UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TEHNOLOGY, PESHWAR.

US –PAKISTAN, CENTER FOR ADVACNED STUDY IN ENERGY.

ASSIGNMENT: 1

SUBJECT: I.C Engine. (Theory).

Name: Rimsha mukhtiar

DISCIPLINE: Energy Engineering.

REG NO: 21PWEE0005.

SUBMITTED DATE: 25-3-2024.

Submitted to:
Engr. Noor Muhammad.
Question no 1:

Discuss the 2 Strokes and 4 Strokes Engine in details along with comparative advantages and
dis-advantages.

ANSWER:

1. TWO-STROKE ENGINE:
“A two-stroke engine is a type of internal combustion engine that completes the four
stages of the combustion cycle (intake, compression, power, and exhaust) in just two
piston movements”

a) Operating Cycle:
The two-stroke engine completes the intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes
in just two movements of the piston (up and down). This means that every revolution of
the crankshaft produces power.
b) Simplicity:
Two-stroke engines have fewer moving parts compared to four-stroke engines, making
them simpler in design and typically lighter.
c) Power-to-Weight Ratio:
Due to their simpler design and fewer components, two-stroke engines tend to have a
higher power-to-weight ratio. This makes them desirable for applications where weight
and size are critical factors, such as in handheld equipment like chainsaws and weed
trimmers.
d) Less Maintenance:
With fewer moving parts, two-stroke engines generally require less maintenance and
are easier to repair.
e) Pollution:
Two-stroke engines are known for producing more pollution, as they tend to burn both
fuel and oil. This results in higher emissions of unburned hydrocarbons, which
contribute to air pollution.
f) Fuel Efficiency:
Two-stroke engines are typically less fuel-efficient compared to four-stroke engines
because they have a less efficient combustion process and burn some of the fuel-oil
mixture during the exhaust stroke.
 2. FOUR-STROKE ENGINE:
“A four-stroke engine is a type of internal combustion engine that completes the four
stages of the combustion cycle (intake, compression, power, and exhaust) in four
separate movements of the piston”

a) Operating Cycle:
The four-stroke engine completes the intake, compression, power, and exhaust
strokes in four separate movements of the piston. This means that it takes two
revolutions of the crankshaft to complete one full cycle.
b) Fuel Efficiency:
Four-stroke engines are generally more fuel-efficient than two-stroke engines
because they burn fuel more cleanly and completely. They also tend to have a
better combustion process, resulting in less wasted fuel.
c) Lower Pollution:
Four-stroke engines produce lower emissions compared to two-stroke engines
because they have a dedicated lubrication system and burn fuel more efficiently.
d) Durability:
Four-stroke engines tend to be more durable than two-stroke engines because
they operate at lower RPMs and have better lubrication systems, resulting in
reduced wear and tear on engine components.
e) Power-to-Weight Ratio:
Generally, four-stroke engines have a lower power-to-weight ratio compared to
two-stroke engines due to their more complex design and additional
components.

COMPARISON:

I. Power and Weight:

Two-stroke engines typically have a higher power-to-weight ratio, making them suitable
for applications where weight and size are critical. Four-stroke engines, on the other
hand, tend to be heavier but offer better fuel efficiency and lower emissions.
II. Fuel Efficiency and Emissions:
Four-stroke engines are more fuel-efficient and produce lower emissions compared to
two-stroke engines.
III. Complexity and Maintenance:
Two-stroke engines are simpler in design and require less maintenance compared to
four-stroke engines. However, they tend to have a shorter lifespan due to higher
operating stresses
IV. Application: Two-stroke engines are commonly used in lightweight applications such as
handheld tools and small recreational vehicles, while four-stroke engines are more
prevalent in larger vehicles like cars, motorcycles, and boats, as well as in stationary
power generators.

Q No2: Explain the reason of intake pressure boost in 2 Stroke engine which is not
essential for 4 Strokes engine?
ANSWER:
THE REASON OF INTAKE PRESSURE BOOST IN 2 STROKE ENGINE:
1. The intake pressure boost in a two-stroke engine serves a critical function that is not as
essential in a four-stroke engine. This boost is typically achieved through the use of a
device like a supercharger or a turbocharger.
2. The primary reason for this intake pressure boost in a two-stroke engine is to enhance
scavenging efficiency. Scavenging is the process by which exhaust gases are expelled
from the combustion chamber and replaced with a fresh air-fuel mixture. In a two-
stroke engine, this process needs to occur very rapidly because there is only one
revolution of the crankshaft for each power stroke, compared to two revolutions in a
four-stroke engine.
3. By increasing the intake pressure, the density of the air-fuel mixture entering the
combustion chamber is increased. This denser mixture facilitates better scavenging as it
helps to push out the exhaust gases more effectively. Improved scavenging leads to
better evacuation of the burnt gases and ensures a more efficient filling of the
combustion chamber with fresh mixture for the next cycle.
4. In a four-stroke engine, the intake and exhaust strokes are separate, so there is more
time available for these processes to occur without the need for additional pressure
boosting. The intake stroke draws in air-fuel mixture while the exhaust stroke expels the
burnt gases. The engine's camshaft and valves control these processes more precisely,
and there is less urgency compared to the rapid exchange required in a two-stroke
engine.
5. Therefore, while intake pressure boost can significantly enhance the performance of a
two-stroke engine by improving scavenging efficiency, it is not as critical for four-stroke
engines due to their different operating principles and longer duration available for
intake and exhaust processes
Q. No 3. Describe the typical engine cycle (2, 4 or 5 Strokes) used in the following engines along
with detailed reason:

