qOp OR 9liuDLe
Katonit guuOLLp oI RHLtoe auoinuoluedl m
guuLeAidir umkage f non2 is Luee dlue to Unuh_
mmHedutimg &Luga
ApLLLtoie whih id potMmed asa HeSILA P8
hyduolyaiu ii called thuetsU19aH SuuuoL i
demtue Lotalouy uhoneas the solution alteu
hyduolyaisi called lagu9 hotatos ie,ulhy

Heatiomis alio cOLLLd iMLI`HLLPÝM Heactim2

Maltnke Oy MaLiupaH LCi2Ha9D

LOmmco by hyahalyuL ag 2tasLh LM pHELUMO QA
diastase. Dendtuduotaiouy in natwue
LCaHigO)m+nH0 Da3 ncn Ho90

DineOuL_ DLgMLuLHDIL a giueL2 moleLuleeoR.

Qli~ote. D+)I 2 thus soluton poMMd ii
demhe satatauy omy
M20H
-O
0H H -0-
HO
6H OH 9tcoytomAke
H OH
C+) gUULOpLHOMD2
 PAGE NO.

LaLtpee os_miLkAugauCC42H2204
tose l puesemtim hiuk oR. Mmmaluepatd
cheee
by-PLodut tn puepaintion oR
ommiuk mulsM
C12H220+ H20 6H2%tC6H2 Dg
B-D guose
galocoLL
CH2OH CHOH
O OH
HO H
OH
H 0H H OH
B-D-galactose A-D uLDLL

alue og L00 im wLatmeRÝ: LlLLOe ii la

aluaachauid ol> LQHboyduata!im uthich

the no op Caubom ALuel o m 12-toyakOLs
housmd heLe De moM LugO.
TDstelow 2 imioluble in uudt
1. Stnch CgH4g05}n_ : 2uunnly emuHgy to bod
SOLLAL 320de, potatDe , HIL0,ulheatet.
SALIHOL tunot a simgle CommpOuNmd
md hau tuue LompoLc: myu0ie. 20 .)4-
oluble im uLati L myioheLnlgo)
mLoluble_um uLatoy
 CHOH CH,OH
H H H H H
H
OH HLO OH H a-Link

H OH H
Branch at C

CHOH CH CH,OH
H 15 -0
H H H H H H
OH
-oN HLoNOH HLoN OH
o-}
HLo.
H OH H OH OH
a-Link a-Link
Amylopectin
(ii Cellulose: Cellulose occurs exclusively in plants and it is the most
abundant organic substance in plant kingdom. It is a predominant
constituent of cell wall of plant cells. Cellulose is a straight chain

HOH,C
O

OH
HOH,C
-O OH

OH
HOHC
OH
B-links
OH

OH
Cellulosse
polysaccharide composed only. of p-D-glucose units which are
joined by glycosidic linkage between Cl of one glucose unit and
C4 of the next glucose unit.
(i) Glycogen: The carbohydrates are stored in animal body as glycoger.
Itis also known as arnimal starch becauseitsstructure is similar to
amylopectin and is rather more highlybranched. It is present in liver,
muscles and brain. When the body needs gucose, enzymes break the
glycogen down toglucose. Glycogen is also found in yeast and fungi.
 ImpDtanco og caubohyduatDe
SouLLO op emoug4 (LMapt colluloO)
rDuH body cmnot digeat calluloeeond geremungy
asouH b0dy clocsnot haue emume Leluuloië.
tgdtgut ut. But in mony othui Quagu9
anmal lcou), it ii nuezemt R hemLe ihy
Cn digeit celiuloAe A get emegy puDm it..

Puotoime Hhe uond puotema has haem duiued

fuOmalueek uunud, photoie? whiuh puustStruuo
discoueked by Benzeliuk. 4hu beem gium the
m e aHheij nlay a ulMy impoutamtHale unHha
&tHUCuALONImafabolLm ap twls Pzotoing
coLuld he stotud ai twhe biomolaules whithake.Lemtial
ROHiequo uth od maumtENMLL Dp colls. hnese
L Cmmnlem in naiune uY Lahe moleules.
ny'He LOmÞOMmti oR mmrtiuiel,Llluwll
u made up.ag d-
homical LompoLitm: C,H,0kN Aue puesemt
mhemm. THaL op S,P 04 metals Liha Fe,
Zn, Mg, et ahe aluo pHeLLmtUpom hyduolyi
PLat Hydhualyau, Peptide_Hydualysiu <-muno

fhima Auidi
tmuno auid hauLD. (=NH2) lamino guaup) ard
Hhouyl(-CoDH) guoup 0d ane.clauiedas
, y , S omd to no on thhe pasitióm lbasitofJ
R -Caubon
HhN-C COOH
H
 PAGENO.

