TEACHER’S BOOK - ANSWERS

Although I’ve been teaching English for only 11 years (whether it’s too much or too little time is open for debate), I haven’t
been able to turn a blind eye to the fact that year by year, students get into high school with higher and more advanced
knowledge of English. When I began teaching in 2011, it was unique if a 15-year-old student had successfully obtained a
C1 level language exam by that time. In 2020, however, I started teaching in a group of 15-year-olds, and even though not
all of them have got a C1 level language exam certificate (well… yet…), it is undeniable that almost all of them are already
at this level. I don’t really know how common this situation is, but if you are in the same boat, you exactly know what I’m
talking about.

This was the primary reason why I started thinking: okay, we can still have fun for a couple of months or maybe a year,
but I definitely won’t be able to find out what I will do with them in the last years of their high school studies. I’ve been
looking for books available on the market but C2 level books are either kind of sparse, or do not even exist. And then it
hit me: I might as well ask the students what they would like to do.

To cut a long story short, this is how writing this book began. I collected some ideas from my students, and I tried to put
them in a book whose main objective is to give something to students even after they have achieved C1 level. As a result,
I wouldn’t necessarily call it an ordinary course book. I let my fantasy and imagination run wild, which was quite an
interesting experiment. The reason that I wouldn’t call it an ordinary course book is that it was written by one person, it
was proofread by the same person, I didn’t have the funds to create an actual course book, and so on and so forth. So,
instead, I would call it extracurricular material organised around different topics, neatly made to look like a book.

As you will see, the book is divided into six bigger units, and each unit is further divided into three sections. I tried to
make sure that the sections all belong to the same topic of the unit. In each section, there are 15 tasks (except for practice
tasks and exam tasks), and I tried to include as many different skills as possible. Therefore, you will see use of English
tasks, readings, writings, projects, but to be honest, the majority of the tasks – given the level – are speaking tasks and
vocabulary expansion. This is completed by “listening tasks” which are actually videos which I found on one of the most
popular video-sharing websites and deemed them to be interesting or challenging enough for the students. The videos
and the listening tasks are marked with a video camera or a headphones icon in the book – completed by the number of
the track –, and the materials can be found here. After two units, you will see a “PRACTICE TASKS” unit, which is
continuously expanding as you proceed further, and an “EXAM TASKS” unit. The exam tasks are actual tasks from real
C2 level language exams (most of them from Cambridge).

As far as the “ANSWER KEY” is concerned, I could have done a teacher’s book as well but I decided that creating the
book itself was already a laborious task to do, so… forgive me… there are no lesson plans or recommendations. What I
did include, however, is the answers to the tasks (where they were needed to be included) and the tapescripts for the
listening tasks and the videos. In the tapescripts, you will see some words written in red; these are the words which
students will need to remember, or the book will practise them. Also, some parts are underlined in the tapescript; this is
where you can find evidence for the answers of the task.

Finally, you should remember that this book hasn’t been tested yet. I’m about to use it in one of my groups this year, and
hopefully, it will live up to my expectations. So, it’s utterly up to you how you wish to make use of this material. You can
use it as an actual course book in your normal or extracurricular lessons, or just use some parts of it. What I do hope,
however, is that you will find this material a useful aid to your English lessons.

As far as vocabulary is concerned, you will find the highlighted words on Quizlet, organised them by sections. If you
create a copy of the Quizlet-list, you will be able to edit and add your own words to it, if you wish. The links to the words
of each section can be found on the next page of this booklet:

1
 SECTION LINK TO THE QUIZLET SITE
Unit 1 – Section A (Noise!) https://quizlet.com/598988812/beyond-the-c-unit-1-section-a-noise-
flash-cards/
Unit 1 – Section B (Brave New World) https://quizlet.com/603592869/beyond-the-c-unit-1-section-b-brave-
new-world-flash-cards/
Unit 1 – Section C (Making Noise) https://quizlet.com/603593527/beyond-the-c-unit-1-section-c-
making-noise-flash-cards/
Unit 2 – Section A (Know Your Onions) https://quizlet.com/603621524/beyond-the-c-unit-2-section-a-know-
your-onions-flash-cards/
Unit 2 – Section B (BGT) https://quizlet.com/603622416/beyond-the-c-unit-2-section-b-bgt-
flash-cards/
Unit 2 – Section C (The Competitive Streak) https://quizlet.com/603623292/beyond-the-c-unit-2-section-c-the-
competitive-streak-flash-cards/
Exam Tasks – 1 https://quizlet.com/603624685/beyond-the-c-exam-tasks-1-flash-
cards/
Unit 3 – Section A (Bone Up On Slang!) https://quizlet.com/603625054/beyond-the-c-unit-3-section-a-bone-
up-on-slang-flash-cards/
Unit 3 – Section B (Sound Matters) https://quizlet.com/603630452/beyond-the-c-unit-3-section-b-sound-
matters-flash-cards/
Unit 3 – Section C (Whose English Is It?) https://quizlet.com/603631142/beyond-the-c-unit-3-section-c-whose-
english-is-it-flash-cards/
Unit 4 – Section A (Under the Weather) https://quizlet.com/603631630/beyond-the-c-unit-4-section-a-under-
the-weather-flash-cards/
Unit 4 – Section B (COVID-19) https://quizlet.com/603635521/beyond-the-c-unit-4-section-b-covid-
19-flash-cards/
Unit 4 – Section C (Endemic: Affluenza) https://quizlet.com/603636724/beyond-the-c-unit-4-section-c-
endemic-affluenza-flash-cards/
Practice and Exam Tasks 2. https://quizlet.com/603668054/beyond-the-c-practice-and-exam-
tasks-2-flash-cards/
Unit 5 – Section A (Do the Math!) https://quizlet.com/607865520/beyond-the-c-unit-5-section-a-do-
the-maths-flash-cards/
Unit 5 – Section B (What Numbers Tell Us) https://quizlet.com/607866272/beyond-the-c-unit-5-section-b-what-
numbers-tell-us-flash-cards/
Unit 5 – Section C (Written in the Stars) https://quizlet.com/608081371/beyond-the-c-unit-5-section-c-
written-in-the-stars-flash-cards/
Unit 6 – Section A (Taxing) https://quizlet.com/609661821/beyond-the-c-unit-6-section-a-taxing-
flash-cards/
Unit 6 – Section B (The Business Cycle) https://quizlet.com/609662210/beyond-the-c-unit-6-section-b-the-
business-cycle-flash-cards/
Unit 6 – Section C (The Great Depression) https://quizlet.com/609662645/beyond-the-c-unit-6-section-c-the-
great-depression-flash-cards/
Exam Tasks – 3 https://quizlet.com/610225564/beyond-the-c-exam-tasks-3-flash-
cards/

2
 UNIT 1 – SECTION A – NOISE! UNIT 1 – SECTION B – BRAVE NEW WORLD

Task 2 Task 2

a. vain 1. B
b. carrion 2. A
c. ghoul 3. B
d. crave 4. C
e. endure 5. C
f. flak 6. A
g. deity 7. C
h. revere
i. yarn Task 3
j. insomniac
k. decoy adjectives: benevolent, contended, plausible, prophetic, rampant,
l. paranoiac tyrannous, unassuming
nouns: case, conformity, disillusionment, dystopia, forfeit,
Task 9 machinations, promiscuity, satire, solace, surge, utopia, vessel
verbs: abound, belittle, exert, inoculate, lull, overshadow, plummet,
1. has repulse, stifle, thrive
2. which/that
3. spite Task 4
4. does
5. such 1. class hierarchy
6. more 2. blind
7. much 3. same day / 22nd November
8. out 4. dramatic irony
9. way 5. genetically designed
10. able 6. history, religion, literature (any two)
11. with 7. mother’s death
12. be 8. model-T Ford
9. womb
Task 11 10. controlled happiness
11. test tubes
A. buzz word
B. recreational TAPESCRIPT:
C. unprecedented
D. subtle Aldous Huxley’s novel of 1932, Brave New World, imagined a perfect
E. pathologize world of peace and stability engineered through pleasure,
F. stealthy consumerism, and the rigid class hierarchy required to sustain it. We
G. bottom line see in action how people can be trained to love their oppression and
H. substance abuse thrive on the very technology that turns off their thinking. In this way,
I. withdrawal symptoms Huxley gives us a powerful taste of contented domination and a
J. contend much softer totalitarian state than George Orwell’s brutal one of
K. go cold turkey 1984.
L. fret Brave New World’s author, Aldous Huxley was born in England on July
26, 1894 to a family of intellectuals. His grandfather, T. H. Huxley was
Task 15 a scientist, and his father, Leonard, was editor for a prestigious
London magazine, while his mother was the niece of the Victorian
1. withdrawal poet, Matthew Arnold. Huxley had planned to become a doctor, but
2. decoy sickness as a teenager resulted in his near blindness. As a result, he
3. cold was rejected as a soldier, and got a degree in literature. His
4. buzz masterpiece, Brave New World, was released in 1932, and was
5. unprecedented influenced by his disillusionment with society and politics, and his
6. revere fear of economic equality. Its dystopic vision foresaw future
7. flak totalitarian governments and the technologies of the final solution,
8. endure the rise of consumerism and sexual liberation. His death was
9. crave overshadowed by the assassination of John F. Kennedy, which
10. bottom occurred on the same day, November 22nd 1963. A claim for Brave
New World has continued to grow throughout the decades.
Multiple contexts help us understand Brave New World. Satire makes
use of over-the-top exaggeration to criticize aspects of society that
the author feels ought to change. The best satire is grounded in
scenarios that are plausible, perhaps even desirable to some. In Brave

3
New World Aldous Huxley creates a benevolent dictatorship, but he to develop to infancy, have replaced the human womb and they
does so in order to belittle societal characteristics that he views as represent the population of the World State. This hallucinogenic
ridiculous. His satirical targets, to name just a few, include big narcotic represents the State’s most effective form of control.
government, labour movements, materialism, social conditioning People rely on it for solace from any stress or sadness that they
and sexual inhibition. Verbal irony in the form of overstatement, experience. It comes in lots of forms: pills, pacifiers, even a vapour.
understatement and parody abound in the book. To underscore his Its purpose is to lull people into a state of chemically controlled
points, Huxley uses situational irony – the variation between what’s happiness.
expected to happen and what actually happens – and dramatic irony, Let’s talk about some of the main themes in Brave New World.
when readers are aware of something that the story characters Oppression and conformity. The cost of stability is freedom, as
aren’t. Mustapha Mond explains. Stifling independent thought and speech
Huxley’s goal is to open readers’ minds to issues that will make free is the primary tactic of control in Brave New World. Identity. The
societies vulnerable to the machinations of power-seeking leaders. separate and unequal caste system has the greatest effect on
Given the historical framework of Brave New World, this proves individual identities. All people come from test tubes where they’re
nearly prophetic as the publishing of the novel came on the heels of predestined and conditioned to fit a list of genetically engineered
the Russian Revolution in 1917 and the roaring 1920s and just before intellectual and physical characteristics. Consumerism is the
the Great Depression and the totalitarian governments of Stalin, Nazi backbone of World State’s stability. As long as people follow their
Germany and Mussolini. conditioning, the wheels of industry turn. People can feel alienated
In the introduction of Brave New World, it’s the year A.F. 632 or 632 from any society, no matter how free or tyrannous.
years after the first Model-T car was produced in 1908, making it the The question of how Huxley’s novel fits into the tradition of utopian
year 2540. The setting is the central London hatchery and writings is one of the issues that keeps this novel relevant to new
conditioning centre, an unassuming grey building where all human moments in history, like our own. His London is a world of mass
life originates. The director leads a tour of this huge human assembly production, Pavlovian conditioning. A world stratified by design into
line, outlining the defining qualities of the five castes: Alphas, Betas, predetermined castes that guarantee happiness at all levels of
Gammas, Deltas and Epsilons. He explains how humans are society. A global government exerts control through genetic
genetically designed to fit into the rigid class hierarchy. The tour modification and class stratification, pharmacological conditioning,
meets Lenina Crowne, who’s inoculating foetuses against typhoid boundless consumption and officially enforced promiscuity and
and sleeping sickness. The director explains how, from infancy, drugs. And yet, it’s a world of pleasure and gratification, not fear and
people are conditioned to adopt the principles of the World State: brutality. There’s no war, no pain, no age, no death. So which is it:
consumerism, promiscuity, groupthink, rejection of solitude and dystopia or utopia?
discrimination amongst the castes. Then, Mustapha Mond, the leader
of the World State and the story’s complex antagonist, lectures the Task 5
tour about why history, religion and literature are all forbidden
topics. Bernard Marx and his friend, Helmholtz Watson, a 1. vessel
propaganda expert, share their unhappiness with the World State’s 2. disillusionment
shallowness and repression of individualism. 3. utopia
Bernard prepares to take Lenina on a trip to a New Mexico Indian 4. surge
Reservation by getting the director to sign his travel permit. The two 5. dystopia
men dislike and distrust each other, looking for ways to ruin the 6. satire
other. Lenina’s disgusted by the filth and the ugly, old people on the 7. conformity
reservation. The only bright spot is meeting the physically attractive 8. machinations
John the Savage. They also meet Linda, a Beta lost in the 9. rampant
reservation’s mountains 20 years earlier. She’s John’s mother and 10. contended
she tells them that the director is his father. Natural pregnancy is 11. solace
forfeited and Bernard sees that this will destroy the director’s career. 12. benevolent
He returns to London with Linda and John and experiences a surge 13. unassuming
in popularity as John’s guide. Popularity that plummets when John 14. prophetic
stops going to his parties. 15. plausible
John’s repulsed by the clones and the rampant promiscuity. Though 16. caste
he loves her, Lenina’s sexual advances violate his principles of 17. promiscuity
courtship and monogamy. When John is grief-stricken by his 18. lull
mother’s death, he starts a riot. Mustapha Mond calls Bernard, 19. overshadow
Helmholtz and John to his office, where they discuss at length the 20. abound
repression of art, science and freedom. 21. plummet
Bernard and Helmholtz are exiled to the Falkland Islands for their lack 22. inoculate
of conformity. Not allowed to join them, John chooses a life of 23. thrive
solitude in a lighthouse. People hound him and the crowds explode 24. repulse
after the release of a feeling of John flagellating himself. He attacks 25. forfeit
Lenina with his whip and the crowd becomes frenzied orgy. The next 26. belittle
morning, John is so ashamed that he commits suicide. 27. stifle
Let’s talk about some main symbols in Brave New World. The letter 28. exert
“T” represents the Model-T Ford, the first car mass produced by 29. tyrannous
Henry Ford. The founders of the World State based their civilization
on and they start their calendar from Henry Ford’s development of
mass production. These vessels, large enough to provide for an egg

4
 Task 6 How would you describe…

1. abound 1. prolific
2. belittled 2. redundant
3. disillusionment 3. tear-jerking / heart-wrenching
4. contended 4. whimsical
5. inoculated 5. preposterous
6. lulled 6. astonishing
7. thrived / had thrived 7. captivating / spellbinding
8. surge
9. stifled Task 13
10. plummeted
11. overshadowed 1. yes
12. unassuming 2. whereas, on the one hand, to put this in another way, for
13. conformity instance, moreover, therefore, on the other hand, for
14. plausible example, thus, in conclusion
15. repulsed 3. yes
4. yes (it is believed, changes can be made, it is considered,
Task 8 can only be ensured if the government enforces law);
reported structures are not present
1. flawless 5. yes
2. rebellious 6. a. substantial, crucial, vital
3. seemingly b. argue
4. conformity c. resolve
5. Friendships d. attain
6. addition e. implication
7. attractive / unattractive f. deed
8. respective
9. strength Task 14
10. crumbling
general explanation: 10, 12, 14
Task 9 adding additional information: 5, 11, 16
demonstrating contrast: 6
Correct phrases: giving examples: 4, 13
absolutely beautiful signifying importance: 1, 7
extremely easy summarising: 2, 8,
particularly thought-provoking comparison: 17
exceptionally overwhelming reformulation: 9
rather impossible transition: 3, 15
exceptionally hard
UNIT 1 – SECTION C – MAKING NOISE
Task 10
Task 1
1. L
2. Q 1. E
3. G/N 2. B
4. C 3. C
5. T 4. D
6. J 5. F
7. E 6. A
8. O
9. M Task 3
10. R
11. S 1. D
12. K 2. I
13. A 3. H
14. P 4. B
15. I 5. J
16. B 6. K
17. N/G 7. C
18. H 8. E
19. D 9. F
20. F 10. A

5
 Task 4 TAPESCRIPT:

1. B Hey there! Welcome to Life Noggin. Have you ever been listening to
2. A music or watching a video and started to have a strange tingling
3. C feeling? Maybe you were watching a Bob Ross video and were
4. A overcome with a sense of relaxation as you watched him paint those
5. B happy little trees. Well, if you have, you might just have been
6. C experiencing a growing phenomenon known as ASMR. An
7. B Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response, or ASMR, is where a
8. A person experiences a static-like, tingling sensation. This usually
9. C begins across the skull or neck and can move to other parts of the
10. A body, like the spine. Oh great, now I feel like I’m describing a
skeleton… Good thing Halloween is right around the corner! These
Task 5 sensations that Mr. Funny Bones here is feeling are the body’s
response to certain stimuli, like sights and sounds. Look how relaxed
1. obscenity he is! You’re not so spooky, little guy.
2. presumptive But before we go any further, keep in mind that the ASMR field is so
3. bigoted new that little has been scientifically studied. There wasn’t even a
4. incompatible term to describe it until 2010! Some scientists even wonder if ASMR
5. blasphemy is a real, measurable thing. That being said, the anecdotal accounts
6. defamation for the phenomenon are practically endless. But more importantly,
7. liability the first peer-reviewed research paper on the subject came out last
8. violate year. So let’s take a dive into what they learned!
9. distort The researchers wanted to find the biggest triggers of an ASMR
10. condemn experience and also explore to what degrees it could be used to ease
11. disclose symptoms of depression and chronic pain. They found that the
12. advocate biggest triggers were whispering, personal attention, and crisp
13. abridge sounds like the rapping of metallic foil and the tapping of long
fingernails. However, the sound of someone’s laughter and the noise
Task 7 of a vacuum cleaner proved to be the worst triggers of the ones
examined. See, Little Noggin, humans don’t like the sound of the evil
buzz: a bee mechanical monster, either! Who’s a good pixel puppy?
chirp: a nightingale On top of that, 80% of their participants said that their mood was
clang: a huge bell improved due to ASMR, and there was even a significant difference
clatter: dishes between chronic pain symptoms before versus during a session. And
crunch: an apple while it fell a little short of being statistically significant, there might
grind: your teeth be a link between synaesthesia and ASMR.
gurgle: 1. a happy baby, 2. a creek Synaesthesia occurs when two or more senses are attached to one
hiss: a snake another. The stimulation of one sensory pathway leads to an
howl: a wolf automatic experience with a second one. So, someone could
neigh: a horse involuntarily link words with taste. And since synaesthesia and ASMR
puff: someone suffering from asthma both involve the senses, the idea that they’re related sure makes…
rattle: a machine-gun well… sense. Ba-dum-ch! I know…
screech: the brakes of a car Our brains are extraordinary organs that we’ve only begun to
splash: water understand. This study is by no means where the research should
squeak: a mouse end, but rather an opening expedition into the unexplored waters of
thud: horse hooves such a curious topic!
tinkle: a small doorbell What are your thoughts on ASMR? Do you think it’s real? Have you
whimper: a starving dog ever experienced it? Let me know in the comments below. If you
whirr: a washing machine want to learn why humans can hear things in the first place, make
whoosh: the wind sure to check out this video here. There’s a link in the description if
you’re on mobile. Make sure you come back every Monday for a
Task 8 brand new video. As always, I’m Blocko and this has been Life
Noggin. Don’t forget to keep on thinking!
1. A person experiences a static-like tingling sensation
beginning from the skull or neck. Task 10
2. The term “ASMR” was coined.
3. whispering, personal attention, crisp sounds (any two) 1. liability
4. It is one of the worst triggers. 2. condemn
5. Two or more senses attach to one another. 3. advocate
4. presumptive
5. disclose
6. distort
7. violate

