Next level secrets and fixes get to the heart of the C++ coding language We share our awesome tips and shortcuts for coding Python and C++ Advanced guides and tutorials for programming with C++ & Pythonsave a whopr ‘1 e 5% Off ee Lely with 26) Papercut = me iPhone Weave Guidebook ® Ce eeh Lae Cor io ue peace emcee) Not only can you learn new skills and master your tech, but you can now SAVE 25% off all of our coding and consumer tech digital and print guidebooks! Simply use the following exclusive code at checkout: NYHF23CN www.pclpublications.comUES a LAS C++ & Python Tricks & Tips is the perfect digital publication for the user that wants to take their skill set to the next level. Do you want to enhance your user experience? Or wish to gain insider knowledge? Do you want to learn directly from experts in their field? Learn the numerous short cuts that the professionals use? Over the pages of this essential advanced user guide you will learn everything you will need to know to become a more confident, better skilled and experienced owner. A user that will make the absolute most of their coding use and ultimately Over the page the platforms themselves. Our Journe, e &y Continues An achievement you can and we will be with S, earn by simply enabling us at ever, amar ct ‘Y stage to adui. to exclusively help and inform and ‘ vise, teach you the abilities we inp itimately have gained over our decades ‘pire you to of experience. 90 Further.Contents me Orn kc) One) Lists While Loop 10 Tuples 58 ForLoop 12 _ Dictionaries 60 Do... While Loop 14 Splitting and Joining Strings 62 IF Statement 16 _ Formatting Strings 64 If... Else Statement 18 Date and Time 20 _ Opening Files oe 22 Writing to Files PA Ria k eke 24 _ Exceptions 68 Common Coding Mistakes 26 Python Graphics 70 _ Beginner Python Mistakes 72__ Beginner C++ Mistakes & Using Modules 74 Where Next? 30 Calendar Module 32 OSModule 34 Random Module 36 Tkinter Module 38 Pygame Module 42 Create Your Own Modules 44) C++ Input/Output 46 _ User interaction 48 Character Literals 50 Defining Constants 52__ File Input/Output —( Contents Cl . 4 2. tal of the most powerful and versatile programming languages available, Python and C++ and broken them down into bite-sized tutorials and & guides to help you learn how they work, and how to make them work for you...”TT Working with Data)Working Vaan Dye] er- Peer tai mW un seth Ke Ceol cel MELO ECR nek Python to your every demand. Over these RoE Re Ole ela a elke) fare )eo Ma) (ome (tea ENR CTU Le co} Peterlee Rime ie CLs Then, you can learn how to use date and time Functions, write to Files in your system and even create graphical user interfaces that take your coding skills to new levels and into new Polke) rad (ol CeZz » Working with Data : Lists Lists are one of the most common types of data structures you will comes across in Python. A list is simply a collection of items, or data if you prefer, that can be accessed as a whole, or individually if wanted. WORKING WITH LISTS Lists are extremely handy in Python. A list can be strings, integers and also variables. You can even include Functions in lists, and lists within lists. EEG EDD Alissa sequence of data values calleditems. You [BETESEWM You can also access, or index, the last tem in alist by create the name of your lst followed by an equals Using the minus sign before the item number Et), ‘sign, then square brackets and the itemns separated by commas; or the second to last item with [-2] and so on. Trying to reference an note that strings use quotes: item that isn’t in the list, such as [10] will return an error: numbers = [1, 4, 7, 21, 98, 156] numbers[-1] mythical_creatures - [“Unicorn”, “Balrog”, mythical_creatures[-4] “Vampire”, “Dragon”, “Winotaur™] FETED orxe you've defined your list you can call each FTE DD tiing is similar to indexing but you can retrieve by referencing its name, followed by a number. Lists multiple tems in a ist by separating item numbers start the firsttem entry as 0, Followed by 1,2, 3 and soon. ‘with a colon. For example: For example: nunbers[1:3] Lalaiecas ‘will output the 4 and 7, being tem numbers 1 and 2. Note that the To call up the entice contents of the lst. returned values don't include the second index position (as you ‘would numbers{t:3] to return 4,7 and 21), punbers[3] ‘Tocall the third From zero temin the lst 21 in this case).