-Auna Acid
N m euomtialmime aide : 4he ammumo aat
that cam be syntthuized by thebod4 Ex 9
9uyme,alanime, etu
E Eucotialamime atide:the amuno autl Hat
Cmt be.Syntheized by the.hody
Ex valme,
Lysume, elt
Heuenmtial omimo aLid u t betahin puem
CutlLcle puom poad Al theye imp0Hmt-po1
0LeuLHof bodu
wnittem as nly md Alonine alHla adsom
lyycine
#laupiratomop_ AmimgAuds
9m tHe bALil op n9 0p. amume 4 LAbylQuOLp
PHLCM HuyHe tauiyiod al audi hkit 2
neubua
buidit ne oA LAHbeuyl quDLLp L MOHe

NOLbeal tQunLne-0g "cauberyl ocl aniume paup

#Phupias lunpoies.op -mmaAcidl
LlDuiulby LuyeiallhMe SolLd high m-p uLatiAsoluble
gmp huy H }uitt Lon a1 dipoLa LOn duetotangeH
huoion lHTIAADm (aHbbnyt.q0uh to amUNe gaúp
Antre 40me moloule.
R- H- CDOH R-CH-COo©
AH2 NH3
-Amune nudl, Dte thul mphotoL in Nahun
ZuittaLL
'e, tney cn Lomb1n (uuth' aujd co0aLtepuH)
RHmuy m HOat ulith BaLed[Mhig lose9Ht)
 R-CH-- OHR-CH -Co H R-CHCO0H
NH2 mion NH3 NH3 atien

9nuP 24nelactuit poimt > uheneuwM eleitucity u

pauid huOLughhe d-amimD Auds.9n adit
meduuM ,they emilt maumly au catuon 2. Hhus
moue touahcs cathodeBrd in Basicmedum
myeust as mion R_Hrus mOues LOUUaMOE4
omode &t a cohtampH, amime ajdi do not
pmoue toLlandsany eleLthade amA bebals s
eutuaL, he ptAdt Uhih mume aLdk de no
mouetoluaL ony electndes wuhem eletniciy
u pamed Hhuough t i Lallud O-Rloctric paumtog
thiat amume aiid.
eaueptglyine (NH2 CH2CDOH),ll&-mne aLide
HO oprthally utuua.
VinP Peptidel:ne Lompollde poHMmed uhem 2 0
moue mnaleuls o -amimoaidk combine
uith Lot! Of H2O Moleculo md LMk by HaL hlp 04
bord calbd paptide Bd (C0VH ane
Callea peptdi.
9m_mu peptide,thie a RHel mine gaupa
gneeld tald N-tummiNol edd aRuee
COHbonyt gyoup atoHheeNd LAled C-tuinalend
N-tomintal eomd u uittem pm leyt4C-toimUnal
emd om ugt uhile uudmg hamne o4
sthutut ay Peptiple. Ex uycime pnd almune
com combiri in follouuumg 'iays
 PAGE NO

HgNH-oHLA-N-dh--oHSt,N-CH-
L y=ALa
C-touminal AlmuNL-
Numiamal lanine 2
H O _H _
O
HhN-ch-ë-NN-LH2 -2
HyN-d TOHER-N-CHa-CroH (ALa-y)
minal lyuina
N-Huminol Alanuin -tu

Edouilicatim.np Peptidl cn tto kasinag fmmugno

Auds
amimencidiokajuLIntintom
t i pligopepthidoe 2-9 anina.auidiake.phuuntinthom_
Lin Palypeptido 0-100
Ci) PudthimL MOLLG Hgmin
#clouiticatim.oQPuptnimz
mthe h0LiL Op cmpORitLm
1EihHGLLL DHtaim >nù puateim pOHm2d b
uman Dlocuile-that pann pibuat md heme
ue called pibholi LOLLMI hea haue
pmg h2nd ika ullHA iNLhih itrong
ettaiie RoHLoAdue toinwamoloculaA
H-homdumg iu pHeLOM êLeM Azte chargeUM
PH 0 T,hoiepuntevng HOmÁYM Btable,ee,
a4e iniDlulle im uLAtey hoy polM Hhe
StuuLiIHal matekual og. munal tuluuef ex
Kuntm myoLyA
2 Llobulay uotaimg hue
ualong aLa poDd
b palyep:tidoR malecuulee uihichaya
ntetoil Ahapo-nepuptiodlesHulLO jL Leidid-
X#abliled hu intzamoleulaH
aD Aoluhle n a0. Anlophucluagembonu
audi,baseiom
alt-EuMdim LA ta
malntaln the-ecya
Exm&ILM,HaCmogtobim
 PAGENO.