6
 8. obscenity 3. nose (F.)
9. bigoted / biased 4. ear (E.)
10. blasphemy 5. string (D.)
6. onions (C.)
Task 11 7. hand (B.)
1. BRB = Be Right Back 8. made (A.)
2. IDK = I Don’t Know
3. LOL = Laugh Out Loud / Lots of Love Task 5
4. OMG = Oh, My God
5. YOLO = You Only Live Once 1. oaf
6. ASAP = As Soon As Possible 2. compulsive
7. DIY = Do It Yourself 3. line of work
8. FAQ = Frequently Asked Questions 4. dumbfounded
9. TBA = To Be Announced 5. bird of prey
10. AKA = Also Known As 6. indiscernible
11. ETA = Estimated Time of Arrival
12. F2F = Face to Face Task 7
13. FYI = For Your Information
14. DND = Do Not Disturb 1. definition/meaning
15. SUV = Sport Utility Vehicle 2. value
16. HR = Human Resources 3. collaboration/interaction with others
4. other people
Task 13 5-6.team-work, collaboration, discovery, leadership, managing
(any two)
1. C 7. increase
2. B 8. diminish
3. B 9. IT engineer
4. A 10. interaction
5. A
TAPESCRIPT:
Task 14
Hi, I’m Peter Svenneby with Syntuity. Wanted to talk a little today
hue-shade about soft skills. It’s a term that I hear a lot in here, in our line of work.
evoke-raise It’s a term that doesn’t always have a well-defined meaning and so
consistent-unchanging we’re always doing some discovery around what exactly we mean by
yield-produce soft skills and I wanted to kick off a series of blogs today, with some
enrich-improve discussion, first around what are soft skills.
When I think about soft skills, I really have to start with a definition
1. enrich of what skills are in my mind. Skills to me are anything that you use
2. consistent to complete a task or add value or to create some form of success in
3. hue your job, right? So you have everything that you bring to the table
4. yielded / has yielded that brings value to the job. And that’s what we call skills. Hard skills
5. evokes are those things that you can do, those tasks you can complete
without the collaboration or without the interaction with other
people. So if you take, for example, writing a spreadsheet, building a
UNIT 2 – SECTION A – KNOW YOUR ONIONS
piece of software code, documenting a process… these things all
fundamentally include, you know, will involve your hard skills. Any
Task 1
kind of craft work where you’ve got to build something, things of
that nature.
A. magic touch (1.)
Soft skills, on the other hand, inherently involve other people and so
B. acumen (2.)
anything that we might call persuading, influencing, teamwork,
C. aptitude (3.)
collaboration, discovery, leadership, managing… all of those things
D. bandwidth (4.)
are tied to or what we would consider soft skills. And one of the key
E. deftness (5.)
points I wanna make is that our soft skills inherently increase or
F. finesse (6.)
diminish the value of the hard skills that we bring to the table. Let me
G. forte (7.)
just give you a quick example of that.
H. knack (8.)
Let’s pretend we have an IT engineer that has to solve some form of
I. prowess (9.)
a problem, some particular problem. When we consider solving the
J. expertise (10.)
problem, that’s fundamentally a hard skill and in that position is
K. virtuosity (11.)
fundamentally looked at as a hard skill kind of job. However, when it
comes to figuring out what that problem really looks like to the end-
Task 3
user and how that end-user experiences the problem and what might
represent a fix… discovering that information is a soft skill. And then
1. magic (H.)
going back to your desk and building the fix, you might want to
2. job (G.)

7
engage some other subject matter experts from your team, you UNIT 2 – SECTION B – BGT
might want to collaborate, you might want to reuse some past
software… Those are soft skills, being able to pull the team together, Task 1
collaborate and produce the fix. And then once the fix is produced,
getting it rolled out to the end-user and persuading them to work In the order of the pictures (left to right)
with it, is also a soft skill… actually having your work taken in and
used is a key skill as well to the success of that position. a contortionist group
So, you know, in conclusion, any job that requires interaction with a juggler
other people is going to be affected by those people’s soft skills as a sword swallower
far as how successful they’re gonna be in that job. a keytar player
We’re gonna continue this discussion with some other aspects and a ventriloquist
thoughts on this topic. Would love to get your comments and input. an impressionist
Thanks for listening today.

Task 9

1. B Task 3
2. J
3. R 1. A
4. C 2. D
5. O 3. I
6. K 4. G
7. Q 5. B
8. D 6. H
9. G
10. A Task 4
11. E
12. L nouns: curmudgeon, quarter, sham
13. I adjectives: cringey, smug
verbs: cackle, shun
Task 10
1. negative
1. F 2. four
2. J 3. laugh
3. A 4. negative
4. H 5. negative
5. C 6. no
6. B 7. offensive
7. D
8. I 1. cackle
9. G 2. smug
10. E 3. shun
4. curmudgeon
Task 11 5. sham
6. quartet
1. je ne sais quoi 7. cringey
2. misnomer
3. agile Task 5
4. recurring
5. ambiguity 1. B
6. talent pool 2. A, C
7. weld 3. A
8. obsolete 4. C
5. D
Task 12 6. D
7. B
1. aptitude 8. D
2. forte 9. A
3. both 10. D
4. knack 11. B
5. acumen 12. A
13. C
14. A, C
15. B

8
 16. D S: I do, I think you’ve been reincarnate…
17. A
18. C S: What do you do for a living?
C: We work in a factory packing envelopes.
Task 6 S: Together?
C: Yeah.
1. uptight S: At least you’re probably good at that. I mean…
2. stillborn
3. socialite C: (singing)
4. noughties S: And on that note…
5. miscarriage L: I think you should leave right now.
6. laud
7. illustrious S: Well, first of all, why did you bother applauding? ‘Cause that was
8. household name pathetic. I mean, seriously, pathetic.
9. garner
10. expose C: … I can improve on, or anything?
11. endearing S: Yes. Don’t sing again.
12. eccentric
13. double standard S: The only decent thing about that audition was the end.
14. coarse
15. cantankerous S: One of the worst we’ve ever heard.
16. a myriad of R: It really was.
S: Hideous.
Task 7 C: OK.

adjectives: appalling, dreadful, hideous, horrible, awful, terrible, C: (screaming)

appalling, horrendous, ghastly S: You just killed every cat in Denver.

TAPESCRIPT: C: Oh, come on, you gotta give me a chance. Someone gave you a
chance, weren’t you?
S = Simon C = Contestant Sh = Sharon S: Yeah, but I was good at what I did.
R = Randy L = Louis P = Paula
S: Yes, you have personality, but dogs have personality. The audition,
S: Oh, Scott! It was dreadful. No, no, really dreadful. And I’m saying if I’m being honest with you, was horrible.
that to be kind, because you will never ever ever have a career in
singing. C: (singing)
C: I don’t believe you. S: Thank you! No!
S: I’m telling you. C: Nah?
C: I don’t believe you. L: No, it wasn’t good.
S: I’m telling you. S: Thank you very much. Cheers.
C: Well, you can tell me what you want but I don’t believe you. C: Okay, thanks.
S: Remember these words: you’re not a singer. S: Bye.

S: There is a difference between being confident and deluded, and S: No competition, that was so awful it was beyond description,
you fall, unfortunately, into the latter. No one would pay to see you David.
perform.
C: I know a lot of people who would pay at least a tenner to see me. S: Peter, you are a terrible singer, you are a terrible dancer, you have
S: I know a lot of people who’d pay not to hear you, Ashwin. no charisma. I mean everything…
C: Whatever. C: No charisma?
S: No.
S: No one would understand a single word.
Sh: I’m just trying to say that, Simon! S: I’m not being rude but you were that bad, honestly. I mean, my pen
S: Or you sell a record with subtitles. has got more charisma. It’s just nothing. I’m gonna have to say no.

C: I can sing. C: (singing)

S: Just not in tune. S: Jenna, that line says it all. “I’ve always been a dreamer.” That was
absolutely appalling.
S: You haven’t got a ten-out-of-ten voice, at best I would give you 2.5.
S: Christoph, let me just put this into perspective. If you were to win
C: Can I do something else? and sing a song, you would kill the American record industry.
S: Leave.
S: Ari, if I was looking to hire a rug, I would hire you.
S: I think you’ve been reincarnated.
R: Oh, come on! S: One out of four.

9
C: One out of four? C: Horrendous?
S: You’ve still got the confidence. Looks, personality, talent? No. S: Horrendous with a capital H.
Steven, I mean, just awful. Really.
C: Just awful? S: I mean, even your dog is struggling to get out the room right now.
S: Yeah. Honestly. C: No, he’s struggling to come to me.
C: I’ve been told different. S: No, he’s not. Not after that, he’s not. Trust me.
S: By who?
R: I say no, for Hollywood you’re not ready yet.
S: That was extraordinary. S: Paula?
C: Thanks. P: Unfortunately, you’re not ready yet.
S: Not as a compliment, Jackie. No, it sounded like you were S: Unfortunately, I don’t think you’ll ever be ready.
screaming at a neighbour at the end. Weird! I mean, seriously, weird.
L: Yes, or no? S: There is as much chance of you being a pop star or a rock star as
S: No! me flying to the Moon tomorrow morning for breakfast. It’s never
gonna happen, Rod.
S: Girls, individually you sound horrendous. Together you sound even
worse. I don’t think anyone will ever pay to hear you sing. S: You’re taking singing lessons?
C: Very few.
C: (singing) S: Who’s your teacher?
S: Can I stop this? C: There was this lady up in Montana…
C: Why? S: Do you have a lawyer?
S: Because I’m bored out of my mind. C: No, I don’t have a lawyer.
S: Right. Get a lawyer and sue her.
S: You look a little odd, your dancing is terrible, the singing was
horrendous, and you look like one of those creatures that live in the S: I mean, out of 10 what would you give yourself?
jungle with those massive eyes. C: I’d give myself a 10.
S: Well, I’d give you 1.
S: You wanted to achieve what you want to achieve. You will not do
it with your voice. Sorry. S: My advice would be, if you want to pursue a career in the music
C: Thank you. business, don’t.
S: Okay, well, thank you.
C: (singing)
S: Not in a billion years. There are only so many words I can drag out S: What was that?
of my vocabulary to say how awful that was.
S: When you entered this competition, did you really believe that you
C: I just… I have a really dry throat and I’m nervous… could become what you’re standing on now, the American Idol?
S: Amy, Amy! You could lie in a bath with your mouth open and you C: Yes, sir.
still wouldn’t sing. S: Well, then you’re deaf. Thanks. Bye-bye.
P: Stop it! Stop it!
S: But it’s true! Task 9

S: And if I’m being honest with you, if you walked into a record 1. mesmerising-enthralling-spellbinding,
company, if you got in, I think they’d throw you out even before you meritorious-praiseworthy
sang. 2. a. mesmerising/spellbinding/enthralling
b. crackerjack
S: Keith! c. irreproachable
C: Yeah? d. spellbinding/stupendous/mesmerising
S: Um… last year I described someone as being the worst singer in e. awe-inspiring/meritorious/praiseworthy
America. I think you’re possibly the worst singer in the world based
on that performance. And I’m absolutely serious. I’ve never ever Task 10
heard anything like that in my life. Ever…
TAPESCRIPT:
S: I’m gonna stop you there, Cynthia.
C: Okay. S= Simon C = Contestant A = Ant D = Dec
S: Because you’re right, that wasn’t dreadful and it wasn’t horrible. It Am = Amanda Al = Alesha Da = David
was absolutely ghastly.
C: Was it really that bad? S: Hello!
S: Worse than you think. C: Hello!
S: You are…?
S: How well do you think you did? C: We are the Attraction Black Light and shadow theatre.
C: I think I really did great. S: And where are you from?
R: Oh. C: From Hungary.
S: Can I tell you what I thought, Ralyssa? It… your audition was S: OK. Ah… well, welcome. Why’ve you decided to enter
horrendous. Britain’s Got Talent?

10
C: We’d like to be well-known in the world… 19. breaks
S: Yes? 20. collaborate
C: And Britain’s Got Talent is the biggest talent show in the
world. Task 13
C: We are Attraction, a shadow theatre company from
Hungary. 1. C
A: What do you do? 2. B
C: We create pictures with… own bodies. 3. C
A: Do you? 4. A
C: Yes. 5. D
A: Well I don’t think we’ve had that on Britain’s Got Talent 6. C
before. 7. B
D: No, we haven’t. 8. D
C: We have a rehearsal room in Hungary, in Budapest, a small 9. D
place. There’s a small room and everywhere just mouse and 10. B
garbage, but we rehearse every day and every night. This is Task 14
a love story, because it is an emotional story, and a true
story. If we won the Britain’s Got Talent… this is the top of 1. D
my life. 2. F
S: A’right, good luck! 3. B
S: Wow! That was quite something! Let me go to… Amanda! 4. E
Am: Oh my goodness. I actually can’t speak. I just found that 5. C
so… so emotional, and touching. It was amazing. 6. A
Al: That was so beautiful, you just drew me in completely. It
was fantastic. Loved it. 1. spite
S: David? 2. scathing
Da: Guys, it was absolutely faultless. 3. resentment
S: Guys, I just wanna say thank you actually for coming over to 4. scenario
enter this competition. And it is, you know, one of the best 5. malicious
acts I’ve seen in terms of originality, and it was very 6. knock-on effect
touching. OK. David, yes, or no?
Da: Of course guys, it’s a yes. Task 15
S: Alesha?
Al: It’s a yes from me. 1. C
S: Amanda? 2. O
Am: Yes. Absolutely yes. 3. M
S: Attraction, you have four yeses, congratulations. 4. P
S: I mean, we’ve just never seen anything like that before. 5. E (unusual)
Am: Nothing! 6. T (collect)
D: Wow! 7. I (incorrect)
A: Wow, that was tremendous! 8. T (reduce)
Am: A minute… it got me, really badly got me. I think something 9. I (charming)
like that could win. 10. V
11. E (arguing)
Task 11 12. N
13. E (faultless)
1. applies 14. S (excellent)
2. suggests 15. S (harsh)
3. shows
4. adapts UNIT 2 – SECTION C – THE COMPETITIVE STREAK
5. responds
6. communicates Task 1
7. discussing
8. admits 1. tournament
9. exceeds 2. race
10. strives 3. contest
11. shows 4. award
12. sets 5. trophy
13. displays 6. competition
14. promotes 7. trial
15. struggles 8. reward
16. work 9. challenge
17. focus 10. prize
18. develops 11. win

11
12. vie 7. both
13. battle 8. listen
14. earn 9. practices
15. gain 10. fewer
16. achieve 11. both
12. intervention
1. win 13. joint research
2. vie 14. of
3. reward(s) 15. staff
4. prize
5. gain Task 11
6. earn
7. contest 1. bulky
8. competition 2. spur
9. challenge 3. commonplace
10. award 4. merger
5. on the merits
Task 2
Task 13
1. uphill battle
2. game plan 1. B
3. cut-throat 2. A
4. go back to square one 3. C
5. in full swing 4. A
6. take the bull by the horns 5. B
7. raise the bar 6. C
8. be ahead of the pack 7. A
9. easy come, easy go 8. C
10. smooth sailing 9. A
11. go the extra mile 10. C
12. be in the driver’s seat
13. keep your eye on the ball TAPESCRIPT:

Task 5 The drive to win; the French had it in Moscow. Djokovic had it again
at Wimbledon. Competitive sports are crucial in teaching young
1. B people how to function in a team. But recent UK surveys show
2. C teenagers would be happy not to have to compete. So is it healthy to
3. H instil a win-at-all-cost mentality in young people? Are their wider
4. A societal shifts making our kids recoil from competition?
5. G Donald Trump might stray from convention on most policy fronts,
6. E but one area where his views are conventional is on the value of
7. F competitive sports. “Participating in sports builds character, forges
8. D friendships, tears down barriers, and brings people from all walks of
life closer together.”
Task 6 Former Man United coach, Alex Ferguson, said football was an
engine of social mobility and that it incubates meritocracy. Useful
1. juvenile delinquency attributes perhaps in a country such as Britain, divisions between the
2. strive for privately end-state educated can be stark there. A disproportionate
3. adversity number of the country’s Olympic medallists come from private
4. aversion schools.
5. inquisitive A survey by UK charity Chance to Shine showed that 64% of 8-16-year-
6. attest olds would be relieved and happy if winning and losing were not a
7. gloat factor in sports. In April this year, high-flying England cricketer Zafar
8. dismiss Ansari retired early, at the age of 25. He cited the need to be
9. mediocre permanently competitive as something he struggled with. Ansari
spoke of his weariness at a professional culture that treated the
Task 10 uncompromising pursuit of victory as essentially virtuous. So is
Ansari’s case unique or part of a wider cultural shift?
1. many 57% of British parents with primary school children said that winning
2. compete was banned at their sports days. This, despite 82% of parents wanting
3. both there to be competition and winners. Many psychologists say that
4. economic some form of competition for children is healthy. It provides valuable
5. both life lessons that they have to learn to be able to lose, as well as win.
6. which

12
So is there an intrinsic value to the free and fair competition of sports cantankerous – grumpy
or are we just adding to the strains on our youngsters? They now live crave – want
in a world of precarious employment, drastically reduced access to criticism – flak
housing, not to mention the pressures of social media. Is the deceive – decoy
compulsion to perform and succeed exerting too great a toll or is it a disclose – reveal
question of striking the right balance? drop – plummet
erroneous – fallacious
Task 14 fret – worry
heart-wrenching – tear-jerking
1. C high-flying – successful
2. A modest – unassuming
3. D plausible – possible
4. F precarious – unstable
5. G respect – revere
6. B
7. H Task 3
8. E
1. viviparous
Task 15 2. susceptible
3. exposed
1. walks 4. meritocracy
2. intrinsic 5. inoculate
3. pack 6. castes
4. seat 7. thereafter
5. go 8. overshadowed
6. raise 9. prolific
7. square 10. abound
8. eye 11. belittle
9. bull 12. preposterous
10. swing
11. delinquency Task 4
12. merits
13. merger bottom line
14. for withdrawal symptom
15. meritocracy substance abuse
buzz word
PRACTICE TASKS – UNITS 1-2 noise abroad
talent pool
Task 1 household name
double standard
1. unprecedented knock-on effect
2. recreational (or: creative) game plan
3. prodigious uphill battle
4. conformity smooth sailing
5. disillusionment
6. prophetic 1. talent pool
7. repulsive 2. smooth sailing
8. defamation 3. knock-on effect
9. presumptive 4. double standard
10. deftness 5. buzz word
11. expertise 6. game plan
12. obscenity 7. household name
13. indiscernible Task 5
14. impressionist(s)
15. dreadful 1. aversion
16. irreproachable 2. ventriloquist
17. praiseworthy 3. abridge
18. resentment 4. acumen
19. adversity/adversities 5. je ne sais quoi
6. obnoxious
Task 2 7. exert
8. noughties
bewildered – dumbfounded 9. oaf
burgeon – thrive 10. benevolent

13
 EXAM TASKS – 1 Task 3

Task 1 1. to empathize with someone

2. to understand something
1. C 3. I agree/me too
2. A 4. my mistake
3. B 5. certainly/you’re welcome
4. D 6. fantastic
5. A 7. the opposite of cool/fantastic
6. B 8. a disappointment
7. D 9. tired
8. A 10. grand/awesome
9. A 11. be pad/poor quality
10. C 12. to end a relationship
13. someone who loves parties
Task 2 14. a really smart person
1. merits 15. a girl or a young woman // attractive
2. pack 16. I’m able to join
3. touch 17. intoxicated
4. noise 18. alcohol
5. battle 19. to pass a test with 100%
20. to skip an event
Task 3
Task 4
1. vociferous
2. treasure trove 1. Because spoken utterances are not always recorded.
3. trawl 2. We tend to remember words more if they have an effect on
4. potent one of our senses.
5. obscure 3. The more people use a certain expression publicly, the
6. laboriously more likely it will be more popular and used.
7. deleterious 4. Our memories and the way we transmit certain expressions
8. death knell determine in what direction a language will evolve.
9. conducive
10. albeit Task 6

1. A
UNIT 3 – SECTION A – BONE UP ON SLANG! 2. B
3. B
Task 1 4. C
5. C
1. money 6. A
2. food 7. A
3. (best) friend 8. C
4. cigarette 9. B
5. home 10. B
6. coffee 11. C
7. prison
8. yes Task 7

Task 2 A: Hey! Do you have some money?