‘You can update tems within an existing list, eemove items and even join lists together. For example, to join two lists you can use everything = nunbers + mythical_creatures: ‘Then view the combined list with: everything BTID cers can be added to a list by entering: nunbers-nunbers+[201] Or forstrings: nythical_creatres=nythical_creatures+[*Griffin"] ‘Or by using the append Function nythical_creatures .append(“Nessie”) ‘nunberss. append(278) Removal of items can be done in two ways. Te First Is bythe tem number: del nunbers[7] ‘Alternatively, by tem name: inythical_creatures.renove("Nessie”) ‘You can view what can be done with lists by entering >>>>>>>>Leap Year Calculatorccecccecee\n” )ylaintCinput“Enter the first year: “)) y2nintCinput(“Enter the second year: “)) Veaps=calendar.Leapdays(y1, y2) print(“Nunber of Leap years between”, yl, “and”, ye, “is”, Leaps) ‘You could even fashion that particular example into ‘apiece of working, user interactive Python code:PPID You can alco create a program that will display all the days, weeks and months within a given year: import calendar year=intCinputC“Enter the year to display: “) print(calendar.preal(year)) |We're sure you'll agree that’s quite 3 handy bit oF code to have tohand. Interestingly we can aso lst the number of daysin 2 ‘month by using a simple For loop: import calendar cal=calendar. TextCalendar(calendar -SUNDAY) for i in cal.itermonthdays(2018, 6): print(i) fe tm onto ro BAR cos cvuicurgicciomematc BERD wosccsocstonescemina referee poten aren month. So the counting ofthe days will start on Friday 1st June 2018 and will total 30 as the output correctly displays. (Calendar Module ( CG BETeEED You're also able to print the individual months or days ofthe week import calendar for name in calendar month name: printCname) ‘import calendar for name in calendar .day_name: print(nane) PPD The calendar module also allows us to write the Functionsin HTML, so that youcan display iton a website. Let's start by creating a new file import calendar cal=open(“/hone/pi/Document's/cal .htmL” cecalendar .HTMLCalendar(calendar . SUNDAY) cal.write(c. formatmonth(2018, 1)) cal -close() ‘This code wil create an HTML file called cal, openit witha browser and it displays the calendar for January 2018. Te EREE 0f course, you can modify that to display a given, year asa web page calendar: ‘import calendar year=int(input(“Enter the year to display as a webpage: “)) cal=open(“/home/pi/Documents/cal.html”, “w") cal .write(calendar.HTMLCalendar(calendar..MONDAY). formatyear(year)) cal.close() ‘This code asks the user fora year, then createsthe necessary ‘webpage. Remember to change your File destination,z=) Using Modules) OS Module INTO THE SYSTEM One of the primary Features of the OS module is the ability to list, move, create, delete and otherwise interact with files stored on the system, making it the perfect module for backup code. ESTED voucan startthe 0s module with some simple PETER the windows output isifferent as that's the Functions to see how it interacts with the operating current working directory of Python, as determined system environment that Python is running on. IFyou'e using Linux by the system; as you might suspect, the os.getcwd( Function is orthe Raspberry Pty his asking Python to retrieve the Curent Working Directory Lnuuses villse something along the same nes asthe Raspbery Pas wil SoPEREEE maxcosusers mene hone-os..getowd() printchane) Tretuedreitrompatngtniie tone REM ere reenter te OS male eleiZ is the current user's home folder on the system. ued is its ability to launch programs that are installed Inour example that's home/oiitwillbe different depending on _in the host system. For instance, iFyou wanted to launch the the user name you lag in as and the operating system you use. Chromium browser From within a Python program you can use For example, Windows 10 will output: C\Program Files (x86)\| the command: Python36-32. import os 5 browser-os..system(“/usr/bin/chromium-bronser")The os system) function