Onthe bait ap hyduolyail pnndut

upiapla pLOteLmg : (otouimi uluih whem hydualyted
pgum ernly -amune atid.eX gleblulini
2 onjugated pHatoLmL : Pruatuime in ushiuhpempaht
i Liked o nen-pHotem pant, called posthetii wup.
nue aue puwhwh aauipid on the pait oR nate.
eke&Hhoiu guOup:
iNLcleopuotoune puothotirgraupir nutleis. aud.Ex, nuLloa
i)4ulycepuoleing ipaikelirgroilpiu'aHbohydsuate- Ex, miyin
tiDAHomepHOtains pMCsheLi goup i pigment: Ex, hasmngiabio
chheonhyll ,etc
ivDeuiiuec puotuine: PHatoing Lomed by nhrtial hydrdyu
o neptudes, pHetDDies, etic.
+LematuHgtiom co Puoteime uenaueuony,puetain
numt un bLolbgLal LuLkmu Lubjected te thnge Vn
T, pH OH Themialhange, themthe Nuoteumi
Lefe HnoiH biologucal aduuty.hiu nuóLes qp Losing
Hae bieloqinl hiluuity ogdny puotnn due ta
Chorge in TpH thtmiua/ }harge Úcalled
demätuHAtLDn oR pHolun 2 2 3° AttuutL
change uhile 4AtLlivhe Humaint unayestecl

+emzLIrmly:eNgymaPLOLulA be Stated Lthe

boloqical lonbis-)atalyutt pMesemt-in iu
bedil uuhiuhinuueALO Hho iateop vauuou
biologiuAI HOAteNitaRI2 plate Lm he b0dy.
ALL ha LmymesAHL gLieHally globulaH pHteins.
Haue high moleulau ian.
Emzym AymHoLized by boay : LndALMELpmez
Sngyms akn pupm butaidLo iLnDeAzymL
 PAGE NO.

naiLalNatuue : he puoshelit guouP On

Unpuotems heue, ú (alled co-2mypL ATO
Limpomt poH amy puatoim to act aienyme,
Haloemymo AnaemzymL +D-RMy
lcomjugoted patein) protrim)(ppiMaticg au
L-enpymme is Hhe substanee imp: pou
aution oR emymes

mpyr dhaHadouicdirlog emgymmeR

1ThuHe LompleM mawmeLULLUeslpHntun)
ma hauLe hugh moleuulaH MaLel.
2:Anapicihy:due te pHesemUL.op altuue taMlini
enTym.
0
3 0ptimuipH &temipemaliukotmhen
belt at(2s-yot Adiiuy deHeasekancd skops
at 'c ahou30C Limiauly Lumctionis
belt àtl6-4:4pH: Do notuDHk belou
abbue thu pH Mge
yighl 2irimt
emma.inhibinuAubitamel thadocuea
He atuuiby op.omy em2yma : Mottly
inogmitLond,3akli op HtHazrAB heaun
mutal ett
Co-LmymaiAubitreos that încHeae he
actuuby oR emaym
Tmp DLAcALOi COLJ0d b, onmaDrlLLiemu
phanyl Kotne uHIA i duL to dopiuemey oR
phemyialomume hyduonylase
.
Albimiim iduto.dopiciemuy optuyosinaa
PoHAgM utththiy dLenses hnA uhite hum,_
lhutr haiH gmd Punk eyes
 uitmins: BIomalauLLi thataueimp: fou healhy
OLOLLth ard umciDnLng op mimalt, humon Beivgr
Cmnot be 3iýmthesi zed by body , must beHaKem
Lem aLutiide puom thepo00 h e e aHeimp: Lo
guouuth heauh Dmd miabollic ynuaceiLi
Eanieh, called uitmime lwihltomne)Butt,
tn, itua poumo Hhat notallthle COmpOUT
NOLe mMe uOLup, Lo momea uutamum

#dauipiLotion co uitmuine
LAuatiHLOLublë iuitamim-BcomplenM BL,B2,Bg, Br2)-
(B) atH GYnAnlublo/fatgaluble:AD,EAK wtm0C

*Utmim zymthosizod hy human bady 9AmdD.