B: Certainly. What do you want?
1. mansplaining A: Here’s this awesome café I talked you about. I want some
2. shoulderspy coffee and maybe some food.
3. bromance B: Sounds great. Maybe I could do with some coffee, too. I’m
4. wikicurious tired.
5. posh stink A: Is it because of the party yesterday? You shouldn’t have
6. staycation drunk such a lot of alcohol.
7. mouse arrest B: You’re right. We were totally intoxicated. I can’t remember
8. crumbsnatcher who was there.
9. teacher’s pet A: You don’t remember that attractive girl, either?
10. peerent B: The one that broke up with Joe and then flirted with you.
Forgive me for forgetting about her.
A: Okay, I understand. You don’t want to talk about it. Let’s go
in the café, shall we?

14
B: On second thought, maybe it’s not a good idea. But I could C7: The word “awesome” is supposed to mean something like
do with a cigarette. incredible, so I was like “oh, I just had child, that is
A: Great idea. And sorry for bringing up yesterday’s party. awesome!” It’s like the creation of the earth is awesome!
B: No worries. For what it’s worth, it was bad. The whole thing C5: Nowadays it’s overused.
was so awful. But can we just skip the topic? C7: People’s like “oh, I just folded up a napkin and threw it into
A: Sure thing, my friend. the barrel. Aren’t I awesome?” No, you’re not… You’re not
awesome.
Task 8 R3: Mmm… awesome.

1. A Task 9
2. B (around 800)
3. A 1. F
4. C 2. E
5. A 3. D
6. C 4. C
7. A 5. B
8. B 6. A
9. A
10. B Task 12

TAPESCRIPT: affluenza = affluent + influenza

blush = blood + rush
C = Citizen R = Reporter N = Narrator breathalyser = breath + analyser
Brexit = Britain + exit
C1: Awesome means, like, the best ever. bromance = brother + romance
C2: Everybody says awesome. brunch = breakfast + lunch
C3: When something really cool happens. That was awesome. carjack = car + hijack
C2: Awesome. Just the best. chillax = chill + relax
C1: There’s nothing better than awesome. cosplay = costume + role-play
C2: The best thing. The best thing that could ever be is dramedy = drama + comedy
awesome. dumbfounded = dumb + confounded
R1: “Awesome” is a nice example of the journey a word can fortnight = fourteen + night
take. frenemy = friend + enemy
N: Around 800 AD, the Vikings rolled up on the shores of grandiloquent = grandiose + eloquent
Britain, bringing with them the word “ɶge” meaning fear. guesstimate = guess + estimate
After a little pillaging, the Vikings split, but the British kept happenstance = happen + circumstance
the word and changed the pronunciation to “awe”. In time, infomercial = information + commercial
“awe” introduced two new words: awful and awesome. For keytar = keyboard + guitar
hundreds of years, the two words were way tight, sharing kidult = kid + adult
basically the same meaning. And it wasn’t good. mansplain = man + explain
R1: “Awesome” started out meaning kind of inspiring terror newscast = news + broadcast
and trembling and so forth. peerent = peer + parent
C4: Is it kind of, like, awesome like the dread Lord Cthulhu is popsicle = pop + icicle
awesome? That it drives you insane of how terrifying and romcom = romantic + comedy
incomprehensible it is? slanguage = slang + language
N: Actually, yeah. But in the early 1800s the pair parted ways stagflation = stagnate + inflation
and “awesome” began its journey towards slang staycation = stay + vacation
superstardom. telethon = television + marathon
R2: One of the things that slang does, one of the playful things televangelist = television + evangelist
it does, is take words that have a negative meaning, or a vlog = video + blog
neutral meaning, and make them good. And so you see that webinar = web + seminar
with “bad” coming to mean “good”, or “awesome” coming
to mean something that is great. Task 13
N: In 1980, “awesome” officially hit the slang big time, when it
showed up in the best-selling Preppy Handbook, and it’s 1. happenstance
been a crowd favourite ever since even if, like most stars, it 2. grandiloquent
suffers from a bit of overexposure. 3. affluenza
C5: Nowadays, anything’s awesome. 4. staycation
C6: That was awesome. 5. chillax
C4: I’ll use it for nearly anything. 6. dumbfounded
C6: How you doing? Awesome. 7. fortnight
C5: I did my laundry today – awesome! 8. stagflation
C4: I found a quarter – awesome! 9. breathalyser
C5: Walked my dog for once – awesome! 10. brunch

15
 a language. Standard orthography in some languages, such as English
Task 15 and Tibetan, is often irregular and makes it difficult to predict
pronunciation from spelling. For example, the words bough and
1. gentry through do not rhyme in English even though their spellings might
2. exacerbate suggest otherwise. Other languages, such as Spanish and Italian have
3. wikicurious a more consistent (but still imperfect) relationship between
4. persist orthography and pronunciation, while a few languages may claim to
5. pet have a fully phonemic spelling system (a phonemic orthography).

UNIT 3 – SECTION B – SOUND MATTERS Task 6

Task 2 apologetic arrive athletic awesome baseball biological

blister choreography classical clever compulsory conspiracy
cool-headed deckchair delay delete directory dramatic
1. eɪ
dyslexic easy efficiency effigy energy engine friendly
2. w hard-working headscarf ideology industrial invite kennel
3. ð object (v.) orthography oval overwork persist predilection
4. ʃ professional prophetic propose responsibility sensation
5. ʌ sophistication trousers underline
6. æ
7. ə Task 8
8. ʊə
9. aɪ 1. thwart
10. aʊ 2. beard
11. ɔ: 3. bead
12. ɔɪ 4. pear
13. ɪ: 5. hiccough
14. ʤ 6. suite
15. θ 7. thorough
16. ʊ 8. threat
9. work
17. ɪə
10. deed
18. eə
19. ɑ:
Task 9
20. ɜ:
Task 3 1. suite, sweet
2. air, heir
1. dumbfounded 3. compliment, complement
2. curmudgeon 4. flour, flower
3. persist 5. him, hymn
4. household name 6. morning, mourning
5. revere 7. profit, prophet
6. erroneous 8. write, right, rite, wright
7. staycation 9. way, weigh
8. endure 10. waste, waist
9. viviparous
Task 11
10. susceptible
11. preposterous 1. T
12. liability 2. W
13. obscenity 3. P
14. whirr 4. N
15. ambiguity 5. H
16. socialite 6. G
17. stupendous 7. D
18. malicious 8. C
19. adversity 9. K
20. spur 10. L
11. F
21. deleterious
12. A
22. exacerbate
13. M
14. O
Task 5 15. E
16. B
The pronunciation of words in all languages changes over time. 17. U
However, their written forms (orthography) are often not modified 18. S
to take account of such changes, and do not accurately represent the 19. Q
pronunciation. Pronunciation can also vary greatly among dialects of 20. R

16
21. I 4. A
22. J 5. F
6. B
Task 12 7. G
8. D
1. importance
2. mistakenly Task 3
3. misunderstood
4. irreversibly 1. D
5. presence 2. A
6. exceptionally 3. F
7. knowledge 4. C
8. meaningful 5. B
9. priority 6. E
10. communicators
Task 4
Task 13
A
1. underestimation
1. H
2. lexicology
2. F
3. impede
3. I
4. incline
4. D
5. adequate
5. A
6. recipient
6. C
Task 14 7. E
8. G
1. /ˌleksɪˈkɒlədʒi/ 9. B
2. /ˈædəkwət/
3. /ɪnˈklaɪn/ TAPESCRIPT:
4. /ˌʌndərestɪˈmeɪʃən/
5. /ɪmˈpiːd/ I = Iain R = Robert E = Elevator
6. /rɪˈsɪpɪənt/
Task 15 I: Where’s the buttons?
R: No, no, they’ve installed voice recognition technology in
1. E this lift. I heard about ‘t.
2. I I: Voice recognition technology? In a lift? In Scotland? Ever
3. B tried voice recognition technology?
4. G R: Naw.
5. F I: They don’t do – Sco’ish accents.
6. H R: Eleven.
7. A E: Could you please repeat that?
8. J I: Eleven.
9. D R: Eleven… Eleven.
10. C I: Eleven.
E: Could you please repeat that?
UNIT 3 – SECTION C – WHOSE ENGLISH IS IT? R: E-le-ven.
I: Whose idea was this? You need to try an American accent.
Task 1 Eleven… Eleven…
R: That sounds Irish, no’ American.
A. Posh accent I: No, doesnae. Eleven.
B. Welsh accent R: Where in America’s tha’, Dublin?
C. Scottish accent E: I’m sorry. Could you please repeat that?
D. Liverpudlian accent R: Try an English accent, right… Eleven… Eleven.
E. Cockney accent I: You fae the same part o’ England as Dick Van Dyke!
F. Irish accent R: Let’s hear yours then, smar’ arse.
G. American accent E: Please speak slowly and clearly.
H. Australian accent R: Smart arse.
I. Canadian accent I: E-le-ven.
E: I’m sorry. Could you please repeat that?
Task 2 I: Eleven. If you don’t underston the lingo, away back hame
yer ain country.
1. E R: Oh, s’tha talk nae is it? “Away back tae yer ain country”?
2. H I: Oh, don’t start Mr Bleeding Heart – how can ye be racist tae
3. C a lift?

17
E: Please speak slowly and clearly. TAPESCRIPT:
R: Eleven… Eleven… Eleven… Eleven…
I: Ye’r jus’ sayin’ it the same way. R = Reporter A = Alesha
R: I’m gonnae keep sayin’ it until it understons Sco’ish, a’right?
Eleven… Eleven… Eleven… Eleven… R: On the surface, this is a great story that kids will enjoy…
I: Oh, just take us anywhere, ye cow. Just open the doors. A: Yes!
E: This is a voice-activated elevator. Please state which floor R: Just to read but there’s another… there’s lots of different
you would like to go to in a clear and calm manner. messages in here that I think… ‘cause kids are like little
I: Calm? Calm? Where’s tha’ coming’ fae? Why’s it tellin’ sponges…
people ‘e be calm? A: They are.
R: Because they knew they’d be sellin’ this tae Sco’ish people R: And they’ll absorb all these positive images…
who’d be goin’ aff their nuts at it. A: That’s right.
E: You have not selected a floor. R: Without even knowing it.
R: Aye, we hav – ELEVEN! A: That’s right and actually that was my biggest motivation
E: If you would like to get out of the elevator without selecting when I started writing the book. I thought about the
a floor, simply say “Open the doors, please.” middle-grade age, you know 8-12, it’s such an
I: Please? Please? Suck ma wullie. impressionable age, where children are trying to fit in and I
R: Maybe we should have said “please”. just wanted to write a story that encouraged them to be
I: I’m no begging that fer nothing’. different and to accept their differences and to encourage
R: Open the doors, please. that and to not dim their own lights and to step into their
I: Please… pathetic. own brilliance in a way. And I think it’s a good age ‘cause
E: Please remain calm. they’re quite impressionable, so if you can plant these sort
R: Oh fu… wud ye let me up tae that… get me up there… of positive, subliminal messages that hopefully… you
right, just wait fer it tae speak… know, talk about friendship and teamwork and positive
E: You have not selected a floor. mental attitude… I think it’s really important.
R: Up yours, ye cow! You don’t let us out these doors, I’m R: Very much, that’s what I’m saying… it’s not like… you can
gonnae come tae America, I’m gonnae find whatever get all these things from a really good story.
desperate actress gave yer voice, and I’m gonnae go tae the A: Yes, exactly.
electric chair fer ye. R: That’s the thing.
I: Scotland, ye bastards. A: Yeah, there’s nothing more rewarding than a parent saying
R: Scotland! to me, my child loves reading but they haven’t found that
I: Scotland! book that speaks to them, and Lightning Girl has really
R: Scoootland! spoken to them and it’s inspired them to read and I think
I: Freedom! that’s the reason we do it, right? I mean it’s so much fun,
R: Freedom! the children’s book world, because you can just use your
I: Freedom! imagination, let it run wild. There are no rules, there she is…
I: Goin’ up? and it has been the most fun project. This is the third book
in a four-book series and I’m just having the time of my life.
B R: And also, it’s kind of… in a way, maybe not so much based
1. doesn’t it on your daughter, but your daughter’s certainly an
2. where’s that coming from? inspiration for it.
3. language A: She did. She massively inspired me, because as, you know,
4. understand as a mum you read to your children every night and I’m
5. to your own country looking at the character’s that she’s reading about, and I
6. going off thought when I was growing up, I didn’t have any
7. would you let me up to that? characters that I could identify with. And I thought I don’t
8. just wait for it to speak want my daughter to feel like that. And as a creative person
you put two and two together and you think well I’ll just do
Task 7 it myself. So really, I just want her to feel represented, I
want her to feel included… that was the initial motivation,
A but now it’s surpassed that. It’s surpassed race and for me
1. A it’s just about inspiring boys and girls from any heritage,
2. B from any background.
3. A R: Everybody’ll enjoy this.
4. A A: I hope so.
5. B/C R: It doesn’t matter what background you’re from.
6. B A: Exactly.
7. B R: You know, what colour you happen to be…
8. B A: That’s right. It’s just a bonus that there’s a girl of colour on
9. A the front.
R: Exactly. Cause you don’t get enough of that.
A: I think in 2017 or eighteen, 1% of books released had a BAME
character on the front, and that’s not a representation of
the country that we live in and there must be thousands of

18
 children out there, especially with World Book Day
yesterday, not feeling like they have characters that they B Glottal stop “t”-s are highlighted in the tapescript.
can dress up as and see themselves as, so I think it’s really
important. Task 8
R: We have got better, I mean you look at someone like
Meghan Markle, for example, who is an amazing role 1. have
model, I would say. You know, that happens, but it wasn’t 2. correct
that long ago that you were told when you were with Mis- 3. be
Teeq that black girls don’t sell records. I am aghast at that. 4. every
And I was like… the Supremes, anyone? 5. nearly
A: Right, yeah. I remember when I… 6. so
R: That is a… I am absolutely flabbergasted by that. 7. the
A: Yeah, it was shocking. When the band came to an end and I 8. correct
was offered a couple of different record deals and my 9. correct
manager at the time said to me, you know, we could go with 10. only
this record company, but just to let you know, this is his 11. to
opinion, and I thought… shocking… and I thought I’ll sign 12. correct
with them anyway, just to hopefully prove a point. We often 13. correct
had people saying to us, you know, they won’t put you on 14. buzz
the front of a magazine, because they don’t think that you’ll 15. correct
sell, and I would like to think, you know, that’s not the case 16. correct
and it’s such an out-of-date way of thinking. But, oh my 17. by
goodness, in this day and age, the fact that we still have the 18. in
conversation, that’s what worries me more than anything. 19. correct
R: The day will come when we won’t. I really believe that. 20. correct
A: I really hope so, ‘cause that’s real change when it’s just 21. time
normal to see, you know, women of colour out there being 22. correct
successful and no one questioning it. 23. correct
R: You’ve been saying this and I know you’re modest but you 24. correct
are a role model for people. I mean, you look how 25. have
successful you’ve been. Not just in your music, in your 26. correct
rating. 27. too
A: You’re right, I feel very-very blessed. I do feel some sense
of responsibility in a way… But you never want to be like Task 9
“the only one”, you wanna make sure you’re a good
company. And I’ve never wanted to play that card but I’m 1. My favorite theater play was canceled due to the fact that
very conscious of the fact that I am representing a a one-meter snow covered the city, so I couldn’t hear my
demographic of people and I hope that in some way is favorite monolog.
inspiring to people. 2. If you haven’t learned anything for the exam, as a last resort
R: Very-very much so. And I mean, it’s things like, you know, you can still turn to an encyclopedia.
you can use your role in such a positive way. You know, the 3. In my defense, I was in the toilet suffering from diarrhea.
last time you were here, we were talking about pitied 4. I am organizing a huge party and I hope it’ll be marvelous.
poverty between the fact that young women in this country 5. Have you ever dreamed of traveling to a faraway place and
not being able to afford sanitary protection is outrageous. never come back?
But again, we would never have talked about that even five
years ago. Task 10
A: I think we live in exciting times because the conversation is
very open and it doesn’t feel like… nothing is off the table 1. postman
to be discussed. And I think, you know, there’s pros and 2. letterbox
cons with social media but, oh my goodness, doesn’t it get 3. post code
people talking and spreads awareness in such a positive 4. flat
way? And I think if you have a platform, it’s totally your 5. lift
responsibility to use it in the best way that you can. 6. caretaker
R: And this is out now, Alicia’s secret supervillain versus 7. engaged
Lightning Girl. And can we see this as maybe an animation? 8. primary school
A: That’s my next mission and my dream. I would love to bring 9. term
her to life through animation. I see her in a film, like a 3D 10. year
animation, but TV series would be incredible as well. But as 11. lorry
I’m writing the book, and I will soon finish the fourth one 12. motorway
now, I’m always thinking about the movie and the end 13. petrol
scene and what’s gonna happen, so yeah, that’s what my 14. underground
intentions are gonna be next. 15. tram
R: If anybody can make it happen, you will. 16. railway
A: Fingers crossed. 17. single ticket

19
18. rucksack Task 12
19. tin
20. torch 1. C
21. wardrobe 2. B
22. rubbish 3. A
23. dustbin 4. D
24. hoover 5. C
25. shop
26. city centre Task 13
27. prawn
28. courgette 1. retain
29. nappies 2. poise
30. aubergine 3. sniffy
31. biscuits 4. erode
32. crisps 5. sangfroid
33. roundabout 6. baroque
34. zebra crossing 7. downtoner
35. pavement
36. phone box Task 15
37. taxi
38. car park 1. prestigious
39. dinner jacket 2. pretentious
40. toilet 3. temperamental
41. tap 4. normative
42. jumper 5. melodious
43. trousers 6. interjection
44. headmaster 7. strata
45. bill
46. holiday
47. candy floss
UNIT 4 – SECTION A – UNDER THE WEATHER
48. films
49. a fortnight Task 1
50. chips
51. football 1. acute
52. garden 2. anaemia
53. rubber 3. arthritis
54. biro 4. bedsore
55. ladybird 5. benign
56. drawing pin 6. biopsy
57. cooker 7. breech
58. chemist’s 8. cardiopulmonary resuscitation
59. plaster 9. coroner
60. number plate 10. cysts
61. autumn 11. false negative
12. hernia
Task 11 13. hives
14. incision
1. fall - autumn 15. both
2. Band-Aid - plaster 16. life support
3. center - centre 17. scrubs
4. apnea - apnoea 18. scrub up
5. thumbtack - drawing pin 19. both
6. janitor - caretaker 20. seizure
7. parking lot - car park 21. cord
8. marvelous - marvellous 22. ulcer
9. catalog - catalogue
Task 2
10. chance - chance (pronunciation!)
11. neighbourhood - neighbourhood
1. breech
12. student - student (pronunciation!)
2. malignant
13. elevator - lift
3. scrub up
14. vacation - holiday
4. coroner
15. flashlight - torch
5. acute
6. biopsy
7. seizure

20
 Task 4 1. jejunum
2. ileum
1. B 3. duodenum
2. D 4. mouth
3. G 5. anus
4. A 6. colon/large intestine
5. F 7. oesophagus
6. C 8. stomach