s what allows interaction with external programs; you can even call up previous Python programs using this method. You will obviously need to know the ful path and program filename for it to work successfully, However, you can use the following: import os os.systen(‘start chrome “https://mmw.youtube.con/ Feed/music”?) FETED £0" Step 5's example we used Windows, to show that the OS module works roughly the same across allplatforms. In that case, we opened YouTube's music Feed page, so itis therefore possible to open specific pages: import os os.system(‘chromium-browser “http:// bbdmpublications .com/"*) Perea Note in the previous step's example the use of single and double-quotes. The single quotes encase the entire command and launching Chromium, whereas the double ‘quotes open the specified page. You can even use variables to call, multiple tabsin the same browser: import os ‘-(‘chromium-browser “http://bdnpubl ications. con/”?) b=C‘chromium-browser “http: //ww.google.co.uk”?) ‘os. system(a + b) (0s Module cH ‘The ability to manipulate directories, or folders if {you prefer, is one of the OS module's best features For example, to create a new directory you can use: ‘import. os, fs. mkdi rC*NEW") This creates a new directory within the Current Working Directory, named according to the object the mkdir Function. You can also rename any directories you've created by entering STEP 9 import os os.rename(“NEW", “OLD") To delete them: ‘import. os, os.rmdirr(*OLD") —_———_ ‘Another module that goes together with OS is shutil You can use the shutil module together with OS and time to create a timestamped backup directory, and copy ies into: ‘import os, shutil, time root_sre_dir = r*/home/pi/Document's” root_dst_dir = ‘/hone/pi/backup/? + time-asctime() for src_dir, dirs, files in os.walk(root_src_dir): dst_dir = src_dir.replace(root_srcdir, root_ dst_dir, 1) if not os.path.exists(dst_dir os .makedirs(dst_dir) for file_ in files: src_file = os.path.join(src_dir, file) dst_file = os.path. join(dst_dir, file) if 05.path.exists(dst_file): os.renove(dst_file) shutil.copy(src_file, dst_dir) print(“s>ss>sss>>Backup completeccecceRandom Word Finderceceeccece”) primt(“\nUsing a 466K English word text file I can pick any words at randon.\n”) nds-int(input("\nHow many words shall I choose? » with openc“/hone/pi/DowniLoads/words. txt”, “rt”) as, t words = f.readlines() words = [w.rstrip() for w in words] print¢* 2 for w in random.sanple(words, wds): print(w)a ) Using Modules ) Tkinter Module GETTING GUI ‘Tkinter is easy to use but there’s a lot more you can do with it. Let’s start by seeing how it works and getting some code into it Before long you will discover just how powerful this module really is. “gers aly bit no Python, However es ous4) available when you enter: import tkinter, then youneedtopip install tkinter from te command promet We canstart to mport modules ferent thn before tosaveon ‘ying and by importing al ther contents import tkinter as tk from tkinter import * PPE DD snot recommended to import everything from a module using the asterisk butt won't do any harm normally. Let's begin by creating abasic GUI window, enter: wind-TkO) ‘This creates a small, basic window. There's nat much else to do at this point but click the Xin the comer to close the window. ‘The ideal approachis to add mainloop( intothe SMD et conrctheThter event op, but vel sgetto that soon, You've just created a Tkinter widget and there are several more we can play around with: btn-ButtonC) btn.packQ btn["text®: The first line Focuses on the newly created window. Click back into the Shell and continue the other lines. Hello everyone!” Ft ow ar PEED You can combine the above into a New File: import tkinter as tk from tkinter import * btn-ButtonC) btn.packQ btn[text”” Then add some button interactions: def clickQ: print(*You just clicked me! btn{"“conmand™}=click Hello everyone!”Save and execute the cade from Step 4 and a window appears with ‘Hello everyone inside. IFyou lick the Hello everyone! button, the Shell will output the text ‘You just clicked met. t's simple but shows you what can be achieved with a Few tines of code, You can also display both text and images