#Auueic Acidi i hue aue the.polymmeks uuhithane
pHeLetm Hha iuuNY calL od aie impoHtaht
'poH tHomgoog Geihetic trait!to thaasthrug
huy uH LOHLLH VOmed pudein ALe imp
RoH iymthesit oR pateum
Fthomitalcgmmp0Litien ap_LLuloirAud
hese anL LoloLMlL, LhaplsA Lmplem LOMpOLund
Made up oR 3uMAlD. Hha 3mih aue niogemnuy
baLe, pomt0Le LugaH aNd PhoiphouiL aLLd.
1:itLogemenLu Balos i u O tYpLL o4-ndMgeM0oup
ass due phyemtUM niuleuL aud, puinl and
pyuudmuBaLeI RLLm Puina ote Bdaune (A)
omd umumel) uihile hajes RLom plyzumidne
a e hymime.(T) yhsinalc) qrd aillu)
Table 14.3: Some important Vitamins, their Sources and their
Deficiency Diseases

Si. Name of Sourcees Deflciency diseases

No Vitamins
1. Vitamin A Fish liver oil, carrots, Xero phtha I mia
butter and milk (hardening of cornea of
eye)
Night blindness
2. Vitamin B Yeast, milk, green Beri beri (loss of appe-
(Thiamine) vegetables and cereals tite, retarded growth)
3. Vitamin B, Milk, eggwhite, liver, Cheilosis (fissuring at
(Riboflavin) kidney corners of mouth and
lips), digestive disorders
and burning sensation
of the skin.
4. B6
Vitamin Bs Yeast, milk, egg yolk, Convulsions
(Pyridoxine) cereals and grams

5. Vitamin Bi2 Meat, fish, egg and Pernicious anaemia

curd (RBC deficient in
haemoglobin)
66. Vitamin C Citrus fruits, amla and Scurvy (bleeding gums)
(Ascorbic acid) green leafy vegetables

Exposure to sunlight, Rickets (bone deformities

7. Vitamin D
fish and egg yolk in children) and osteo
malacia (soft bones and
joint pain in adults)
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pHeletumtha Lwum calu omd ale impDHHa
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ROH iymtthesis oppAotons
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Mese aue colouuleu, ihapless Lomplei Lompour
made. y of 3umAli. t a 3 umib aue nitogernuu
baLe p0mA0Le LugaH and phoiphouil aid
1
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aits dHe jnhuentUn niutleit aud, Puindiand
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 PACENO.:

AlgoL:TLA hipekop. LUDAULauL HLLe

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s e . a u e- D - i b o r a r o l - D - 2 - d o 0 y A i b o

hiaaHA Hhe pemtaio Sugaiis

maddotuom t e baHhyphiephoUOALId
TmR
aLpho4phatn lia.comizituaNL DANudaicaid

comttihuontL hHeiat nulei@a

Onthe ba ol
auL OP 2tpel2
Li)DiNA iiRNA

ImpDIpouemce blu RaLA 2DNA

m p

DNA RNA
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unRA iL`-uihosei DAVA iD-S-deayaiboiz
2- DVA Lomtaimi pKNA COmtaumiujuOine
ghosine AHhmmunacmad HOLil aspyaimdune
apimidme bashazu d quonirdo
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alpilino bases
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a LamoHeplicate dau
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 PACE NO

Ktuctwo oD ALurloi. drid Base

BpLe Baie
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i n . nuUcloisaudigcallocl nuclenelda-
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Hha DNA oR my pohipin by HaepuimL Ý Hhe
Ringeno thatPeubmfah peisom na
dieontAeQLaMLe ap Bauiin DANA rd hu
helpe te idemiy myþenigm. DNA LeLs
ahe beh!otmod bn þaLOMtL to pind uuhelauy
Hhe diid ii hinowm 04_nlt ding ihe
Taidem-deathiiH0. bocly s noL Åiogmucd
DNA Pungelptinting lLLo to idenhlymy peuon
NibMOemALLLBNLk_ hHUetLm Hhe nutleptiolesaua
pyimmdimel PLuin2. baLg -Adomia
puHiidod
Lumime_and pYLiMLAme baLLAShymima.
uiuail, ykosime

Thomuiptubm> PHOLOLLINLUolued n sLYmhhosige

RNA
RNAs MesegenRNA LmRNA),
2010) herop (ERIVA ándibiomnl RiA 2RNA
TimApiL RINA