Task 5 Task 8

1. well-meaning 1. valve
2. unwarranted 2. fermented
3. coin 3. subsided
4. reputable 4. Amylase
5. prey on 5. lubricated
6. prevalent 6. secreted, salivary glands
7. fixation 7. defecate
8. elevated 8. pouches
9. bolus
Task 6 10. Gastric juice
11. stools
1. brain
2. uvula Task 9
3. spinal chord
4. pharynx 1. visually accessible
5. tonsil 2. mole, pimple, nipple
6. larynx 3. 23 / twenty-three
7. oesophagus 4. Central America
8. windpipe 5. koondis (any spelling is okay)
9. bronchial tube 6. angered
10. heart 7. gets caught
11. lung
12. capillaries TAPESCRIPT:
13. liver
14. bile duct R = Ross J = Joey C = Chandler Ra = Rachel
15. kidney D = Doctor GS = Guru Saj
16. stomach
17. gallbladder J: Hey, wouldn’t it be cool if our duck and our chick had a little
18. spleen baby? We could call it Chuck.
19. duodenum C: Or… Dick.
20. pancreas R: Hey.
21. colon C, J: Hey.
22. large intestine R: Listen. I need a favour. Umm, I was in the shower, and as I
23. small intestine was cleansing myself, I… well I felt something.
24. appendix C: Was it like a sneeze only better?
25. rectum R: No, no, I mean, I mean like a thing on my body.
26. bladder J: Well, what was it?
27. anus R: Well, I don’t know, it’s kinda in a place that’s not… visually
accessible to me, and I was hoping maybe you guys could
Task 7 help me out.
C, J: Whoa!!
1. pharynx C: No!
2. oesophagus R: Come on you guys, it’s no big deal!
3. stomach C: Whoa-hei-iii-ah! Huh.
4. duodenum R: Well, what is it? Is it a mole?
5. small intestine J: No, it’s too wrinkly to be a mole.
6. pancreas/gallbladder R: Well, eww. Is it what? A pimple?
7. gallbladder/pancreas C: No, it’s… fancier than a pimple. Look Ross, why don’t you
8. large intestine just go see a do…
9. colon/rectum Ra: Hey guys! What’s…
10. rectum/colon C: Okay, well, it’s definite, two more weeks of winter.
11. anus

21
R: That’s all it is, a third nipple. Y’know? Just your run-of-the- Task 12
mill third nipple. Y’know? You can take it off. Just slice that
baby right off! 1. tincture
D1: Take your shirt off, and let’s see what we’re dealing with 2. placebo
here. What are you doing? 3. adverse
R: Just showing you my run-of-the-mill-slice-it-right-off third 4. robust
nipple. 5. GP
D1: Well, that’s not a third nipple. 6. accredit
R: No? 7. succussion
D1: First of all, it’s on your ass.
R: Well then, what is it? Task 13
D1: Wait a minute, hold it. Johnson! Will you come in here a
moment? DO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18
D2: I’m with Hamilton! DON’T: 8, 9, 11, 14, 15, 17*
D1: He’s good with rear things, bring him in too.
R: You know, I have dinner plans! * it depends on personality type
D1: Thank you so much for coming on such a short notice.
Ladies and gentleman, I’ve been practising medicine for Task 15
twenty-three years, and I’m stumped.
GS: You must be Ross. 1. severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
R: Hi! 2. measles
GS: I am Guru Saj. 3. whooping cough (pertussis)
R: Listen, I got to tell you, I’ve never been to a guru before, 4. shingles
so… 5. chickenpox
GS: Well, relax. If it makes you feel any better, I’ve attended 6. Lyme disease
some of the finest medical schools in Central America. Well 7. diphtheria
then, let’s take a look at this skin abnormality of yours. 8. poliomyelitis (polio)
Come on, have a seat. A-ha! As I suspected, it’s a koondis! 9. pneumonia
R: What’s a koondis? 10. mumps
GS: I don’t know, what’s a koondis with you? Please, lie down. 11. E. coli
I’ve got a salve that oughta strink that right up. 12. AIDS
R: I guess it’s worth a try. 13. malaria
GS: Oh sure, we should see results – Whoa! Clearly not the way 14. COVID-19
to go! 15. giardiasis
R: What? What? 16. meningitis
GS: We appear to have angered it. 17. toxic shock syndrome
R: We? We angered it? 18. rubella
GS: Oh, I think I see the problem. And I’m afraid we’re gonna 19. infectious mononucleosis
have to use a much stronger tool. Love. 20. salmonella
R: Oh, God! 21. tuberculosis
GS: Ross, there is absolutely no way this is going to come off
unless you start to… UNIT 4 – SECTION B – COVID-19
R: Ow!
GS: Oops. 1. symptomatic
R: What was, what was that? 2. asymptomatic
GS: Well it’s gone. 3. zoonotic
R: What? How’s that? 4. epidemiology
GS: It got caught on my watch. 5. communicable
6. confirmed cases
Task 11 7. self-isolation
8. quarantine
1. B 9. PPE (personal protective equipment)
2. A 10. congregate settings
3. A 11. social distancing
4. B 12. incubation period
5. C 13. ventilator
6. B 14. flatten the curve
7. B 15. herd immunity
8. C
9. B Task 3
10. A
1. A
2. B
3. AB

22
 4. B
5. AB Amesh: “If you’re trying to make one-to-one, head-to-head
6. B comparisons between vaccines, they need to have been studied in
7. A the same trial, with the same inclusion criteria, in the same parts of
8. AB the world, at the same time.”

TAPESCRIPT: Deborah: “If we were to take Pfizer and Moderna’s vaccine, and redo
their clinical trial at the same time that we saw the J&J’s clinical trial,
This is the new one-dose Covid-19 vaccine from Johnson & Johnson. we might see quite different efficacy numbers for those.”
In early March, more than 6,000 doses were supposed to be shipped
to the city of Detroit, Michigan. But the mayor said, no thanks. These efficacy numbers really just tell you what happened in each
vaccine’s trial, not exactly what will happen in the real world. But
Mayor: “Moderna and Pfizer are the best. And I am going to do many experts argue this isn’t even the best number to judge a
everything I can to make sure the residents of the city of Detroit get vaccine by anyway because preventing any infection at all is not
the best.” always the point of a vaccine.

He was referring to these numbers: the vaccines’ “efficacy rates.” Amesh: “The goal of a vaccine program for Covid-19 is not necessarily
The vaccines from Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna have super high to get to ‘Covid zero,’ but it’s to tame the virus, to defang it, to
efficacy rates: 95 and 94 percent. But Johnson & Johnson? Just 66. remove its ability to cause serious disease, hospitalization, and
And if you only look at these numbers, it’s natural to think that these death.”
vaccines are worse than these. But that assumption is wrong. These
numbers are arguably not even the most important measure of how It helps to look at the different outcomes of an exposure to Covid-19
effective these vaccines are. To understand what is, you first have to like this: the best-case scenario is you don’t get sick at all. The worst
understand what vaccines are even supposed to do. case is death. In between, there’s being hospitalized, severe-to-
A vaccine’s efficacy rate is calculated in large clinical trials, when the moderate symptoms, or having no symptoms at all. In the absolute
vaccine is tested on tens of thousands of people. Those people are best circumstances, vaccines give you protection all the way to here.
broken into two groups: half get the vaccine, and half get a placebo. But realistically, that isn’t the main objective of Covid-19 vaccines. The
Then, they’re sent out to live their lives, while scientists monitor real purpose is to give your body enough protection to cover these
whether or not they get Covid-19 over several months. In the trial of possibilities, so if you do get an infection, it feels more like a cold than
Pfizer/BioNTech, for example, there were 43,000 participants. In the something you’d be hospitalized for. And this is one thing that every
end, 170 people were infected with Covid-19. And how those people one of these Covid-19 vaccines do well.
fall into each of these groups determines a vaccine’s efficacy. If the In all these trials, while some people in the placebo groups were
170 were evenly split, that would mean you’re just as likely to get sick hospitalized, or even died from Covid-19, not one fully vaccinated
with the vaccine as without it. So it would have a 0% efficacy. If all 170 person, in any of these trials, was hospitalized or died from Covid-19.
were in the placebo group, and zero people who got the vaccine
were sick, the vaccine would have an efficacy of 100%. With this Deborah: “One thing that I wish that mayor would have understood
particular trial, there were 162 in the placebo group, and just eight in was that all three vaccines have essentially 100% effectiveness in
the vaccine group. It means those who had the vaccine were 95% less protecting from death.”
likely to get Covid-19. The vaccine had a 95% efficacy.
Now, this doesn’t mean that if 100 people are vaccinated, 5 of them The mayor of Detroit did backtrack, and said he’d start taking
will get sick. Instead, that 95% number applies to the individual. So, Johnson & Johnson doses, because it’s still “highly effective against
each vaccinated person is 95% less likely than a person without a what we care about most.”
vaccine to get sick, each time they’re exposed to Covid-19. And every
vaccine’s efficacy rate is calculated in the same way. But each Efficacy matters. But it doesn’t matter the most. The question isn’t
vaccine’s trial might be done in very different circumstances. which vaccine will protect you from any Covid infection, but which
one will keep you alive? Or out of the hospital? Which one will help
Deborah: “So, one of the biggest considerations here, when we look end the pandemic? And that’s any of them.
at these numbers, is the timing in which these clinical trials were
performed.” Deborah: “The best vaccine right now for you is the one that you’re
offered.”
This is the number of daily Covid-19 cases in the US since the Amesh: “With each shot that goes into someone’s arm, we get closer
pandemic began. The Moderna trial was done completely in the US, to the end of this pandemic.”
here, in the summer. The Pfizer/BioNTech trial was primarily based in Task 4
the US, too, and at the same time. Johnson & Johnson, however, held 1. antibodies
their US trial at this time, when there were more opportunities for 2. several days
participants to be exposed to infections. And most of their trial took 3. Memory cells
place in other countries, primarily South Africa and Brazil. And in 4. live vaccines
these other countries, not only were case rates high, but the virus 5. mutates
itself was different. The trials took place as variants of Covid-19 6. lower / smaller
emerged, and became the dominant infections in these countries; 7. in the brain
variants that are more likely to get participants sick. In South Africa, 8. 10% / 1 million
most of the cases in the Johnson & Johnson trial were that of the 9. herd immunity
variant, not the original strain that was in the US over the summer. 10. return / come back / start spreading again (any similar
And despite that, it still significantly reduced infections. answer is acceptable)

23
TAPESCRIPT: But are measles really that dangerous in the year 2019? With our
advanced healthcare and new technologies, are they worth the risk
Vaccines are celebrated for their part in fighting disease. But a of vaccine side effects? Let’s do a thought experiment based on real
growing group of people seem to believe that they endanger our numbers. Imagine a developed country in a parallel world. It has good
health, instead of protecting it. The internet is full of stories about healthcare but people stop vaccinating. In this scenario, let’s say ten
allergic reactions, the onset of disabilities, and even death following million children caught measles. What happens? Nine million eight
vaccination appointments. And, it’s true vaccines can have side hundred thousand, or 98%, will get a high fever and a very unpleasant
effects. Let’s look at how they work, and how dangerous they really rash. Up to 800,000 of them, or 8%, will suffer from dangerous
are. diarrhoea. 700,000, or 7%, will suffer from an ear infection, which can
Your immune system is a complex army of billions of cells: soldiers, lead to permanent hearing loss. 600,000 kids, or 6%, will suffer from
intelligence cells, and weapons factories. Every day, you’re attacked pneumonia, the most dangerous effect of measles. It, alone, will kill
countless times, but your immune soldiers alone usually deal with 12,000 children. Up to 10,000 children, or 0.1%, will get encephalitis.
that, so you don’t even notice. If an infection becomes serious 2,500 kids, or 0.025%, will contract SSPE, a disease where the measles
though, our intelligence cells gather intel about the attackers and virus lingers in their brain and kills them a few years later. Taken
activate our weapons factories. You know the weapon: antibodies. together, around 2.5 million children will suffer from somewhat
They’re like targeted missiles produced specifically to combat the serious effects from measles, and about 20,000 children will be killed
invader. Unfortunately, this process takes several days to complete. by measles. It doesn’t stop here though. The kids who beat measles
That gives intruders a lot of time to do damage. Contrary to popular are left with a severely damaged immune system that needs a lot of
wisdom, what doesn’t kill you doesn’t make you stronger. Our bodies time to regenerate. Time for other diseases to do further damage.
really don’t want to fight serious wars over and over, so our immune Aside from that, what’s almost guaranteed is that your kids will have
system came up with an ingenious way to get stronger and stronger a really bad time for about two weeks.
over time. Okay, but what about vaccines? It’s only fair to look at these risks,
If we fight an enemy that is dangerous enough to trigger our heavy too. So, let’s repeat our thought experiment, but this time we
weapons, our immune system automatically creates memory cells. vaccinate ten million children with MMR. What would theoretically
Memory cells remain in our body for years, in a deep sleep. They do happen here? After being vaccinated, of our 10 million kids, around
nothing but remember. When an enemy attacks for a second time, ten percent get a fever. 500,000, or 5%, will get a mild rash. Up to 100,
the slumbering memory cells awaken, and order coordinated attacks or 0.001%, might have a serious allergic reaction and will have to be
and the production of antibodies. This is so fast and effective that treated. Up to 10 boys, or 0.0001%, might get inflammation of the
many infections you beat once will never make you sick again. You genitalia. And up to 10 kids in total, or 0.0001%, might get the most
might even be immune against them forever, which is also why little serious side effect: encephalitis. So, we vaccinated ten million kids. In
kids are constantly ill: they don’t have enough memory cells yet. And total, around 120 had side effects that were somewhat serious.
this beautiful natural mechanism is what we build on when we use Thanks to good medical treatment in developed regions, almost all
vaccines. of them will be fine. What about autism?
How vaccines work. As great as memory cells are, obtaining them The connection of autism and vaccines stems from one source that
through an infection is unpleasant and sometimes dangerous. has been disproven countless times. We’ll link to further reading and
Vaccines are a way of tricking our bodies into making memory cells, videos in the description. But in 2019 it’s fair to say that vaccines do
and becoming immune to a disease. They pretend to be a dangerous not cause autism. All right, but what about deaths?
infection. One way of doing this is to inject invaders that can’t do It’s really hard to say if even a single one of our 10 million vaccinated
harm. For example, by killing them, or by ripping them into pieces. kids would die. We really did look hard and talked to a lot of different
Our immune systems deal with these kinds of vaccines pretty easily. experts. If we ignore self-reporting, we could only come up with a
Sometimes, it’s necessary to make our immune system work harder tiny handful of documented cases, for all the hundreds of millions of
though to produce even more memory cells. Live vaccines are the children who received the MMR vaccine since 1971. Measles are
real deal. An enemy that can punch back is a bigger challenge than a many-many thousands of times more dangerous for your child than
dead one. But this also sounds like a sort-of horrible idea. What if the even the absolute worst case of vaccine side effects. You have to
germs win? search for lethal vaccine side effects with a huge magnifying glass,
To avoid that, we breed a sort-of weak cousin of the real germ in the and even then, it’s very hard to find confirmed cases. While deaths
lab, just powerful enough to annoy the immune system and create from measles are real and easy to find. In 2017 alone, 110,000 people
enough memory cells. Okay, so these are the basic principles of died from measles worldwide. Statistically, today 300 children will die
vaccine use. They provoke a natural reaction in our bodies that makes of measles. One since this video started.
us become immune against very dangerous diseases. Some, like the You can compare vaccines to seatbelts. Are there weird freak
flu virus, mutate so often that we need a new vaccine every year, but accidents where someone gets killed by their seatbelt? Well, yes. But
most vaccines protect us for years, or even a lifetime. But, there’s a do you personally think it’s safer to not put a seatbelt on your kid?
catch. Like everything in life, vaccines have another side: side effects. Wait a second! What if your kid is actually allergic? What if none of
What are they, and what happens if your child develops one? the things we’ve said applies to your specific situation? In this case
The risk of vaccines. It’s complicated to directly compare the side you need to become the greatest vaccination promoter of all.
effects of vaccines with the effects of diseases. For example, Because if your children can’t be vaccinated, only the collective can
hundreds of millions of people are vaccinated against measles in the protect them. This is called herd immunity, and it’s the only thing that
West, but there were only 83,000 cases in Europe in 2018. So, with can protect your unvaccinated child. Herd immunity means that
numbers that different, even mild side effects can seem scary enough people are immune to a disease that it can’t spread, and dies
compared to the bad effects of a disease that we don’t see as much before it reaches its victims. But to accomplish this for measles alone,
anymore. Before the measles vaccine became available in 1963, 95% of the people around you need to be vaccinated.
virtually every single child on Earth contracted measles at some Conclusion. The problem with the debate about vaccines is that it’s
point. An estimated 135 million cases in the 1950s. Every single year. not fought on a level playing field. While the pro-vaccine side argues
with studies and statistics, the arguments against them are usually a

24
wild mixture of gut feeling, anecdotes, and misinformation. And 5. levelled
feelings are often immune to facts. We’ll not convince anybody by 6. reach
screaming at them, but we can’t hide from the reality of what anti- 7. stable
vaccine conspiracies do. They kill babies too young to be vaccinated. 8. spite
They kill healthy children that are just unlucky. They bring serious 9. steadily rising
diseases back from the verge of extinction. And the biggest side 10. relation
effect of vaccines is fewer dead children. Vaccines are one of the 11. due
most powerful tools we have to eradicate the monsters that most of 12. over
us have already forgotten. Let’s not bring the beasts back!
Task 9
Task 5
1. conclusions
A. 3 2. description
B. 2 3. humidity
C. 8 4. exceptions
D. 4 5. uncertainty
E. 5 6. peaking
F. 7 7. differences
G. 6 8. explanation
H. 1 9. interventions
10. reproduction
Task 6 11. correlation(s)
12. variation(s)
1. onset 13. survival
2. genitalia
3. gut feeling Task 10
4. encephalitis
5. contracted 1. the weather / temperature / humidity / human behaviour
6. verge (any two)
7. intel 2. That seasonality does not always depend on climate.
8. catch 3. Peak periods – although not consistent – were determined.
4. Late winter outbreaks have less severe peaks. / Autumn
Task 7 outbreaks have more severe peaks.
5. It still needs to be proven.
A. 1. due to / because of
2. because Task 11
3. led to / resulted in
4. although 1. transmission
5. In spite of 2. temperate
6. whereas 3. respiratory
4. prevalence
B. 1. to stay the same 5. pharmaceutical
2. to increase 6. peer-reviewed
3. to fall 7. pathogen
4. to be above/below 8. discontinue
5. to reach a peak 9. consensus
6. to drop back 10. confer
7. to hit a low 11. ambient
8. to recover 12. a panel of
9. to fluctuate and then to level off
10. to remain high Task 15
11. to stand at
1. transmission -C
C. 1. graph 2. temperate -G
2. half 3. discontinue -A
3. units 4. pathogen -H
4. to 5. pharmaceutical -D
5. figure 6. incandescent -I
6. by 7. profligate -J
8. ascertain -E
D. 1. figures 9. predicament -B
2. beginning 10. contemplate -F
3. recover
4. considerable improvement

25
UNIT 4 – SECTION C – ENDEMIC: AFFLUENZA 9. demonetisation
10. tenure
Task 2 11. levy
12. cheap money
1. current 13. liability
2. savings / withdraw 14. NINJNA
3. chequebook 15. liquidity
4. card 16. disclosure statement
5. cash 17. EMI
6. traveller’s checks 18. amortization
7. bounced / NSF 19. annual fee
8. deposited 20. instalment
21. joint account
Task 3 22. money laundering
23. monopoly
1. B 24. consolidate
2. A 25. foreclosure
3. B 26. borrower
4. B 27. credit appraisal
5. A 28. asset
6. C 29. surcharge
7. B 30. overdraft
8. B
9. A Task 6
10. C
11. C 1. bail out
12. A 2. tenure
3. debt-to-income ratio
Task 4 4. amortisation
5. annual fee
1. balance 6. surcharge
2. bank card/debit card 7. refinancing
3. collateral 8. disclosure statement
4. credit card 9. credit appraisal
5. credit limit 10. levy
6. current account 11. joint account
7. debit card 12. overdraft
8. deferred payment 13. delinquency
9. direct debit 14. money laundering
10. guarantor 15. NINJNA
11. interest rate 16. bankruptcy
12. mortgage 17. foreclosure
13. NSF 18. consolidate
14. overdraw 19. taxable income
15. prepayment 20. borrower / cardholder
16. savings account 21. liability
17. to bounce 22. monopoly
18. to cash 23. cheap money
19. to deposit 24. EMI
20. traveller’s cheque 25. instalment
21. utility bills 26. demonetisation
22. withdraw 27. asset
23. bank statement 28. liquidity
29. default
Task 5 30. borrower / cardholder