within a Tkinter window. However, only GIF, BGM or PPM formats are supported. Sond an image and convert it before using the code. Here's an example using the BOM Publishing logo: from tkinter import * root = TkO, Logo = Photolmage(file=”/hone/pi/Downloads/B0M_logo. Gif”) Wi = Label(root, root.titleC“B0M Publications”), ‘image=Logo). pack(side="right”) content = “** From its hunble beginnings in 2004, ‘the BOM brand quickly grew from a single publication produced by a team of just two to one of the biggest anes in global bookazine publishing, for two simple reasons. Our passion and commitment to deliver the very best product each and every volune. While ‘the company has grom with a portfolio of aver 250 publications delivered by our international staff, ‘the foundation that it has been built upon remains, the sane, which is why we believe BOM isn’t just the first’ choice it's the only choice for the smart. consumer. “”* w2 = Label(root,, justify-LeFT, padx = 10, ‘text=content).pack(side~"LeFt”) root mainloop() The previous codes ‘quite weighty, mostly ‘due to the content variable holding a part of BOM's About page from the company website. Youcan ‘obviously change the content, the root ttle {and the image to suit your needs BETEEE DD You con create rai buttons too. Try from tkinter import * root = Tk, v = IntVar() LabelCroot, root. titleC“Options”), text="""Choose @ preferred language:”*”, Justify = LEFT, padx = 20).pack() RadiobuttonCroot, ‘text-"Python”, padx = 20, variable=v, value=1) .packCanchor=W) variable-v, value=2).packCanchor=W) maintoop() You can also create check boxes, wth buttons and Siar) ‘output to the Shel from tkinter import * root = Tk, def var_states(): print(*Warrior: %d,\nMage: Kd” % (varl.getQ), var2.getQ)) Label(root, root. titleC“Adventure Gane”), text~">>>>2>>>>2Your adventure roleccc File) and create a True/False while loop: ‘import pygame from pygane. locals import * pygane.init() ganewindow=pygane display. set_node((800, 600)) pygane. dispLay.set_caption(“Adventure Gane”) running-True while running: for event in pygane.event.get(): if event. type=-QUIT: running-False pygane. quit) fle Est Farmat_ Bun tions Windows. Hep eerandoeytane splays nade 800600) SF event. SypenstutTBRED the Pyaame window still won't dose don't worry, it's ust a discrepancy between the IDLE (whichis written with Tkinter) and the Pygame module. I you run your code via the command ne, It closes perfectly well ESRD You're going to shift the code around a bit now, running the main Pygame code within a while loop; itemakes it neater and easier to Follow. We've downloaded a graphic touse and we need to set some parameters for pygame: import pygame pygame.imt) while running: gamewindow=pygane .dispLay. set_mode((800,600)) pygane.display.set_caption(“Adventure Gane”) black-(0,0,0) white=(255,255,255) PEPPD cx's quickly go through the code changes. We've defined two colours, black and white together with their respective RGB colour values, Next we've loaded the To pene 1 pgane locals oper * ‘ganerindon-pygane. splay .set_mode((800.600)) Breone display. setccoption-Aaventore cane") Biseke(0.0-0). sntten( 258,235,255) “ngspyeae. image Load“ /hone/p3/Oonnlosds/sprive} eng") et spritece 5 ( Pygame Module cl ‘img-pygane image. Load(/home/pi/Downloads/ spritel png”) def sprite(x,y): ganewindow.blitCing, Ox,y)) x-(800*0.45) y=(600"0.8) gamewindow -fiLLCwhitte) sprite(x,y) pygame..display.update() for event in pygane.event .get(): if event. type=-pygame.QUIT: running-False downloaded image called spritet.png and allocated it to the variable img; and also defined a sprite Function and the Blt Function will allow us to eventually move the image. (8000.45) yrts00"0"8) ganenrindon.