 Very Small engine

 Very Large engine

 C. Automobile engine

1. VERY SMALL ENGINE:

Very small engines are commonly found in applications such as lawn mowers,
chainsaws, or small portable generators. These engines are typically designed for
simplicity, lightweight, and cost-effectiveness.
For very small engines, two-stroke cycles are often favored. The reasons for this choice
include:
Simplicity:
Two-stroke engines have fewer moving parts compared to four-stroke engines, making
them simpler to manufacture and maintain. This simplicity is crucial for very small
engines, where complexity can increase costs and decrease reliability.
Lightweight:
Two-stroke engines are generally lighter than four-stroke engines of similar power
output. In applications where portability is important, such as handheld tools or small
recreational vehicles, weight savings are desirable.
Compactness:
Two-stroke engines can achieve high power-to-weight ratios and are more compact
than four-stroke engines, which is advantageous in space-constrained applications.
High power output:
Two-stroke engines produce power with each revolution of the crankshaft, leading to
potentially higher power outputs relative to their size compared to four-stroke engines.
This characteristic is valuable in applications where a high power-to-size ratio is
essential, such as handheld power tools.
2. Very Large Engine:
Very large engines are commonly used in marine propulsion, power generation (such as
in electricity plants), and heavy-duty applications like locomotives or large construction
equipment. For very large engines, two-stroke and four-stroke cycles are both used, but
the choice depends on specific requirements and considerations:
Two-Stroke Engines:
Two-stroke engines have historically been popular in very large engines for their higher
power density, simplicity, and lower initial cost. They are often favored in applications
 where fuel efficiency is not the primary concern, but high power output and reliability
are crucial.
Four-Stroke Engines:
Four-stroke engines are increasingly being used in large engines, particularly in
applications where fuel efficiency and emissions compliance are important
considerations. While four-stroke engines are typically more complex and heavier than
two-stroke engines, they offer advantages in terms of better fuel economy, lower
emissions, and smoother operation.

3. Automobile Engine:
Automobile engines, also known as internal combustion engines, are found in cars,
trucks, and other vehicles. These engines are designed to provide a balance between
power output, fuel efficiency, emissions, and drivability.
The most common type of automobile engine is the four-stroke cycle engine. The
reasons for its widespread use include:
Fuel Efficiency:
Four-stroke engines generally offer better fuel efficiency compared to two-stroke
engines, primarily because they combust fuel only once every four strokes (as opposed
to once every two strokes in a two-stroke engine).
Emissions Compliance: Four-stroke engines produce fewer emissions, particularly of
unburned hydrocarbons and particulate matter, compared to two-stroke engines. This is
crucial for meeting increasingly stringent emissions regulations.
Smooth Operation: Four-stroke engines provide smoother operation due to their more
balanced power delivery and reduced vibration compared to two-stroke engines, which
is important for vehicle drivability and passenger comfort.
Versatility: Four-stroke engines can be designed to operate efficiently across a wide
range of operating conditions, from idling to high-speed cruising, making them well-
suited for automotive applications where versatility is essential.

Q. No 4. Explain various criteria used for engine classification.

ANSWER:
1. Fuel type:
a. Engines can be classified based on the type of fuel they use, such as gasoline,
diesel, natural gas, hydrogen, or alternative fuels like biodiesel or ethanol.
 b. This classification is important due to the significant impact of fuel type on
combustion characteristics, emissions, and overall engine design.
2. Cycle type:
a. Engines can be classified based on their operating cycle, such as two-stroke or
four-stroke cycles.
b. This classification is determined by the number of strokes required to complete
a full cycle of intake, compression, power, and exhaust.
c. Each cycle type has its own advantages and disadvantages, influencing factors
like efficiency, power output, emissions, and complexity.
3. Configuration:
a. Engines can be classified based on their configuration, including inline, v-type,
flat, or rotary engines.
b. This classification refers to the arrangement of cylinders and their orientation
relative to each other.
c. Different configurations offer unique advantages in TERMS OF packaging, balance,
and overall engine geometry, which can affect factors like performance,
efficiency, and vehicle layout.
4. cylinder arrangement:
a. Engines can be classified based on the arrangement of cylinders, such as inline,
horizontally opposed (boxer), or radial configurations.
b. Cylinder arrangement impacts factors like engine balance, packaging, and
vehicle integration, influencing aspects like vibration, weight distribution, and
space utilization.
5. number of cylinders:
a. Engines can be classified based on the number of cylinders they have,
such as single-cylinder, twin-cylinder, inline-four, and v6, v8, or v12
configurations.
b. The number of cylinders affects factors like power output, smoothness,
and overall engine size and complexity, with different cylinder counts
offering varying balances of performance and efficiency.
6. aspiration type:
a. Engines can be classified based on their aspiration type, including naturally
aspirated, turbocharged, or supercharged configurations.
b. This classification refers to the method used to increase air intake pressure,
affecting factors like power output, torque delivery, and engine responsiveness.
7. application:
 a. Engines can be classified based on their intended application, such as
automotive (cars, trucks, motorcycles), marine, aviation, stationary power
generation, or industrial equipment.
b. Different applications have specific requirements in terms of power, efficiency,
durability, and emissions compliance, leading to variations in engine design and
performance.
8. power output:
a. Engines can be classified based on their power output, ranging from small
engines used in handheld tools to large engines used in heavy-duty industrial or
marine applications.
b. This classification helps categorize engines based on their intended use and the
level of performance required for a given application.
9. emissions compliance:
a. Engines can be classified based on their emissions compliance, including
emissions standards such as euro, epa, or carb regulations.
b. This classification reflects the engine's ability to meet specific emissions
requirements and may influence factors like fuel injection technology, exhaust
after-treatment systems, and overall engine design.

THE END……