1. bail out Task 7

2. bankruptcy
3. cardholder 1. C
4. taxable income 2. B
5. debt-to-income ratio 3. A
6. default 4. D
7. refinancing 5. C
8. delinquency

26
 Task 8 targeted because of their race. I think the first piece is being
an educated consumer and knowing that you’re being
1. D offered a predatory loan.
2. A OG: Well, if you are black in this area, you’re three times more
3. E likely to get a predatory/discriminatory loan. If you were
4. G Hispanic, four times. The city is suing Wells Fargo because
5. B they issued discriminatory loans and those discriminatory
6. F loans hurt the city. I think we have to pursue it, I think we
7. C have to continue to fight because otherwise the banks just
realise they can do whatever they want to and then they
Task 9 can drag it out and then go away.
DP: How they were approaching it to many of us that, you
A. 5, 10, 14, 15 know, you get into this mortgage which will be two years
B. 1, 3, 6, 7 fixed, and what they would tell you is before the two years
C. 2, 8, 12, 13 are over, try to requalify for a new loan.
D. 4, 9, 11 ME: I think there were some people that got caught up, that
didn’t understand the adjustable mortgages. And with an
TAPESCRIPT: adjustable mortgage a family, say, bought a property for
$15,00 for the first year or the first two years or three years,
MW: Matt Weidner MF: Mark Flannery N: Narrator and then in the third year whatever, the adjustment came
GB: George Bush BO: Barack Obama HL: Heather Little and they now owe $35,00. I don’t think the lenders at that
DP: Daniella Pierre ME: Mortgage Expert time, some of the mortgage brokers may not have been
KR: Keenya Robertson OG: Oliver Gilbert III SB: Steve Bagasao explaining it to them properly, and I felt sorry for those
CB: Christy Bagasao JJ: Jeanne Johnson people.
DP: So being an HR, we had to look at duplicated positions,
MW: My biggest fear and the biggest problem I think we have in duplicated roles, then we had to look by seniority. After we
this country today is that people do not remember how bad already identified positions that we had to let go due to the
things were: the panic, the anxiety… budget, then I got a call. And I was like, “okay, they called
MF: It was the biggest thing since the depression of the 1930s. me, maybe they wanna check my report”, but no, that was
N: The number of homes facing foreclosure has jumped 57%. the call for me. And I was eventually let go. So I started
GB: This will be a time of anxiety for Americans worried about using my savings to pay the mortgage and to pay my
their mortgages and their homes. association fees monthly, and as my savings kept depleting,
N: Economists worry the housing slump will plunge the the stress came on like “oh my gosh, how am I gonna make
broader economy into a recession. the next month ok, the next month ok?” It was real, I mean,
BO: And let’s do whatever it takes to keep the promise of I didn’t have any help, no one to talk to and thinking about
America alive in our time. it like this. My mom never owned a home, so she didn’t
DP: I was always looking for the American Dream that’s become understand. My grandmother did own a home, but it was
the American Nightmare. no mortgage, so she didn’t understand either. So, who am
HL: So Rick’s business was Gangbusters. We were in concrete. I talking to? My kids? They didn’t understand that. When
We were the ground breakers, you know, we got in there, they knew is when they came and repossessed my car. I was
we did the slab and the beam, so we felt all the new building getting ready to take my kids to school, walked out the
coming in. When somebody new was wanting to build a house and my car was gone. That’s when they know.
house, we were there, ready to go. And, you know, business Mommy, something’s not right.
was just growing and growing. We had people just knocking MW: I think one thing that I came away with very quickly was
every day, and he was having to turn business away and I there’s not a whole lot of difference between somebody
was like “oh!”. There was a builder that we dealt primarily making six figures and somebody down at the bottom end
with and, you know, he said: “This market can’t sustain of the pay scale when both of them lose their money and
forever.” And I said: “Well, even if, even if, you know, they don’t have any savings.
something was to happen, we’re good, we have an SB: I was a real estate appraiser, I was self-employed, and I did
outstanding reputation. People aren’t gonna stop building that for 13 years. We had a very nice lifestyle. We were doing
homes. Yeah, it didn’t work that way. And I found out I was very well. I mean, I was making in the mid-six figures,
pregnant and then the market died. Everything fell apart. hundred thousand range.
DP: I was working at Miami Dade County Public School, so to CB: I mean, our house was nice and we were doing well, but we
apply for the mortgage with DHI Mortgage, I had to provide were not extravagant and we… you know… had our
all of my income. Back then, I probably was close to $36,000 savings and our emergency fund and stuff, and we weren’t,
gross. Upon their review, they noticed that I really did not we’re not big spenders, and so we just… We could easily
make enough money to qualify for a mortgage loan ride out all the other downturns, but this one…
through DHI or any other mortgager. And they was like, SB: I knew that there was gonna be some kind of correction in
well, we can stake your income and I was like: “okay!” All I the market. I didn’t realise it was gonna be as big and as
saw was keys, new house, my kids have their own bedroom. devastating as it was. I noticed that the orders for appraisal
Done. request were coming in slower and slower, and then, when
KR: I am the president CEO of Hope. We are a 30-year-old not- the crash hit, it’s like things ride up overnight.
for-profit organization that fights housing discrimination. MF: The increase in the mortgage payments combined with no-
You know, I don’t know if they would know that they were way-out and losing their jobs, all those things would

27
 contribute to the inability to make the mortgage payment, they’re like, we’re shutting you down. I get it, but in the
and if you stop making your mortgage payments, sooner or same breath, you know, it’s horrible to have to hear it.
later the bank’s gonna want the house back. JJ: We jumped through every single hoop that Wells Fargo
JJ: It’s Mitch’s land, and he had an old single white trailer there, threw at us, every time. Wells Fargo was saying they’d help.
and he had his two kids and I had mine, and we were talking They were advertising you could get your mortgage
about it… we moved all together and one day he and I came amounts reduced if you refinanced. They said, send us this
back with a new car and a new manufactured home to be money and we’ll rewrite your loan and make you a lower
put on the lot. And told the kids we were gonna be moving payment. And so Mitch borrowed the money and they
into this house and measured it out, and got everything all cashed the check. And they had our money, and I had two
set up for this new, gorgeous house that we had just more weeks to get the rest of the monthly payment
purchased. It was so exciting, and we were building our together. And I was ready to pay it when the deputy
decks and planning and planning and Christmases were big, showed up on our door and told us they sold the house on
with big trees, and it was… it was just great. Everything was the courtroom steps. And our next-door neighbour had
going so well. And then, I went to Reno Nevada to help my purchased our house. And the first thing I did was call the
mother, who was diagnosed with stage 4 colon cancer. I’m law office that was supposed to be helping us and she said:
an only child so I’m the only one that could go in and take don’t answer the door. And I said: too late, Mitch has
care of her. She was going through chemotherapy and already gone out to meet him because he was someone
radiation, and not doing well with either one. She finally Mitch grew up with. And he handed Mitch the notice. We
went into a coma, and my mom was gone within three were told we had 48 hours to get out of the house. It was
hours. And then I had to plan her funeral, and bury my like cutting a piece of my heart out.
mother. And I came back to Georgia, and I looked for job DP: I think this whole ordeal has, you know, strengthened me
after job after job after job. And so we were living on one to put on a good façade to let people know that I got this
income with two boys. It got hard. It got really hard, we got and it’s okay. And it’s really not. We’ve actually lost our
behind on our mortgage payments. And I was in a very bad home. We actually had to classify as homeless. We actually
state of depression and looked as much as my mind would had to. I had to go to Dane County Public Schools and list
let me. And then I would crawl into bed and hide under the my kids as homeless. By doing that, they were able to stay
covers until I got a job finally. And I used to do the “rob in their school.
Peter to pay Paul” thing: pay the electricity this month and HL: We were into the house for… just shy of… 500,000. You
pay the mortgage next month. I didn’t know at that time know, after non-payment for so long, you know, they send
that if you send a partial payment, they don’t have to accept the notices: if you don’t pay… The threatens, you know…
it. They can send it back to you. And I just juggled bills for as If you don’t pay, we’re gonna foreclose. If you don’t pay,
long as I could, and then I missed three mortgage we’re gonna foreclose. We’ve started foreclosures and
payments. then, when you get served, the paper from whatever sheriff
SB: I called the bank and I said okay, we’re not going to be able or whoever that comes and brings you the paper that says
to make our mortgage payments. What can we do? And you have to go to court… And then you go to court. Then
that’s when they replied and said: in order for us to help you have to bring your family and your kids in strollers.
you, you need to stop making your mortgage payments and ME: Well, I think in the office we all thought it was horrible. I
you need to be behind by three months. So we followed mean, you know, nobody wants to take anything from
their “advice”… anybody. If you’re a decent person, you want that person
CB: This was totally against our philosophy and our to be whole, but if you’re given a responsibility, your
personalities to just basically… well…to not being responsibility is to execute what the law says. And that’s
responsible for, you know, hold ourselves accountable for what being an administrative office. So here we are,
what we had, what we owed. foreclosing… here we have judges that feel the same way
SB: Once the three months came, we applied for the financial we do, and we’re processing these loans. Now, some of the
aid programs, took them over ten months to come back people… I was happy to see them, you know. But 90% of it,
with an answer, and the answer was no. So by that time, we you know, is… you just have to do it… and the people that
were a year behind in our payments, and there was no got caught in the net, maybe shouldn’t have… they had
recovery. ample time, some of them, to get out if they could. But it’s
CB: We were sunk. just a nasty business and nobody feels good about that.
SB: When I finished the house, I appraised it for $450,000. It HL: And the judge was so understanding. I think we were in and
was worth about 170,000 when we finally got foreclosed out, probably in 15 minutes. I think he gave us two months
on. to be out. You know, you could tell this was not his favourite
HL: Our mortgage was from refinancing 4,300 a month. And it day either. We had to walk away from everything. We
was way, way beyond. I mean, it was crazy. We got almost couldn’t pay the mortgage, we certainly couldn’t pay credit
a year from non-payment. But, you know, I had friends that cards. We couldn’t pay electricity, we couldn’t pay water.
were able to stay in their house for two and a half years You know, prior to the date of having to leave, we spent a
without paying mortgage before the bank actually moved month in the house almost, without electricity. Those were
forward because there was such an onslaught. The things the worst days.
roll in and you say: can you give us another month? You MW: So I want people to think about what the economy looks
know, what can you do for us? Can you, you know, help us like today compared to just a few years ago, ten years ago.
out? We’re not gonna be able to make it this month. But I You know, as you do your daily drive, there’s breweries,
can give you a little. We’ll catch up. Here you are, you’re there’s restaurants on every single corner, but if it’s a
paying all this time and, you know, you miss one month and recession, or if it’s just a little bit of a downturn, how quickly
things will turn badly… because a consumer will start to

28
 pull back a little bit… And when the financial crisis comes PRACTICE TASKS – UNITS 1-4
and believe me, it’s coming again, we’re gonna be in a much
worse state than we were in 2008 and that’s something Task 1
that I really urge us all to consider very carefully.
SB: It seems like everything just, you know, we never learn from 1. announced
our mistakes. We just kind of keep, as a society, we just kind 2. disturb
of keep repeating them over and over again and they just, 3. disease
they happen differently, but, you know, it just seems like it’s 4. intensive
the same cycles coming and going. 5. instalment
HL: Oh, I see it happening again. Especially around here, 6. job
building is crazy right now, developments popping up 7. funds
everywhere. They’re just building, building, building, and I 8. percentage
worry that, you know, it’s the same scenario just happening 9. resuscitation
again ten years later. Like everybody suddenly forgot that 10. income
all this happened.
MW: We have a crazy stock market that’s out of control in ways Task 2
that are dwarfed by what happened just a few years ago in
the crash, and there’s no good explanation for that. A. dumbfounded, flabbergasted, speechless
MF: Although we haven’t got a bubble in the overall economy, B. erroneous, fallacious
we’ve got some sort of frothy or bubbly sort of housing C. abundant, ample, substantial
markets. I worry about when I hear people say that they D. fatuous, ludicrous, preposterous
think that the financial system can never have another E. admirable, meritorious, praiseworthy, virtuous
major crisis because I suspect we’ll have another one. It just
won’t be housing. Task 3

Task 10 1. buzz
2. gut
A. gross 3. walk
B. slump 4. salivary
C. façade 5. congregate
D. onslaught 6. herd
E. ample 7. extra
F. adjustable (rate) mortgage 8. double
G. rob Peter to pay Paul 9. line
H. ride out 10. void
I. deplete
J. stake Task 4
K. repossess
1. insomniac
Task 15 2. delinquency
3. laborious
1. debit card 4. pretentious
2. utility 5. prestigious
3. slump 6. melodious/melodic
4. collateral 7. reputable
5. liquidity 8. prevalent
6. guarantor 9. asymptomatic
7. consolidate 10. transmission
8. surcharge 11. discontinue
9. overdraft
10. levy Task 5
11. disburse
12. default 1. right
13. cheap money 2. square
14. deplete 3. money
15. repossess 4. magic
16. mortgage 5. pay
17. ride out 6. seat
18. onslaught 7. turkey
19. instalment 8. bull
9. vessels
Solution: disclosure statement

29
 Task 6 UNIT 5 – SECTION A – DO THE MATH!
1. roundabout – traffic circle Task 1
2. torch – flashlight
3. tram – streetcar A. isosceles triangle
4. aubergine – eggplant B. scalene triangle
5. letterbox – mailbox C. right triangle
6. chemist’s – drugstore D. leg
7. dinner jacket – tuxedo E. hypotenuse
8. pavement – sidewalk F. trapezium
9. year – term G. angle bisector
10. headmaster – principal H. vertex
I. Y-Axis
EXAM TASKS – 2 J. X-Axis
K. complementary angles
Task 1 (sample answer) L. supplementary angles
The chart shows CO2 emissions per passenger kilometre for various M. quadratic equation
methods of transport in the European Union while the pie chart N. cubic equation
shows European Union spending on transport. Flying by air produces O. acute angle
by far the greatest CO2 emissions, approximately three times as much P. right angle
as passenger cars which are the next largest producers. Q. obtuse angle
Very little is spent by the EU on air travel while roads make up more R. straight angle
than half of the EU transport budget. S. reflex angle
Trains produce about three times less CO2 emissions per passenger T. dividend
kilometre than passenger cars and eight times less than air travel. U. divisor
Nearly a third of EU transport funds are spent on railways. V. quotient
Ships are a clean form of transport and produce about the same W. remainder
amount of CO2 per passenger kilometre as trains do. However, only 2 X. exponent
percent of EU funds are spent on ports. A further one percent is Y. denominator
spent in inland waterways. Z. numerator
Coaches are the cleanest form of transport. Emissions of CO 2 per AA. fraction
passenger kilometre from coaches are half those of buses. Buses BB. Pythagorean theorem
emit less than half as much CO2 per passenger kilometre as cars. The
European Union spends 10 percent of its transport budget on public Task 2
transport, such as buses and coaches.
1. cosine
Task 2 2. perimeter
3. quadrilateral
1. (your) co-workers 4. circumference
2. drowsiness 5. absolute value
3. preventative measure 6. integer
4. honey 7. perpendicular
5. comfort food 8. polygon
6. (some) ingredients 9. congruent
7. (light) exercise 10. coefficient
11. equilateral
Task 3 12. binomial

1. sinus Task 3
2. decongestant
3. strenuous 1. C
4. mucus 2. C
5. lozenge 3. D
6. salubrious 4. A
5. D
Task 4 6. D
7. C
1. glucose 8. B
2. free radicals 9. C
3. preservation 10. C

Task 4

1. equilateral

30
 2. rectangle introduced. Suppose there is 1 dollar in a bank account that pays
3. quadrilateral interest at the rate of 100% per annum, compounded quarterly per
4. adjacent year. Then at the end of one year, how much money will be in our
5. isosceles account? Well, here we can use the compound interest formula,
6. trapezium which we will consider as assumed knowledge in this video. So the
7. hexagon principal amount is 1 dollar, interest rate per annum is one hundred
8. perimeter percent which we can rewrite as 1.00 in decimal form. N equals 4
9. area since we are compounding quarterly, which means compounding
10. supplementary four times per year. And t equals 1 since we want to find the final
account balance at the end of one year. And this gives us $2.44. That
Task 5 means, at the end of one year our account would have grown from
one dollar to $2.44. But what if interest was compounded not
1. by the same token quarterly but, instead, monthly? Well, before we continue, let’s take
2. concave a closer look at the scenario. We need to distinguish between
3. convex constants and variables. The constants in this scenario are things that
4. intersect do not change, and these are principal amount, which is 1 dollar, the
5. line segment annual interest rate, which is 100% per annum, and the time period,
6. magnitude which is one year. Whereas the variables are the things that do
change. The only variable in this scenario is n, which represents the
Task 6 number of times interest is compounded per year.
So, for this scenario we can simplify this compound interest formula
1. H to this, and all we have to do now is plug in different values of n.
2. E Going back to our question: what if interest was compounded
3. A monthly? Well, if interest was compounded monthly, that means
4. F interest is being compounded 12 times per year, therefore n equals
5. C 12. Then, at the end of one year, our final account balance will be
$2.61. Now, let’s just add into this table what we found previously.
Task 7 When n equals 4, A equals $2.44.
Now, let’s ask another question. What if interest was compounded
1- plane daily? Well, if interest was compounded daily, that means interest is
2- amplitude compounded 365 times per year, therefore n equals 365 and A equals
3- asymptote $2.715.
4- variable There are two important observations we should make at this point
5- radian in the scenario. The first of these is that as n increases, A also
6- parabola increases. That means the more times interest is compounded each
7- oscillation year, the larger the final account balance. And keep in mind that the
8- intercept final account balance is made up of the 1-dollar principal amount plus
9- function interest. So, in other words, the more times interest is compounded
10- domain each year, the more interest we would be earning. The second
11- codomain observation we should make is that as n gets bigger and bigger, the
12- denote final account balance increases, but increases by not as much each
13- constant time. This pattern becomes incredibly obvious when the values of n
get really large, like these ones. We can see that although the values
Task 8 of n increased dramatically, the final account balance also increased,
however by very very little.
1. B As we can see here, the more times we compound our interest within
2. B a year, the larger our bank account balance can grow. But there is a
3. A limit to this growth. Our bank account balance will end up
4. B approaching a maximum value, and this value is Euler’s number.
5. B Therefore, we can say that as n approaches infinity, A approaches e
6. B and already at n equals 1 billion, the value of A looks incredibly similar
7. A to Euler’s number, except it’s not quite exactly equal to Euler’s
8. B number. And this is the definition of Euler’s number: it is the
maximum final amount of money that can be yielded at the end of
Task 9 one year, from an investment of 1 dollar into a bank account that pays
interest at a rate of 100% per annum, compounded infinitely many
Answers: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20 times within one year.
Mathematically, we say that e equals the limit of 1 plus 1 over n raised
TAPESCRIPT: to the power of n, as n approaches infinity. If this is the definition of
Euler’s number, then what if the interest rate is not 100%, and what if
This is Euler’s number, and it equals 2.71828 and goes on forever. This we wanted to calculate the maximum final account balance at the
raises the question: what is e and why is it equal to 2.71828 and so on? end of not one year but multiple years, or the principal account
The most common definition of e involves the idea of compound balance was not 1 dollar? Can we still use Euler’s number?
interest, and we’ll be looking at the original scenario that e was first

31
The answer is: of course. Euler’s number is inextricably tied with the Task 10
idea of compound interest. Suppose we have a principal account
balance of P dollars, and we are paid interest at the rate of r per Using the formula:
annum, where r is in decimal form, so if the interest rate is 50% per
annum, r equals 0.5, and it is compounded n times per year, then at A = Pert = 180e0.02x4 = 180 x 1.0832 = $194.99
the end of t years, this is the final account balance. And yep, this is
the compound interest formula. The money in the account after 4 years is $194.99.
To find the maximum final account balance that is possible, we need
to evaluate the limit as n approaches infinity, which indicates that Task 11
interest is compounded infinitely many times each year. What we are
trying to do now is see if we can simplify this equation using the 1. addition
definition of Euler’s number. And to do this we’ll be using properties 2. minus sign
of limits. 3. ±
Given that the limit of a constant times a function is equivalent to the 4. multiplied
constant times the limit of the function, we can simplify this equation 5. division sign
by first factorizing out P. We have to understand that to be able to 6. equation
use the definition of Euler’s number to simplify this equation, this 7. not-equals sign
equation has to have things that are common to the definition of 8. ≈
Euler’s number. How do we do this? Well, we can see that the 9. greater-than sign
numerator here is 1, therefore we would want our equation to also 10. <
have 1 on the numerator. Therefore, we can divide the numerator and 11. ≥
denominator by r, and now we have 1 on the numerator as required. 12. ≤
Next, another observation we can make is what appears in the 13. percentage
denominator also appears in the exponent, and of course we would 14. exponent
want our equation to also have this property, so we can express our 15. radical sign
exponent like so, and therefore what appears in the denominator 16. log base… of…
also appears in the exponent as required. 17. the natural log of…
Now we use another property of limits. Given that the limit of a 18. !
function raised to an exponent is equivalent to the limit raised to the
exponent, we can take out the exponent rt, and now the limit is Task 13
raised to this exponent. If we take a look at Euler’s number, we are
evaluating the limit as n approaches infinity, which means this value 1. B (others might opt for it as well)
is approaching infinity, and this value is also approaching infinity. 2. B (depends on the university’s requirements)
Now let’s look at our equation! Because of the fact that when n 3. A
approaches infinity, n over r also approaches infinity, that means we 4. B (all tasks are worth 20 points)
can say that as n approaches infinity, this value approaches infinity, 5. A
and this value also approaches infinity, and this is the definition of 6. C (these abilities come in handy, though)
Euler’s number. If we wanted to make things a little bit clearer, we
could introduce a new variable, let’s say x. So this can be simplified
to limit of 1 plus 1 over x, raised to the power of x, as x approaches
infinity. These two equations are equivalent, even though the
variables are different, because both equations are telling us that
when we evaluate the limit, the denominator approaches infinity,
and the exponent also approaches infinity, which is the definition of
Euler’s number.
Therefore, the maximum final account balance is given by P times e
raised to the power of r times t. Therefore, these two formulae are
equivalent and they give us the maximum possible final account
balance that can be yielded at the end of t years from an investment
of P dollars into a bank account that pays interest at a rate of r per
annum, compounded infinitely many times each year. We can verify
whether these two formulae are equivalent by using an example.
Suppose there is $2,000 in a bank account that pays interest at the
rate of 15% per annum, then at the end of 10 years, what is the
maximum possible final account balance? First, let’s write down the
key values. P equals $2,000, r equals 0.15 because we write r in
decimal form, and t equals 10 years. If we substitute the values into
the first formula, we get this, and substituting the values into the
second formula, we get this. Using a calculator, we would find that
both formulae give us $8,963.38, and therefore we have verified that
both formulae work and give us the same answer.