£111(t6) Sprstecxey) Preane, display update) for event in pygane.event.get( SF event yper=qurr rumingeraise PramesauitOUsing Modules ) FETTER) Now we can change the code around again, this imgspeed=0 time containing a movement option within the hile loop, and adding the variables needed to move the sprite ‘around the screen: while running: for event tn pygone.event.get(): ‘if event.type==QUIT: import pygane running-Patse speateeenerl oss eniwart if event. type = pyacme,KEYDOM: j {f event.Rey--pygane. CLEFT: running=True xchange _gamewindow=pygane. display. set_mode((800, 600)) ELLER EEE KESS=PHGOMNEFKORTGITE fvoane, display set-captionC*Adventure Gane") ceed ‘fF event. Rey==pygane.K.LEFT or event {ng-pygane image. Load(*/hone/pi/Domnloads/spriter, KeY=-Pygane. K RIGHT: png”) xchange=0_ def sprite(x,y): x += xchange ganewindow.blitCina, Cx.y)) ‘amewindow.fU1Cahite> ‘+ sprite(x,y) yocen0"0:8) pygame.display.update() xchange pygame. quit) BETTER) Copy the code down and using the left and right arrow keys on the keyboard you can move your spite across the bottom of the screen, Now, itlooks like you have the makings of a classic arcade 2D scroller inthe works.You can now implementa Few additions and utlise some previous tutorial code, The new elements are the subprocess module, of which one Function allows usto launch ‘second Python script from within another; and we're going to create a New File called pygametxt py: import pygane import time import subprocess ( Pygame Module cl Pygane. display ip) clock. tick(60) continue break pygame.quit() pygane. init) screen = pygame.display. set_mode((800, 250)) clock = pygane.time.Clock() font = pygame.font.Font(None, 25) Pygane. tine. set_timer(pygane.USEREVENT, 200) | def text_generatorCtext): | tm = 0 for letter in text: ‘tmp += letter if letter I= yield tp class DynanicText(object): def _init_(self, font, text, pos, autoreset-False): self.done = False self.font = font self.text = text self._gen = text_generator(self. text) self.pos = pos self.autoreset = autoreset self updateQ) def reset(self): self._gen = text_generator(self. text) self.done = False self update) def update(self): if not self.done: try: self.rendered = self. font. render(next(self..gen), True, (0, 128, 0)) ‘except Stoplteration: self.done = True time.sleep(10) subprocess. Popen(“python3 /home/pi/Documents/ Python\ Code/pyganel.py 1”, shell-True) def dran(self, screen): screen.blit(self.rendered, self.pos) text=(“A long time ago, a barbarian strode from the frozen north. Sword in‘hand. ..”) message = DynamicText(font, text, (65, 120), ‘autoreset=True) while True: for event in pygame.event .getQ: if event.type == pygane.QUIT: break if event. type — pygame.USEREVENT: message. vedate() screen.fill(pygane.color.Color( black’) message.dran(screen) When you run this code it wil display a tong, narrow Pygame window with the intro text scrolling to the right. After a pause often seconds, itthen launches the main game Python scriot where you can mave the warrior sprite around, Overall the effect is quite goad but there's always room For improvement.z=) Using Modules ) Create Your Own Modules BUILDING MODULES Modules are Python files, containing code, that you save using a .py extension. These are then imported into Python using the now Familiar import command. FETED cts start by creating a set of basic mathematics ‘square or raise a number to an exponent (power). Create a New File in the IDLE and enter: def timestwo(x): return x * 2 def timesthree(x): return x * 3 def square(x): return x def poner(x,y) return x ** y Under the above code, enter Functions to callthe code: print Ctimestwo(2)) print (timesthree(3)) print Csquare(4)) print (power(5,3)) ‘Save the program as basic_math.py and execute itto get the results. Now youre goingto take the function defintions oz) ‘out of the program and into a separate file. Hghlght the function dfintons and choose EG» Cut. Choose Fle = New File and use Ede> Paste nthe new window, You now have two separate es, one with the function defnkion, the oer ith the funtion alls PETER you now try and execute the basic math py code ‘again, the error ‘Namerror: name timestwo' is not defined’ will be displayed. This is due to the code no longer having access to the function definitions. TED Return tothe newly created window containing the Function definitions, and cickFile> Save |= : As. Name this minimath.py and save it in the same location a the original basic_math, y program. Now close the Iminimath.py window, sothe basic. math.py window islet open.Back to the basic math py window: at the top of the code enter: from minimath import * ‘This willimport the Function definitions asa module, Press FS to save and execute the program to see tin action ‘Youcan now use the code Further to make the programa little more advanced, utilising the newly ‘created module to its ful. Include some user interaction. Sart by ‘eating a basic menu the user can choose from: print(“Select operation.