32
 Task 14 2(i)

1(i)

2(ii)

1(ii)

3(i)

1(iii)

3(ii)

33
3(iii) Task 5

1. E
2. A
3. G
4. K
5. I
6. C
7. F
8. H
9. D
10. B

Task 6
Task 15

A. equilibrium
1. CO-
B. joie de vivre
2. CON-
C. oration
3. PER-
D. mediator
4. QU-
E. vivacious
5. RE-
F. malleable
6. IN-
G. industrious
7. PO-
H. akin
8. DE-
I. adamantly
9. EXP-
J. paramount
K. dissonant
A. polynomial
L. tangible
B. convex
M. stimulus
C. remainder
N. averse
D. denominator
O. proactive
E. coefficient
P. mindfulness
F. quotient
Q. rev up
G. perpendicular
R. mitigate
H. decimal form
S. fortify
I. exponent
T. synthesize
J. congruent
U. cultivate
V. extrasensory
UNIT 5 – SECTION B – WHAT NUMBERS TELL US
Task 7
Task 2
1. Aquarius
1-D: esoteric  c. 2. Pisces
2-E: zodiac sign  b. 3. Aries
3-I: astrology  g. 4. Taurus
4-C: nuance  f. 5. Gemini
5-G: synchronicity  h. 6. Cancer
6-H: occultist  d. 7. Leo
7-A: arithmetic  a. 8. Virgo
8-F: connote  e. 9. Libra
9-B: iteration  i. 10. Scorpion
11. Sagittarius
Task 3 12. Capricorn

1. D Task 8
2. B
3. C 1. C
4. B 2. B
5. C 3. D
6. D 4. A
7. B
8. A Task 10
9. C
10. B 1. number of petals
11. B 2. two numbers before

34
 3. Hindu-Arabic numeral system Simply put, a golden spiral gets wider by a factor of phi for every
4. the Golden Ratio quarter turn it makes. You can find examples and manifestations of
5. gets wider the Golden Ratio and golden spirals in countless places in your
6. seashells, ocean waves, hurricanes, flower buds, snail everyday life.
shells, spider webs (any 2) Seashells are some of the most common examples of the golden
7. the Last Supper spiral found in nature, but ocean waves, hurricanes, flower buds,
8. modern architecture snail shells, and spider webs are just a few of the other naturally-
9. divine proportion occurring examples. Many artists use the Golden Ratio or the golden
spiral in their creative works. Legendary painter Salvador Dali
TAPESCRIPT: explicitly used the ratio in his masterpiece, The Sacrament of the Last
Supper. Architects also commonly use the Golden Ratio when
Have you ever counted the number of petals on a flower? If you designing buildings and other massive structures. Popular Swiss-
counted them on a flower with petals all intact, you’d likely discover French architect Le Corbusier, who is widely acclaimed as one of the
that the number of petals is a Fibonacci number, that is, a number pioneers of modern architecture, explicitly used the Golden Ratio in
from the Fibonacci sequence. Many flowers have 3, 5, 8, 13, or 21 his Modulor system.
petals, all of which are numbers from the sequence. The leaves of From snail shells, flower and bananas to the inside of the human ear,
cacti and the seeds of sunflowers are arranged in both left- and right- iconic buildings and galaxies far out in the cosmos, the golden ratio
handed spirals. The numbers of seeds or leaves in these spirals are can be seen everywhere. This is probably why it’s also known as the
also generally in the Fibonacci sequence. We have 2 hands, both of divine proportion. There are so many places to find the Golden Ratio
which have 5 fingers, and each finger is divided into 3 parts. All of or Fibonacci numbers that its’s impossible to list all of them in one
these numbers are also Fibonacci numbers. Moreover, the lengths of place, and the list is ever-growing.
the bones in our hands also fit in the Fibonacci ratios. So, what’s the What other examples of the Fibonacci sequence or the Golden Ratio
Fibonacci sequence anyway? And why is it seemingly everywhere? have you observed in your life? Tell us in the comments below.
The Fibonacci sequence is a series of numbers in which a given
number is the result of adding the two numbers before it. So, if you Task 12
start with 0, the next number will be 1, followed by 1, followed by 2,
followed by 3 and so on. As you can see, every number in this series 1. E
or sequence is obtained by adding the two preceding numbers. 2. I
Individual numbers in this sequence are often referred to as 3. B
Fibonacci numbers. Mathematically, the Fibonacci sequence is 4. L
represented by this formula, where n is greater than 1. You can use 5. D
this expression to find any nth digit in the sequence. This fascinating 6. G
sequence is widely associated with the mathematician, Leonardo 7. A
Pisano, also known as Fibonacci. 8. K
He hailed from the Republic of Pisa, which is why he is also known as 9. H
Leonardo of Pisa and is considered to be the most talented 10. M
mathematician of the Middle Ages. At the time, Europeans were still
using Roman numbers while Hindu-Arabic mathematicians were Task 13
using a different number system. It was more robust and efficient.
Fascinated by the brilliance of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system, A. analogous
Fibonacci brought it to the western world in 1202 through his now- B. in succession
famous book Liber Abaci. In the book, he reviewed and compared the C. multi-faceted
Hindu-Arabic numeral system with other systems, such as Roman D. eerie
numerals, and described how using the Hindu-Arabic system made E. counterfeit
calculations faster and easier. Although his book contains the earliest F. prescient
known description of the Fibonacci sequence outside of India, it was G. ominous
described in ancient Indian texts by mathematicians as early as the H. heinous
6th century. I. bogus
So, what makes the Fibonacci sequence so special? To the J. nebulous
uninitiated, this famous sequence may just seem like a series of K. inundate
numbers, but the Fibonacci sequence has been discovered and
rediscovered in various forms, not only in mathematics, but also all 1. inundated
across the natural world and in our everyday lives. 2. nebulous
There’s also another exciting offshoot of the Fibonacci sequence: the 3. ominous/eerie
Golden Ratio. Suppose you have two quantities, A and B, wherein A 4. eerie/ominous
is greater than B. Now, add A and B and divide that sum by A. If this 5. multi-faceted
ratio comes out to be equal to the ratio of A and B, then you can say 6. analogous
that A and B have a Golden Ratio, which is represented by the Greek
letter phi. Write down the Fibonacci sequence on a piece of paper Task 14
and calculate the ratio using this formula. You will notice that all
Fibonacci numbers have the Golden Ratio, the value of which is close 1. 200
to 1.618033. 2. 9
In geometry, when the Golden Ratio is applied as a growth factor, 3. 50,000
you get a special type of logarithmic spiral known as a golden spiral. 4. 50

35
5. 12/a dozen Task 6
6. 2,020
1. planetary // plane
Task 15 2. celestial
3. sign // birth
1. synchronicity 4. aspects
2. iterations 5. pictorial
3. adamantly
4. extrasensory Task 7
5. fortified
6. industriously 1. A
7. mindfulness 2. B
8. nebulous 3. AB
9. analogous 4. AB
10. succession 5. B
6. B
UNIT 5 – SECTION C – WRITTEN IN THE STARS 7. AB
8. B
Task 1 9. AB

A. crescent moon TAPESCRIPT:

B. eclipse
C. axial tilt First half
D. nebula What is the meaning of the planets in your birth chart and in astrology
E. supermoon in general? What is the real nature of the planets’ influences on our
F. full moon personality and character? We will tell you this and much more in a
G. umbra few moments.
H. penumbra In astrology, the planets represent the active force or power
I. orb principles. In every human being, the power of each planet is active,
just as each horoscope contains all the planets. The planetary forces
Task 2 work through the astral plane and do not originate from the physical
celestial bodies. The word “planet” goes back to the Greek term
1. equinox “planetes”, which means “wanderer”. In ancient times, it was
2. solstice observed that some of the celestial bodies move through the sky of
3. inertia fixed stars. Another word for planet is therefore “wandering star”.
4. new moon The planets that were already known in ancient times, because they
5. glyph are visible to the naked eye, are Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and
6. retrograde Saturn. Uranus, Neptune and Pluto were not discovered until the
7. aspect Renaissance and modern times. Therefore, they are sometimes
8. natal chart called invisible planets or unseen planets.
9. ascendant So, those further material celestial bodies were discovered which are
10. elliptical orbit the indicators for the astral effects in astrology, which in turn are
based on the long-established spiritual principles of the Kabbalistic
Task 4 Tree of Life. Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto are slow-moving planets and
are sometimes called trans-Saturnians. Due to their slow movement
A. 3 through the signs of the zodiac, their effects take place over long
B. 5 periods of time and are therefore intergenerational. For example,
C. 2 Neptune is in the sign of Sagittarius in the birth charts of all persons
D. 4 born between 1971 and 1983. Through their positions in the houses
E. 7 and their aspects, the slow-moving planets are also effective forces
F. 8 regarding the individual, and they are interpreted accordingly.
G. 6 In astrology, the sun and moon are also considered planets. In
H. 1 ancient times, they were perceived as “wanderers”, being
independent of the celestial vault and the movements of the fixed
Task 5 stars. They also represent significant astral forces effective in every
soul.
1. gibbous The radix shows the planets with their (mostly) alchemical symbols.
2. celestial They bear the names of the gods of the Greek-Roman mythology. The
3. quirk different myths of the peoples use symbolic images to describe
4. perpetual universal structures and principles, which in turn are based on the
5. monochrome structure and spiritual principles of the Kabbalistic Tree of Life. The
pictorial representation of the universal principles in mythology
appeals to the subconscious mind. The Kabbalistic tradition puts
emphasis on not sticking to these images and symbols. As it says in

36
the second commandment of the Torah: “Thou shalt not make unto Task 9
thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven
above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the 1. receptivity
earth.” 2. fortitude
Kabbalistic Astrology allows a profound understanding of the 3. benevolence
universal and spiritual principles which shape our personality as 4. celestial vault
human beings, and it contains the wisdom to recognise, decipher and 5. radix
understand the analogies and principles that are expressed by the
symbols and images. At the same time, we promote the spiritual part Task 10
of our soul, the Neshamah, and develop the mental part of our
consciousness, called Ruach, and the emotional part of the 1. infinite
subconscious, called Nefesh. 2. enthusiast
3. misconception
Task 8 4. corresponding
5. social / societal
1. individuality / basic character 6. creativity
2. the moon 7. placement
3. clarity of mind / communication / application of the mind 8. imaginative
4. analytical thinking 9. spiritual
5. Venus 10. unfolds
6. creative thinking
7. power and energy Task 13
8. values and generosity
9. Saturn 1. gen-er-ous
10. bitter realisation 2. ap-plic-a-ble
11. Uranus 3. Samantha
12. transformative realisation 4. fair-minded
13. fantasy and visions 5. does
14. creative wisdom 6. cannot be split because it should be split as a-stute (but
15. determination / striving for the best then we would have one letter and the hypen)
7. pro-lif-e-ra-tion
TAPESCRIPT: 8. Santa Claus
9. er-ro-ne-ous
Second half 10. di-min-ish-ing
The Sun: individuality and basic character. Spiritual principle: Tiferet,
the central awareness of the self. Task 14
The Moon: receptivity and sensibility. Spiritual principle: Yesod, the
subconscious mind. 1. correct
Mercury: clarity of mind, communication and application of the mind. 2. dif-ficulties
Spiritual principle: Hod, analytical thinking. 3. ago (there should be two letter before the hyphen)
Venus: charm and creativity. Spiritual principle: Netzach creative 4. correct
thinking. 5. chil-dren
Mars: power and energy. Spiritual principle: Gevurah, power and 6. quite
fortitude. 7. correct
Jupiter: values and generosity. Spiritual principle: Chesed, 8. re-sol-ving
benevolence and order. 9. an-swer
Saturn: seriousness, discipline and severity. Spiritual principle: Binah,
higher insight and bitter realisation. Task 15
Uranus: striving for free transformation. Spiritual principle: Daat,
transformative realisation. 1. equinox (e-qui-nox)
Neptune: fantasy and visions. Spiritual principle: Chochmah, creative 2. glyph (glyph)
wisdom. 3. retrograde (ret-ro-grade)
Pluto: determination and striving for the best. Spiritual principle: 4. gibbous (gib-bous)
Keter, the absolute. 5. perpetual (per-pet-u-al)
The lunar nodes are also regarded as active force or power principles 6. receptivity (re-cep-tiv-i-ty)
of the horoscope, just like the planets. We consider their position as 7. benevolence (be-nev-o-lence)
another important factor of a horoscope. 8. fortitude (for-ti-tude)
Ascending lunar node: what manifests itself particularly in this 9. radix (ra-dix)
incarnation. 10. celestial (ce-les-ti-al)
Descending lunar node: what we should let go of in this incarnation.
Spiritual principle of the lunar node: Malchut, the manifest world

37
 UNIT 6 – SECTION A – TAXING
Task 10
Task 1
1. against
1. franchise 2. for
2. indirect 3. against
3. evasion 4. for
4. liability 5. for
5. rate 6. for
6. bracket 7. against
7. collector 8. for
8. refund 9. against
9. hike 10. for
10. benefit 11. for
12. against
Task 3 13. against

1. B Task 12
2. A
3. B 1. 5% - this amount of Dubai’s GDP is derived from oil
4. B 2. $62 million – Emirates pulled in this much money in the first
5. C half of 2018
6. A 3. 82% - the amount of decrease in oil prices
7. B 4. 13.6 million – the volume of containers in the port of Jebel
8. C Ali
9. C 5. $40 million – the amount of money Dubai earned from film
10. B and TV production in 2011
11. C 6. 10% - tourists have to pay this sum after their hotel room
12. C 7. $30.82 billion – in 2018, this much money was spent
overnight by international visitors
Task 4 8. $2,000 – the most expensive driver’s licence you can get in
Dubai
1. income 9. $300 – the cheapest price you have to pay for another
2. brackets attempt of attaining a driver’s licence
3. progressive 10. $47,000 – a British tourist racked up this much fine for
4. rates speeding
5. capital gains 11. $8,000 – the cost of getting a business licence (paid
6. inheritance annually)
12. $100 – the amount of tax that is imposed on tobacco and
Task 6 energy drinks

1. He thinks that the economic progress we have seen in the 1. C

last two centuries will come to an end. 2. A
2. “Currently, more than 40% of our income is disposed of on 3. B (ninth)
our behalf by government at federal, state and local levels 4. B (most of them)
combined.” 5. A
3. It takes away the freedom of choice from the people, 6. B (only for renting)
sometimes even in cases when there would be better 7. C
alternatives than what the law allows. 8. B (you pay for each attempt)
4. That no one should coerce others to do something they do 9. B (most of them is issued by cameras) or C
not wish to do. 10. B (they are)
5. You cannot start your business or enterprise without an 11. A
official permit by a government official and this should be 12. B (only tax is imposed on them) or C
eliminated. 13. B (they will never do that)

Task 7 TAPESCRIPT

1. scratch the surface Dubai is a very flamboyant country with Lamborghini police, the Burj
2. ailment Kalifa, and the palm islands. But what’s even more surprising is that
3. coerce Dubai has been able to accomplish this with no sales or income tax
4. in accordance with imposed on any of its residents. Considering that Dubai is not an oil-
5. conform to rich city like many of its neighbours with less than 5% of its GDP being
6. a host of derived from oil, how is Dubai not only able to operate but thrive?
7. mortician

38
Well, starting off, Dubai operates more like a private business rather pay them any taxes so this is actually a much better option for most
than a country. In fact, a lot of their income is from businesses that businesses.
they own like Emirates and the Burj Al Arab, but those are just the Moving on, partying is frowned upon in Dubai, especially when it
most well-known ones. Dubai owns a plethora of other companies includes alcohol. Being drunk in public can get you arrest and lead to
under various holding companies like the Dubai Holding Company, hefty fines, but even before that, alcohol itself carries hefty taxes of
which owns the Zhu Maria group, Dubai Properties, TECOM Group, 50% import tax and 30% alcohol tax. Furthermore, carbonated
Air Media Group, Dubai International Capital and more. And, if you beverages are taxed at 50%, and tobacco and energy drinks are taxed
dive into each of these companies, you’ll find even more subsidiary at 100%. But don’t get me wrong here. If you just stick to the rules and
companies. For instance, the TECOM group is comprised of the Dubai don’t party, you can take home tens of thousands of dollars more
Internet City, Healthcare City, Media City, Studio City, Knowledge compared to most countries.
Village, Industrial City, and many more. As you can see, Dubai is However, given the demographics in Dubai, many people end up
heavily invested in many businesses inside the country which paying many of these fees. In the end, Dubai is able to thrive without
generate billions of dollars of profit per year. Emirates alone pulled in taxes on its residents due to the plethora of government-owned
$62 million in the first half of 2018, and this was after an 82% decrease businesses, high income from tourism, along with hefty fines and
in profit due to high fuel prices. fees for people who like to live a little on the edge. This diversification
Moving on, Dubai also has other sorts of business revenue that are of income rose out of a necessity as Dubai didn’t have much oil
unique to its location. Dubai is located near the top of the Arabian revenue. But today, it has clearly paid off: the longest residents live
Peninsula, right next to the Persian Gulf. This optimal location has mostly tax-free and Dubai is very proud if this. Their vice president,
allowed them to build up a very busy port, called the Port of Jebel Ali, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum has declared that his
which is the ninth busiest port in the world with an annual container country would never adopt income tax as a way to tackle deficit. So,
volume of 13.6 million. On top of this, their very modern and sleek city this situation seems applicable to Dubai for the foreseeable future.
has been very appealing to many film and TV show directors. Way But that’s just what I think. What do you guys think about Dubai?
back in 2011, Dubai was able to earn $40 million from just film and TV Make sure to comment that down below. Also, if you guys thought
production. Clearly, Dubai makes a lot of money from their business this video clearly explained how Dubai thrive without implementing
ventures, but that’s only a third of the puzzle. taxes, then make sure you drop a like and consider subscribing if
Next up is tourism. Obviously, there’s a lot of money to be made for you’d like to see more questions just like this one, logically answered.
Dubai off of tourism, as many of the most popular tourist But until them, I’m Hardy and I’ll see you guys on the next one.
destinations are government-owned. But this is just the beginning.
Tourists are charged up to 10% tax on their hotel room and may also Task 13
face municipality fees, service charges, city tax and a tourism fee.
There is even a departure tax which is included in the cost of buying 1. E
a flight ticket landing or departing from Dubai. All of these tourist 2. A
taxes coupled with the high tourism volume in Dubai generate 3. J
billions of dollars in revenue. In 2018, $30.82 billion was spent by just 4. C
overnight international visitors in Dubai. Considering that Dubai 5. D
brings in the most tourist dollars worldwide, it’s not hard to see why 6. G
it’s such an integral part of their economy. 7. H
Though residents of Dubai don’t have to pay sales or income taxes, 8. I
there are still fees to pay like the housing fee. The housing fee applies 9. B
if you are renting in which case you are obligated to pay 5-10% of your 10. F
annual rent to the government. This covers common community
services like garbage collection, street cleaning, landscaping, and Task 15
irrigation.
Another source of revenue is any sort of government-issued licence 1. B
like driver’s licences. Driver’s licences are very expensive in Dubai, 2. U
ranging between 4,500 to 7,500 Dirhams, or 1,200 to 2,000 dollars if 3. S (persuade)
you are able to pass on your first try. Each additional attempt will cost 4. I
you 1,200 to 1,500 Dirhams or 300 to 400 dollars. If you do get a 5. N
driver’s licence, well, you should be a good, law-abiding driver 6. E (vivid)
because you definitely do not want to face a speeding ticket. And 7. S (large)
don’t think you are safe if you don’t see any police nearby. See, the 8. S (watering)
Lamborghini police are more of a show and most speeding tickets are 9. C (means of escape)
issued by Dubai’s highly advanced network of speeding cameras. 10. Y
Speeding tickets range from 100 to 3,000 dollars, based on how much 11. C (earn)
you break the speed limit by, and as you aren’t stopped each time 12. L
you speed, it’s very easy to rack up thousands of dollars in fines. For 13. E (branch)
instance, this one British tourist was able to rack up over $47,000 in
fines in just four hours, speeding up to 150 mph. With a bunch of UNIT 6 – SECTION B – THE BUSINESS CYCLE
multi-millionaires and billionaires living in Dubai with supercars, it’s
easy to see how speeding tickets are a great source of revenue for Task 2
the Dubai government after issuing driver’s licences.
Speaking of licences, to get a business licence will cost you over 1. downturn
$8,000 per year. But again, the good thing is that you don’t have to 2. upturn
3. expectations

39
 4. consumption Task 8
5. balance of payments (BOP)
6. gross domestic product (GDP) 1. D
7. demand 2. C
8. supply 3. E
9. save 4. A
5. B
Task 3
Task 9
1. Gross domestic product (GDP)
2. upturn 1. C
3. downturn 2. A
4. consumption 3. B
5. expectations 4. E
6. balance of payments 5. F
7. save 6. G
8. demand 7. D
9. supply
Task 10
1. … the demand for goods and services declines.
2. … economic times are good and they feel confident about 1. D
the future. 2. A
3. … they are afraid of losing their jobs / becoming 3. C
unemployed. 4. B
4. … people have to pay more on their mortgage or rent (and
so consume less). Task 12
5. … consumption is increasing.
6. … innovations destroy established companies or 1. B
industries. 2. C
3. A
Task 4 4. D
5. A
1. commodity 6. D
2. boom 7. C
3. exogenous 8. C
4. trough
5. peak TAPESCRIPT
6. recession
7. endogenous N = Narrator Z = Zanny Minton Beddoes
8. alternately E = Edward Carr
9. bottom out
10. slump N: Covid-19 has battered the global economy, causing the
worst recession since the Great Depression of the 1930s.
Task 6 Z: It will be a new economy where many areas of the economy
won’t go back to the level of output that they had thought.
Box A: N: You submitted your questions to Zanny Minton Beddoes,
boost-stimulate our editor-in-chief, and Edward Carr, our deputy editor.
decrease-reduce Here are their answers. Will the economic shock caused by
depression-slump imposing lockdowns prove more costly than the pandemic
excess-surplus itself?
expand-grow Z: If you are a poorer country that doesn’t have the capacity
expenditure-spending to provide the kind of fiscal and monetary support on a
output-production scale that advanced economies have done, the cost is huge.
recovery-upturn But secondly, I think even within the advanced world it’s
interesting that countries which have not locked down
Box B: nearly as rigorously and Sweden stands out as the country
boom-depression that has, you know, essentially not had a formal lockdown,
contract-expand actually has seen its economy shrink pretty much by the
demand-supply same amount as Denmark right next door, which had a
endogenous-exogenous much much tougher lockdown. And that’s of course partly
peak-trough because people behave in a way which reduces economic
save-spend output. They’re not spending, they’re staying at home, but
also because the overall kind of global economic
environment has been hit so hard, but that has had knock-

40
 on effects. And then the other point that’s interesting, I N: Which countries are most economically vulnerable to the
think, as we go on in time, is it depends on how successfully effects of Covid-19 and why?
citizens think their governments are handling things. And E: First, it says the economic effects are determined largely by
there I point, perhaps with some concern to the case in the the medical effects. But then there are other things like
United Kingdom, where we are seeing a lockdown that was which particular industries are important, so tourism seems
implemented somewhat later, and now, as a result the to me to be a clear category, where, at least sort of one
government that is reluctant or is lifting the lockdown more year’s tourism is going to be very hard hit and it might go
slowly with the result that the economic costs are going to on longer if the industry can’t adapt and if there isn’t a
be really quite high. And so the relationship between the vaccine. So you should look for industries where people
two, I think, can evolve depending on how our government work in very close and confined conditions; some of the
handles things and this perceived to be handled things. garment industries where that’s an important export
N: How could an economic recession shift the global balance of sector, you might see that being a problem, and then others
power? where, you know, industry and work requires people to be
E: It’s come as a surprise to everybody how the United States, very densely packed.
which in previous crises like this, would have played a Z: I think the one thing I’d add to that is countries whose
central role in kind of galvanizing the world, hasn’t done so. governments don’t have the capacity to borrow and to
In fact, it’s threatened to withdraw from the World Health cushion this for their citizens. And that’s particularly
Organization. And that, I think, is a big signal that everybody developing countries, heavily indebted developing
else is going to have to come to terms with. That’s not countries, countries that have to rely on dollar borrowing.
directly the result of the recession, but it’s the result of the For them, it’s really quite hard because quite often it’s the
country’s response that would have been coordinating, same country that has been particularly hit because there’s
both medically and economically, the response to the no tourism or because it’s a natural resource exporter and
pandemic. prices have fallen, and at the same time has a heavy debt
N: Will this be a chance for China to become the global financial burden. So, if you really want the ones that are in the
hub? toughest position, I think it’s emerging economies whose
Z: The starting point, of course, is that the US is the absolutely exports have been hit, that are reliant on tourism and that
dominant country in global finance, the dollar is the have a very big debt burden.
dominant currency in global finance, whether it’s the kind N: What will the impact on the jobs market be for those
of plumbing of the global financial system, or the currency graduating in 2020?
that most central banks hold their reserves in. The question Z: That’s a really good question that we’ve been thinking
has always been when will that dominance be challenged about a lot at The Economist, and we did a cover a few
by the world’s second largest economy, China? But because weeks ago which we call the 90% economy. And the
China doesn’t have a convertible currency, it’s always argument of that cover is that when the economy
underplayed in global finance. But I think in the last few recovered, we wouldn’t be going back to the old economy.
years and very recently particularly, we are seeing signs that It will be a new economy where many areas of the economy
China’s prominence will accelerate. One reason is the won’t go back to the level of output that they had thought.
growing tension between the US and China, that the US has That’s why we called it the 90% economy. The other reason,
increasingly been using the financial system as a weapon by it’s going to be hard right now, is that the unemployment
imposing sanctions. The second is actually the growth of rate is high. The unemployment rate has surged and even if
China’s own capital markets; it is developing its financial it’s come down in the United States a little bit, it’s still
markets, but its currency is still not convertible. And so I remarkably high, so just finding a job is much harder.
think only when that happens is it really going to challenge The trick for public policy is going to be to make sure that
the dollar, and it is certainly possible that the aftermath of the scarring from that, the shadows of that don’t last. And
Covid will accelerate that. what that means is when the unemployment rate goes up,
E: This kind of things takes a long time to happen. I mean, if the kind of it has long-term consequences. And as a result,
you look at the last time this happened in the 20th century, it means that people find it harder to get skills, it’s harder
when the dollar took over from the pound, it was quite a to sort of make a real go of the labour market. And I think
slow process. And you know, long after Britain’s decline we need to work hard to make sure that doesn’t happen
was very evident, the pound was still a very important this time.
global currency. So, these transitions take a while and, you E: I’ve seen one study in Britain that says that a third of
know, it’s not going to happen anytime soon, but the graduates have had their offers delayed or withdrawn, so
incentives are clearly growing. that’s a sort of immediate effect. The interesting thing for
Z: And there is actually one reason that I think why this time me is, some of these kind of rather subtle but perhaps
might be a bit faster, which is China has done a huge important effects about what happens when people are
amount to build up the, sort of, financial technology starting out, having just left college. And often they go into,
required for a digital world. If you look at the super apps you know, things like restaurant work, or bar work, things
within China: Alipay and all of those, they are much much that happen in big cities. And, you know, that’s where they
better and more sophisticated than what is in the West. And make contacts, where they form their own network, where
so, I think they have moved ahead in actually the sort of they might hear about a job or find their way into a career
financialization of the digital era, in a way that could that they just didn’t really know they wanted. Well, just now
probably be exported, particularly to developing those opportunities don’t really exist, and even if young
economies. And if developing economies are increasingly people want to crowd into cities, it’s not clear that many
going to be forced to choose which ecosystem they’re in, other people would be crowding into cities, so there might
the Chinese one has some allure there. be, as Zanny said, this 90% economy, in which these

41
 opportunities just aren’t as readily available. I mean, some 19. expenditure
people are very lucky, they know they want to be a, you 20. output
know, computer programmer or bridge designer from, you 21. surplus
know, the year dot but most of us kind of stumble into what 22. equilibrium
we do and that stumbling is going to be a lot harder. 23. subprime
N: Has the pandemic made globalisation look like a liability? 24. policy
Z: I think it has in many people’s eyes made it look like a 25. batter
liability. I don’t think it is, and, you know, I think one of the 26. galvanize
very wrong conclusions to draw from this would be for 27. plumbing
countries to put up the drawbridge and to say that the only 28. convert
way to be safe and resilient is to produce everything at 29. aftermath
home and to kind of end globalization. I think one of the 30. incentive
lessons of this pandemic is that you need to diversify your 31. allure
supply chains, we need to rethink aspects of globalization, 32. cushion
but I really worry that if we took this as a signal to say that 33. indebted
globalization was a bad idea and that we all need to put up 34. make
the drawbridge to a more autarkic system, then the world 35. start out
would be a lot worse off. 36. year dot
E: Yeah, it’s an irony, isn’t it, that the thing about the 37. put up
pandemic is it requires a global response, and no more so in 38. diversify
finding medicines and vaccines, and then distributing and 39. resilient
manufacturing them, and then ensuring that the best 40. autarkic
knowledge about treatment works. I mean, the best
protection against a pandemic is a globalized system. Solution: The Great Economic Depression of the US

Task 13 UNIT 6 – SECTION C – THE GREAT DEPRESSION

A. the year dot Task 1
B. convertible currency
C. autarkic 1. recession
D. put up the drawbridge 2. demand
E. batter 3. foreclose
F. resilient 4. mortgages
G. aftermath 5. unemployment
H. allure 6. peaking
I. diversify 7. migrant
J. plumbing
K. incentive Task 3
L. cushion
M. start out 1. B
N. galvanize 2. D
O. make a go of 3. F
P. indebted 4. E
5. H
Task 15 6. A
7. G
1. payments 8. C
2. save
3. demand Task 4
4. downturn
5. gross 1. economic crashes
6. GDP 2. nation’s economy
7. supply 3. surplus
8. upturn 4. sell their stocks
9. boom 5. Black Thursday
10. peak 6. spend money
11. commodity 7. unemployment rate
12. recession 8. boost American business
13. bottom out 9. American politics
14. slump 10. bank holiday
15. trough 11. social security
16. endogenous 12. war / World War II
17. exogenous
18. excess

42
TAPESCRIPT: means to regulation. This was perceived as lazy by the American
people, and it didn’t help that Hoover’s presidency had just started
Welcome to the 1920s! Everything is cheap and we’re having the time months before the Depression began. Identifying him as the sole
of our lives. There’s no way this can end. Oh, but it can. Back in the cause was pretty easy for the American public, and would become
roaring 20s, the economy seems stronger than ever. New inventions, trendy for many to do so later on. It didn’t help that he approved a
the rise of consumerism, Gatsby, and there’s overall positive attitude tariff increasing prices from European importers. This attempt to
towards the future. But, as everybody knows, that didn’t come. In boost American business only angered foreign nations and led to less
the span of a year, the incoming 1930s would rein in with financial overall business, so everybody was seeing less trade.
ruin and economic turmoil. So what happened? How did nobody see Outside of cities, homeless Americans formed shack-filled towns,
this coming? With the magic of 80 years of historical foresight, now considering again a 25% unemployment rate. Often called
we know, and use these accidents of the past to surely stop another Hoovervilles, it was apparent the American public was not happy
financial crisis from ever hurting the world again. with their president’s work, and many felt that Americans were in a
In the 1920s, the economy seemed stronger than ever. It was desperate need of a… oh, God… new deal… amazing
apparent to many that economic crashes often followed these foreshadowing.
periods of growth, but this time it seemed different. In the United Later in Hoover’s presidency, he began adopting policies that
States, many had placed hope in the Federal Reserve. Established in abandoned his hands-on approach. Public works projects and
1913, this was created to counter previous issues in the market. government loans helped out a bit, but not enough to wave public
Through its various regulations of the nation’s economy, many anger towards the 31st president. So, in 1932, election season had
believed an economic crash was unlikely, if not impossible. This made approached, and the American public had a new figure to put their
even wise investors completely oblivious to any potential danger. faith in. Many of you know what’s coming up, but yes, it was Franklin
The positivity from stockholders contributed to a skyrocketing D. Roosevelt. He won the election, and made it quickly apparent that
amount of faith in the market. Many had idealistic views of the stocks he would handle the Depression differently than his predecessor. The
and the market in general. This positivity spread like wildfire, and presidency of FDR is often cited as a shift in American politics, never
everybody was convinced this growth was here to stay. This faith seen before, and likely, never be replicated.
wasn’t backed up entirely by reason. Before this presidency, the Federal Government, while not entirely
The causes of the Great Depression are still debated. However, a absent, was more or less unimportant in the day-to-day lives of the
couple major events contributed to the stock market crash. By the American people. (Definitely a generalization.) The whole scope of
late 1920s, overproduction of wheat caused a significant drop in the FDR’s effect on the presidency is a whole topic in itself, so let’s just
stock prices in that industry. At the same time, other markets were in stick with the Depression now.
a state of overproduction, leading to more of a surplus than seen in Anyway, FDR made it quickly apparent he was willing to try anything
the years past. This began a loss of confidence in the market. Many to reverse the economic downturn. Immediately, he declared a bank
realised the prices of stocks were unrealistically high. Of course, holiday. This was to stop the immediate panic of the public
stockholders also realised this, and sold their stocks. A chain reaction withdrawing money from banks in huge numbers, resulting in
is only natural for others to panic in the process. closings of banks across the nation. He started many federal aid
It’s easy to identify October 29th 1929, also known as Black Tuesday, programs immediately, kick-starting the now often revered or
as the start of the Great Depression. In reality, the crash actually despised New Deal.
started days earlier, on Thursday, also known as Black Thursday. This The New Deal encompasses many programs and agencies started by
was when stock prices began dropping at an increasing rate, and by FDR. While I’m sure you would absolutely love for me to go into detail
Tuesday the market had reached mass panic. The resulting collapse on each and every program, I feel it’s better if I just give you the
of the market left many aware that a new age of economic distress basics. New Deal programs included banking reforms to protect
had just begun. A general lack of faith in the economy means a public against banking defaults, temporary jobs to improve infrastructure,
that is far less willing to spend money. and the end of the gold standard. At the same time, the nation saw
The immediate side effects of the Depression affected the the repeal of prohibition, which saw a boost to tax dollars paid and
shareholders. The myth of those guys jumping from buildings right an end to bootlegging.
after the crash… that was true. They had such faith in the system, The first few years of Roosevelt’s presidency saw some improvement
they lost all of their wealth immediately. For others, the full effects to conditions, but while many programs did help, it was not
of the crash would take years, slowly draining them. substantial enough to end the Depression. Many Americans would
Back in 1929, only one out of every 100 people took part in the stock gain these temporary government jobs, and by the end of the
market, so it would be easy to assume that 1% of the population was program, they would see a small boost in wealth, but finding new
affected. Just 5% of Americans had 33% of the money, but this was 5% jobs was still a challenge. So, as obvious as it may seem, temporary
that was also often employing a good number of Americans, too. On jobs only led to temporary income, and the economy, as a whole,
the surface level, it’s easy to assume a stock market crash only affects wasn’t repaired enough to give many of those unemployed full-time
the stockbrokers and the wealthy, but the effects quickly spread to jobs.
the general public. See, as the employers lost money, they couldn’t By this point, a new issue was starting in the Great Plains. Farmers
pay their workers. This resulted in lower wages and increased had overproduced crops to compensate for increased demand back
unemployment. Those employees who were getting paid less, or not in the Great War, and that meant a massive increase in farmland. As
at all, were far less likely to buy products which were being sold by the 1920s went on, demand dropped and farmers found themselves
other businesses. Now, those businesses couldn’t keep up the profit with empty fields. By 1934, drought had struck, and as crops died,
and had to cut wages or employees. This endless cycle is what farmers lost land and money. Soil had dried up and turned to dust,
resulted in the eventual 25% unemployment rate, and a constant cycle and massive wind storms picked up the dust, and sent it sweeping
of poverty. over the countryside, covering everything in, you know, dust.
Luckily, President Herbert Hoover was doing his darndest to help the Appropriately called the Dust Bowl, the results of this only further
dire situation. He was against the government meddling in corporate worsened the Depression. As crops died and farms disappeared,
affairs and tried to solve the issues of the Depression with alternative

43
many travelled across the nation looking for work. I’m sure, all of you 5. turmoil
Steinback fans, already knew that. 6. vehement
So by 1935, it was apparent the New Deal wasn’t the grand success 7. ravages
many hoped for. To combat this, came the Second New Deal with a 8. laissez-faire
whole new range of programs, most famous of which was the 9. staple
introduction of social security. At the same time, taxes were 10. stricken
increased for the wealthy with a nearly 80% rate on the richest man
in the nation, John D. Rockefeller. After this round of changes, it was Task 10
apparent the program wasn’t a grand success, and the recession
caused even more issues in 1937. 1. was spent
While the New Deal had given aid to many across the country, it was 2. inexperienced
apparent that it would not be enough to get the economy back on its 3. experience
feet. What did actually end the Depression was war. As World War II 4. both
broke out, industry was more important than ever, and jobs were in 5. gave out
constant demand. A smart move, price wars were replaced with 6. how
government contracts with set prices. This meant nobody would take 7. to
a loss, and instead production would benefit the government and the 8. would
contractor. Factory work was essential, and there was absolutely no 9. had disappeared
shortage of these jobs available. More jobs meant more spending on 10. value
products which were sold by corporations; this meant corporations
had more money, which in turn meant more jobs could be made, and Task 12
those new employees had money to buy products from, you guessed
it, corporations. This was the clear-cut answer to ending the Great 1. G
Depression. And soon economic woes turned into a grand age of 2. H
consumerism in post-war America. 3. I
So, there you have it. After a decade of economic despair, it took the 4. D
biggest conflict of the 20th century to bring back economic stability. 5. C
Of course, in the end, the issues and effects of the Great Depression 6. B
are being heavily simplified here. The Depression was global, but 7. J
discussing the effects of each nation would keep us here for a very, 8. F
very long time. So, that’s the Great Depression. At least in America.
The story of how optimism turned into depression which turned into Task 13
optimism… kind of. This is Cod of KnowledgeHub.
1. E
Task 5 2. H
3. B
1. E 4. G
2. G 5. F
3. F 6. I
4. C 7. A
5. D 8. D
6. A 9. C

Task 6 Task 14

1. ravages 1. correct
2. alleviate 2. Oil, which is lighter than water, rises to the surface.
3. vehement 3. Madame de Stael was an attractive, gracious lady.
4. under the aegis of / under one’s aegis 4. “Nice” is a word with many meanings, and some of them
5. scope are contradictory.
6. expansionary 5. correct
7. laissez-faire 6. correct
8. staple 7. correct
9. contest 8. The closet contained worn clothes, old shoes, and dirty
10. stricken hats.
11. sentiment 9. correct
12. dispense 10. After surviving this ordeal, the trapper felt relieved.
11. We should be painting, dad.
Task 7 12. Because of their opposition to institutions that force
creatures to live in captivity, some people refuse to go to
1. dispenses the zoo.
2. repeal 13. correct
3. scope 14. Yesterday I received 1,210 e-mails to my address, which
4. contest came as a shock to me.