\n”) print(“1.Times by two”) print(*2.Times by Three”) printC*3.Square”) print(“4.Power of”) choice = input(“\nénter choice (1/2/3/4):") FER vec cnssotcvsrneuoseuiennc ED scars: num = intCinputC*\nénter number: “)) ‘This wll save the user-entered number as the variable numt Bile Edt Format Bun Options Windows Help Tron mininath inport * print("Select operation.\n") rint("1.Times by two") [rint¢"2.Times by Three) Brint(~3.Square") Print("4:Poner of”) choice = input(“\nEnter choice (1/2/3/4):") runt = int(input("\nnter number: ")) PRED Final, you can now create arange of if statements to determine what to do with the number and Utlse the newly created function definitions: if choice = ‘1’: print(timestwoCnumt)) elif choice — ‘2: print(timesthreeCnunt)) elif choice — ‘3?: print(square(num)) elif choice — ‘4: riun2 = intCinput(“Enter second number: )) print(power(num1, nun2)) else: print(“Invalid input”) (eat frat Bon Glos xndows wep BETSER DD Note that forthe last available options the Power of choice, we've added a second variable, aum2. This passes a second number through the function definition called ower, Save and execute the program to see itin action. (. Create Your Own Modules ¢ Cc ) XNC++ Input/Outputic) C++ Input/ Output There's a satisfying feeling when you program Peele Bare ea ee et ee al input to produce something that the user can see. eer eeu en aL) Eire er AY eeu] l(e) ean ee eal elas Ment elec eee RN) constants and File input and output are all covered in the Following pages. All of which help you to Ee eee) kee oon ee~ C++ Output } Zz ++ Input/ jutput) User Interaction DCR ee ee a ect eT cca ea ch a basic user interaction is one of the most taught aspects of any language and with it you're able to do much more than simply greet the user by name. HELLO, DAVE You have already used cout, the standard output stream, throughout our code. Now you're going to be using cin, the standard input stream, to prompta user response. thing that you wentthe sero inoutntothe ous? program needs to be stored somewhere in the autem merry soconberetivedandwsedtreeor oy input must first be declared as a variable, so it's ready to be used by RR oc checnedstontccoom on the user. Star by creating a blank C++ file wth headers. inputs putinto the integer age and called up in the second cout ‘command, Build and run the code, Hinclude ‘using namespace std; int main () il TD you're asking a question, you need tostore the input string; to ask the user thelr name, you would use! #include using namespace std; ‘int main ( Eee The data ype of the variable must also match the type of input you want From the user. For example, to.aska user their age, you would use an integer like this: t #include using namespace std; string names cout << “what is your name cin >> names int main © cout << “\nllello, “ << nane <<“. I hope you're int age; well today2\n"; cout << “what is your age: *; i cin >> ages cout <<"\nYou are" << age <<" years old.\n"; =* using nanespace std; int main © ‘int num, mums cout << “Enter two whole numbers: “; cin >> uml >> nun; cout << “you entered “ << numl <<“ num << “\n”; i and “ << FETISE RD {ikewise, inputted data can be manipulated once ‘you have it stored in a variable. For instance, ask the user for two numbers and do some maths on them: include using nanespace std; int main © float num, num; cout << “Enter two nunber cin >> num >> nun2; Ans + << mum << cout << num << hum + num2 << “\n" is: “<< User Interaction ( Cc mm ‘While cin works wel For most input tasks it does have a limitation. Cin always considers spaces as a terminator, so it's designed for ust single words not multiple words. However, getline takes cin as the frst argument and the variable as Sa} the second: #include using namespace std; int main © string mystr; cout << “Enter a sentenci getLine(cin, mystr); Ans cout: << “Your sentence is: characters Long.