44
15. I don’t think that we could force people to wear face masks 6. a. forfeit
during the pandemic. On the other hand, I can clearly b. forte
understand why the government would still wish to do so. c. fortnight
d. foreclosure
Task 15 e. formula
f. fortify
1. C g. fortitude
2. D
3. B 7. a. incompatible
4. A b. incline
5. B c. incision
6. C d. incubation
7. C e. incandescent
8. D f. incentive
9. A g. incarcerate
10. B
8. a. overshadow
PRACTICE TASKS – UNITS 1-6 b. overawed
c. overdraw
Task 1 d. overdraft

1. a. composure 9. a. preposterous
b. commodity b. precarious
c. commonplace c. prestigious
d. communicable d. pretentious
e. commence e. prevalent
f. predicament
2. a. contend g. prepayment
b. contented h. prescient
c. consistent i. presumptive
d. contortionist
e. contest 10. a. prophetic
f. conducive b. promiscuity
g. convey c. prolific
h. contract d. profligate
i. confer e. proactive
j. consensus f. prodigious
k. contemplate g. prowess / professionalism
l. congruent h. progressive
m. convex i. prospective
n. concave
o. constant 11. a. revere
p. connote b. rev up
q. consumption c. revenue
r. condemn
12. a. substance abuse
3. a. distort b. subpoena
b. disclose c. subsidiary company
c. dismiss d. subprime
d. discontinue
e. disburse 13. a. surge
f. dissonant b. surcharge
g. dispense c. surplus

4. a. endure 14. a. viviparous

b. endogenous b. vivacious
c. endearing
d. endemic 15. a. whimsical
b. whimper
5. a. equilateral c. whirr
b. equation
c. equilibrium Task 2
d. equinox
1. critique – flak

45
2. disappointment – disillusionment 4. a. cave
3. vaccinate – inoculate b. crave
4. silly – fatuous
5. unnecessary – redundant 5. a. wine
6. produce – yield b. wince
7. apprehensive – uptight
8. horrible – atrocious 6. a. ladder
9. faulty – erroneous b. bladder
10. ugly – repulsive
11. faultless – irreproachable 7. a. lump
12. fantastic – stupendous b. slump
13. compete – vie
14. huge – bulky 8. a. cope
15. ambitious – high-flying b. scope
16. rowdy – vociferous
17. adverse – deleterious 9. a. goat
18. wonderful – pulchritudinous b. gloat
19. layer – stratum
20. spasm – seizure 10. a. lane
21. renowned – reputable b. plane
22. information – intel
23. angry – exasperated Task 5
24. attractive – ravishing
25. brave – valorous 1. B
26. fast – expeditious 2. A
27. hate – loathe 3. B
28. shocked – flabbergasted 4. B
29. thorough – punctilious 5. C
30. enough – ample 6. C
31. healthy – salubrious 7. D
32. similar – akin 8. D
33. alleviate – mitigate 9. D
34. hard-working – industrious 10. B
35. scary – eerie 11. A
36. permanent – perpetual 12. C
37. flood – inundate 13. D
38. ruin – batter 14. A
39. fundamental – staple 15. D
40. afterwards – thereafter 16. D
17. B
Task 3 18. C
19. C
1. unprecedented 20. A
2. conformity 21. C
3. unassuming 22. B
4. defamation 23. B
5. deftness
6. expertise Task 6
7. resentment
8. laboriously 1. cantankerous
9. bankruptcy 2. miscarriage
10. recession 3. ramshackle
4. solstice
Task 4 5. flamboyant
6. utopia
1. a. cute 7. preposterous
b. acute 8. acumen
9. dumbfounded
2. a. version 10. obsolete
b. aversion 11. tournament
12. temperamental
3. a. delete 13. sangfroid
b. deplete 14. coroner
15. appendix

46
16. capillaries 3. repeal
17. salivary gland 4. pathologize
18. lubricate 5. yearn
19. rubella 6. vehement
20. transmission 7. isosceles
21. profligate 8. staple
22. collateral 9. stimulus
23. money laundering 10. default
24. ubiquitous 11. lull
25. hypotenuse 12. sham
26. quadrilateral 13. curmudgeon
27. codomain 14. baroque
28. loophole 15. death knell
29. galvanize 16. benign
30. autarkic 17. strenuous
18. hideous
Task 7 19. streamline
20. mediator
1. up 21. coin
2. to 22. robust
3. of 23. trawl
4. in 24. panacea
5. back 25. oesophagus
6. by 26. cringey
7. in 27. scrubs
8. on 28. lozenge
9. under
10. up Solution: Empty vessels make the most noise.
Definition: those with the least wisdom or knowledge are the most
Task 8 talkative.

1. onions EXAM TASKS – 3

2. magic
3. double Task 1
4. effect
5. extra 1. B
6. bar 2. C
7. smooth 3. A
8. life 4. C
9. settings 5. B
10. pay 6. B
11. goat 7. A
12. dot 8. C
13. aegis
14. battle Task 2
15. household
1. labyrinthine
Task 9 2. exertion
3. haggle
1. intensive care unit
2. cardiopulmonary resuscitation Task 3
3. headquarters
4. general practitioner 9. why
5. gross domestic product 10. After/after
6. equal/equated monthly instalment 11. between
7. no income, no job, no assets 12. time
8. annual percentage rate 13. on
9. non-sufficient funds 14. more
10. debt-to-income 15. as
16. place
Task 10
Task 4
1. egregious
2. malleable 17. alertness

47
18. executives 5. desalination
19. maximise / maximize 6. sapling
20. disorientation 7. aquifer
21. comparatively / comparably
22. designated Task 10
23. accompany
24. desperation 44. D
45. E
Task 5 (each underlined part is worth 1 point) 46. C
47. B
25. no (way / chance of) telling how long this/the job/work 48. A
26. is (very) little demand for OR is not/isn’t a lot of/much (of a) 49. E
demand for 50. B
27. impressed to see/by/with/at (just) how skilled/skilful/skilful 51. D
a 52. A
28. resignation/resigning/decision to resign came as a 53. C
(total/complete) surprise/shock to
29. was no/was not any vegetation whatsoever in OR was Task 11
nothing whatsoever growing in
30. the height of his success 1. trajectory
2. instigate
Task 6 3. inextricably
4. penetrate
31. C 5. progenitor
32. C
33. D Task 14
34. B
35. A 1. C
36. C 2. B
3. A
Task 7 4. B
5. A
1. I 6. C
2. E
3. N TAPESCRIPT:
4. K
5. C Extract One:
6. G Strolling along a deserted beach, I saw a bottle dusted with sand and
7. L found a message curled inside. An exciting moment! But messages in
8. A bottles are not new here. The earliest dates back to 1860, when ships
9. D used them to keep those on land informed of their progress. None
10. J/O too reliable when your ship is sinking!
11. O/J But the local museum is launching a project using bottled messages,
12. H not just to promote the whereabouts of the islands and attract
13. F tourism. Islanders are being invited to include maps and information
14. M about the islands themselves. Bottles have been collected from local
15. B beaches and are, though not in the traditional sense, being recycled.
Primarily and more ambitiously, the project is set to identify tidal
Task 8 movements. Not by science or satellite systems, but by hurling these
bottles back into the sea!
37. D The hope is that people will reply to these messages through the
38. H more traditional postal system. Islanders will gain pen pals and new
39. F visitors, and the final whereabouts of the bottles will enable
40. B scientists to track their paths. And all this from bottles discarded on
41. A a beach!
42. E
43. G Extract Two:

Task 9 P = Presenter C: Critic

1. quench P: Last year, Tim Fitzgerald exhibited photographs of his

2. forestry family, but in the current exhibition, which he shares with
3. seedling two other visual artists, he focuses solely on landscapes.
4. pilot phase What’s your impression of them?

48
C: I’m not sure he has what it takes to move beyond his family. The resin is then removed from the tree and, because it’s so precious,
Last year’s images of his nearest and dearest were very people even pick up the dirt under the tree and ensure that every last
moving, weren’t they – there was a wonderful close-up of tiny bit of mastic is harvested. The growers try to pick out any grit
his sister’s face, almost like an abstract. But these which might have become embedded in the mastic gum. They just
landscapes… they’re not impressive or particularly use simple pins to do this; unusually for nowadays, there are no
articulate. mechanical aids or gadgets to speed up the process. Everything is still
P: I know he invokes the influence of several famous painters. done in the traditional, labour-intensive way, by hand. If you examine
You didn’t find any of that in his landscapes? a small piece of mastic, it will look like a white crystal, similar to sea
C: No. I think he has produced a couple of strong images, but salt. Poets have even mentioned mastic in their work, alluding to it
there’s no sign of them in the current show and I’m at a loss rather romantically as ‘silver tears’, suggesting again how much it’s
to know why. It’s a very random choice. And also, four small valued.
photos in a large gallery feel very sparse. You can see it was Having harvested and cleaned the crystals, the growers often take
an attempt to draw you in, but for me it backfired. You need the mastic from their trees, except for a small amount which they
more impact to raise the curtain on the exhibition – it’s not keep for their personal use, to a local co-operative, which contacts
as if it’s the last room, it’s the first, and you move on to various commercial buyers and negotiates a decent price for the
other artists’ work. growers.
Now, what is mastic actually used for? In fact, its use can be traced
Extract Three: back thousands of years. Archaeologists have found small lumps of
One of my own thoughts about this piece is the idea that you’re mastic with the imprint of juvenile human teeth, suggesting that the
letting yourself go, abandoning yourself. For me, that’s certainly earliest use of mastic was as a chewing gum for young people,
what happens to me. When you’re really immersed in it, you’re no something which still occurs today. Nowadays it’s also used as a
longer self-conscious, you’re absolutely the recipient of the sound. flavouring in sweet things like biscuits and to great effect in ice
For me it’s not even as if it conjures up a specific event. At one point, cream. Its value here is that it also provides a stickier texture, which
I was playing it all the time – in supermarket queues, walking into means that it takes longer to soften, a useful quality in the hot
work – having that sound in my ears gave me a world and a space Mediterranean summers. Mastic can also be used to flavour liquids.
that was very different. My family got pretty fed up. Certainly my For example, in some rural areas, small fires are lit and a few grains
husband winces at my corny tastes. I don’t know if corny’s the right of mastic dropped on the hot charcoal. Then pots are inverted on top
word, but a colleague once said to me she would have expected so the clay picks up the flavour of the smoke and the mastic. Chilled
something less banal. I find that rather sad. OK, so it’s a piece that water is then poured in, and when this is drunk, it tastes very subtly
obviously works for many other people too, but that doesn’t mean of mastic.
to say it should be denigrated, just because you don’t have to have Apart from its culinary uses, some mastic is also sold for other
great sophistication in music to appreciate it. purposes. It can be used in shampoo, toothpaste and, indeed, for
certain stomach ailments. In fact, it’s this area that mastic producers
Task 15 are now looking towards to provide a wider use for their produce,
now that natural herbs and spices are being investigated to provide
7. olive the medical products of the future.
8. harden
9. (simple) pins Task 16
10. (silver) tears
11. (local) co-operative/cooperative/co-op 16. B
12. (a) chewing gum 17. A
13. ice(-)cream 18. B
14. (clay) pots 19. D
15. stomach 20. D

TAPESCRIPT: TAPESCRIPT:

I want to talk to you today about a spice which is not very well known I = Interviewer T = Thomas G = Gina
outside its home territory, and that is mastic. Mastic is a resinous
substance which comes from a tree of the pistachio nut family and it I: Today, we’re talking to marine biologists Gina Kelso and
is one of Europe’s oldest spices. In fact, in its heyday it was Thomas Lundman, who you will recently have seen in their
considered so precious that armies quite literally fought over the award-winning TV series about Antarctica. So, Thomas,
islands where it was grown so that their masters would have the right what’s it like to suddenly become a household name?
to control its cultivation and sale. T: Well, we’re being interviewed for all sorts of publications
Let’s take a look first at how mastic is produced. The mastic tree itself and programmes since our television series about the
resembles an olive to the untrained eye but is not quite as large. In a wildlife in Antarctica won a major award. I’m often asked if
process which is rather similar to the collection of rubber, growers I’ve always been interested in marine wildlife, and I find that
cut the bark of the tree so that the tree then has to exude a sticky hard to answer. What about you, Gina?
sap or resin to heal the wound, and this sap is mastic. The sap needs G: That’s an easy one for me, Thomas. I grew up on African
to harden in order to be of any use and strangely this only happens in shores, where my father worked for an international
the Mediterranean area. Efforts have been made in the past to company. I could swim by the age of four, snorkel at five. I
transplant and cultivate the tree in other parts of the world, but so guess I was destined for marine biology because I’ve always
far without success. been as happy in the water as on land. I remember a

49
 particular evening when I was about eleven. It was dusk and days because we wanted a shot of them as they finished
I was snorkelling, and I came across hundreds of stingrays eating. We waited and waited and then one day they just
entwined together. It was extraordinary; another world, suddenly
and that was the moment that decided me. Although I later stopped.
went to school in the middle of England, I’d lie awake at I: And that’s…
night dreaming of the ocean. Fortunately, I got into a
university to do zoology and went on to do research in Task 17
marine biology.
T: And, like me, you’ve been in wildlife filmmaking for how 21. F
long… about eight years now? 22. E
G: Yeah, I knew it was what I wanted to do, but instead of 23. H
following the normal route of joining a TV company as a 24. B
researcher, I was lucky enough to be chosen to take part in 25. G
that first wildlife programme we did together. Do you
remember? 26. E
T: Yeah, where we made the first ever live broadcast under 27. H
the sea. The practice run was very funny. I had to dive into 28. A
a swimming pool and give a running commentary on some 29. C
plastic plants that had been borrowed from a studio to 30. B
make it look more realistic. Fortunately, the programme
itself was a success and so one thing led to another after TAPESCRIPT:
that, and we both moved more into the production side.
G: And it was tough making this latest series in Antarctica, Speaker 1
wasn’t it? I knew I’d be short of money if I didn’t work before going to
T: Well, the series is introduced by a well-known naturalist, university, so I decided not to jet around the globe, and found a job
dressed in a thermal anorak with the hood drawn so tightly in the nearest town instead. I had to live in because of early shifts,
that you can only see his nose. and only realised on about day two it meant I couldn’t keep up my
G: And you get an idea of what conditions were like, but he tennis – which was a blow, because I was a very keen player. But I got
was only the presenter – flown in to do his bit and flown over it in the end, which just goes to show nothing’s that important.
back out again. We spent eight months there filming with a Anyway, I was having too much fun with the rest of the staff to fret
team of cameramen and researchers, living in a specially about it – I wonder if they’re all still there? The worst part of the job
adapted boat. was when guests complained, which they frequently did!
T: I didn’t think I’d stand a chance of working on the
programme, because I imagined they’d be looking for Speaker 2
rugged types and I’m more the quiet academic. So I was Well, I took a gap year because I thought I hadn’t seen enough of the
quite taken aback when they asked me. We went for the world. I considered doing an overland trek across the Sahara, or
spring and then returned the following spring, because the helping out somewhere as a volunteer. The I found a remote village
winter would’ve been too cold. Even then, on the Antarctic in Kenya where they needed my skills – they’re all football-mad there
peninsula it can drop to minus fifteen degrees. – and a Nairobi businessman agreed to pay me a living wage. I settled
G: We were involved mostly with the underwater scenes. It’s in OK, although I never got the hang of the language, and that year
a lot warmer in the sea, but we still had to wear extra-thick gave me some serious thinking time. I realised I didn’t want to
wetsuits and thermal underwear. The thing about living in complete my course back home, even though I’d already spent quite
that remote research community was I missed hanging out a lot of money and time on it. It’s all good experience anyway.
with my friends.
T: But the Antarctic’s a place of incredible beauty and even Speaker 3
after working sixteen-hour days, there were still moments The whole thing was a disaster from start to finish. I’d had a sort of
of peacefulness. feeling it might turn out badly. We didn’t have the right training or
G: But being with the animals for so long, we got to see things equipment, and because there was no office back-up, we couldn’t
the other scientists hadn’t. One guy’s been studying fur get news forwarded to our families. And the leader – well, I wonder
seals for years – knows everything about them – but he’s how experienced he really was. He couldn’t speak the porters’
never seen them eat. He was thrilled when we were able to language at all. You could say our pioneering spirit was crushed by
tell him about it. And if we’d had his input at the time, we the time we got back to base camp! On the other hand, we did bond
would have realised the significance of what we’d seen and as a group, and I see a couple of them regularly and have done ever
focused more on it. since that time. So perhaps it wasn’t all bad.
T: Absolutely. And the highlight of the trip was the day we
entered a bay carved into huge glaciers to find around forty Speaker 4
humpback whales feeding. It was very quiet, and then we I know some agencies will organise your gap year and sort out, say,
heard a soft explosion. It was the noise of the whales’ working for a charity, but I’d much rather do what I did – just go off
blowholes. What they do is dive down, and as they start to on the spur of the moment and see where you end up. It was
come up again, they release air bubbles from their absolutely brilliant, even though it took all the money I’d saved up for
blowholes. Then they swim round each other, trapping the it – the fare and the hotels and eating in restaurants were to blame
krill they eat in a curtain of bubbles. So it’s an for that. At least I know I can cope on my own now and that’s a new
extraordinarily effective piece of teamwork that really thing for me. Sadly, I haven’t managed to keep up with the people I
increases their feeding efficiency. We filmed them for ten

50
met in all those different cultures – I’m not surprised though – that’s
life.

Speaker 5
I was told to stick to the script whether it was in French, German, or
Spanish. People don’t even ask many questions – it got quite boring
after a while, because I felt there wasn’t any real communication
between me and them. And if it’s raining, you get wet just hopping
on and off the coach. I didn’t have high hopes before I started,
although it certainly was a good way of earning some much-needed
cash, and there were some nice people at head office, but in the end
I did wonder if I couldn’t have found something a bit more inspiring.
How often do people get a year off in their lifetime?

Task 18

A. denigrate
B. on the spur of the moment
C. exude
D. grit
E. banal
F. sparse
G. allude to
H. heyday
I. resin
J. sap
K. practice run

51