\n”; ‘<< mystr.size() << BTED Build and execute the code, then enter a sentence. with spaces. when you're done the code reads the ‘numberof characters. f you remove the getline line and replace it with cin >> mystr and try again, the result displays the number of characters up to the first space. Te ERED Cetiine is usually a command that new C++ programmers Forget to include. The terminating white space is annoying when you cart figure out why your code isn't working, In short, it's best to use getline(cin, variable) in Future #include using namespace std; int main © i string names cout. << “Enter your full name: \n”; getline(cin, nane); cout << “\nllello, “<< name << “\n ee~ C++ Output ) Zz ++ Input/ jutput_) Character Literals In C++ a literal is an object or variable that once defined remains the same throughout Lt Keele MnO NE Renee EOL nek Deen Sen A UB OLUA} been using at the end of a cout statement to signify a new line. ESCAPE SEQUENCE When used in something like a cout statement, character literals are also called Escape Sequence Codes. They allow you to Insert a quote, an alert, new line and much more. PEPTSEDD create a new C++ file and enter the relevant headers: include using namespace std; int main © Finclude using namespace std: ant main () You've already experienced the \n character literal placing a new line wherever it's called. The line: cout -<<"Hello\n" <<"'m a C+#\n" << “Program\n"; outputs three lines of text, each starting after the last using namespace std; int main © t quotes) ' cout << “Hello, user. This is how to use ‘There's even a character literal that can trigger an alarm. In Windows 10, i's the notification sound that chimes when you use a. Try this code, and turn up your sound. #include using namespace std; int main © a cout << “ALARM! \a”; } Ries) rs 4 |_ine main using namespace stds F a int nain © { cout << “W009”; = CHARACTER TABLE — ‘Acomplete list of the available Unicode unicode-table.com/en/. Hover your mouse over the character to seeits Unique code to enter in C++.~ C++ Output ) Zz ++ Input/ jutput_) Defining Constants (eel e Ma eR AN ol Reel MRED Le cele Cee ea name suggests their value remains constant throughout the entire code. There are two Re Ah Cinekensensikeemarese int icerecccee nthe #DEFINE ‘The pre-processors are instructions to the compiler to pre-process the Information before it goes ahead and compiles the code. #include isa pre-processor ass #tdefine. FEED Youcsn use the #define pre-processor to define any [RBTESEEM Note the capitals for defined constants, i's constants you want in our code. Start by creating 3 considered good programming practise to define all. new C++ file complete with the usual headers: constants in capitals. Here, the assigned values ae 50, 40 and 60, so let's call ther up: #include using nanespace std #include ay using nanespace std; { define LENGTH 50 #define WIDTH 40 + #define HEIGHT 60 ‘int main Q Winciuge t ‘tng nameepace sts cout << “Length is: “ << LENGTH << “\n?: are cout << “Width is: “ << WIDTH << “\n; cout << “Height is: “ << HEIGHT << “\n?s Bere Now let’ assume your code has three different constants: length, width and height. You can define them with include using nanespace std; ‘define LENGTH 50 define WIDTH 40 ‘define HEIGHT 60 int main Q > t } = =—_ FETED Build and un the code. Just as expected, it displays ee the values For each of the constants created. I's ie fiecinte using namespace st define LENGTH 50 define WIDTH 40 define HEIGHT 60 define NEWLINE ‘\n” int main © t cout << “Length is: “ << LENGTH << NEWLINE; cout << “Width is: “ << WIDTH << NEWLINE; cout << “Height is: “ << HEIGHT << NEWLINE; BTID The code, when built and executed, does exactly the same as before, using the new constant NEWLINE toinserta newline inthe cout statement. Incidentally, creating @ newline constant isnt a good idea unless you're makingit smaller than \n or even the endl command, PETER Cclining 2 constants 2 good way of initaising your base values at the start oF your code, You can define that your game has three lives, or even the value of Plwithout having to call up the C++ math library: #include using nanespace st define PI 3.14159 int main © t cout << “The value of Pi is: “ << PI << end BSTEEE DD Axcther method of defining aconstant swith the const keyword. Use const together with a data type, variable and value: const type variable = valve, Using Pias an example #include Using namespace std; int main © { const double PI = 3.14159; cout << “The value of Pi is: “ << PI << endl; i's worth mentioning that tidefine requires no memory, soif you're coding toa set amount of memory, stdin is your best bet. BRT SETERD Const works in much the same way as tdefine, You can create static integers and even newlines: #include Using namespace std; int main© i const int LENGTH = 50; const int WIDTH = 40; const char NEWLINE = int area: ‘rea = LENGTH * WIDTH; cout << “Area is: “ << area << NEWLINE;Zz C++ Input/Outpu File Input/Output The standard iostream library provides C++ coders with the cin and cout input and Mea aslo lnv aCe AM EU RWC ROM ETCH eee] (ile Usce- Thole) Go Ne-Ine=| (ler o-1 FSTREAMS ‘There are two main data types within the fstream library that are used to open a file, read From it and write to it, ofstream and Ifstream. Here's how they work. Thefetekistoceseanen ite andaing TREE weve nduedonnesindexiettc to Sua? with the usual headers you need to include the new SueP3 2 to help you understand the process. You created team header asting called name, tostore the user sinputed name. YOU ao Created texte caled ame wth the fear nef ard newt. open nes), askedthe ve forthe name and stored and then ten the dt the ile #include #include Using namespace stdj int main Q ‘include Haclude cestrean> using namespace std: ‘To readthe contents of afile, and output it to the snt mass () screen, you need todo things sightyciferenty Firstyou need to create a string variable to store the file's contents Re (line byline), then open the il, use getline to read the file ine by line and output those tiesto the screen. Fnaly, close the fil BETESE RD Secin by asking a user For their name and writing string Lines that information toa file. You need the usual string, ‘ifstream newfile C*name, txt”); tostore the name, and getline to accept the input from the user. cout << “Contents of the file: “ << endl; | exits ie; using namespace std; newfile.close(); ‘int main () t string names ofstream newfiles newfile open(“name.txt”);, cout: << “Enter your nane: “<< endl; getLineCcin, nave); newfile << name << endl; newfile.close(); aFETIP the cose above is oreatfor opening afile with one ortwo lines but what there are multiple lines? Here ‘we openeda text ile of the poem Cimmeria, by Robert E Howard: string Line; ‘ifstream newfile (“c:\\users\\david\\, Docunents\\Cinmeria. txt”); cout << “Cinmeria, by Robert E Howard: \n" << endl; while (getLine(newfile, Line)) cout << Line << end newfile.close(); Sue doubt see that we'venduded awhile oop, wich cverina fw pages te eeane tha while thre Br lines tobe read rom the tet, Cee genes them, Once athe tines ae read thecutputis played onthe screen and he fie closed BPE DD Youcan also see thatthe location of the text file Cimmmeria.txt isnt in the same folder asthe C++ program, When we created the first name.tt file, it was writen to the same Folder where the code was located; this is done by default. ‘To specify another folder, you need to use doubleback slashes, as, per the character literals/escape sequence code. Bree estas you might expect, you can write almost “anything you like toa file, For reading either in "Notepad or viathe console through the C++ code: string name; int age; ofstream newfile; newfile-open(“nane.txt”); cout << “Enter your nane: getline(cin, name); newfile << name << endl; << endl; cout << “\nHow old are you: “ << endl; cin >> ages newfile << age << endl; newfile.close(); FRED the code from step 8 differs again, but only where itcomes to adding the age integer. Notice that le used cin >> age, instead ofthe previous getine(cin, variable) The reason for thisisthat the gettine Function handles strings, not Integers; so when you're using a data type other than string, use the standard cn, sere'san exercise: seeifyoucan create codeto ma? ils write several different elements to a text file. You canhave ausers name, age, ohone number ete. Maybe even th nts sal good prac eee