The document discusses the anatomy of the oral cavity and palate. It describes the structures in the oral cavity including the teeth, tongue, salivary glands and how the cavity is divided. It then discusses the anatomy of the tongue in detail, describing its muscles, blood supply and innervation. Finally, it discusses the anatomy of the hard and soft palate, describing their structures and muscles. It also discusses some clinical relevance regarding injuries to nerves that innervate the tongue and structures like cleft lip and palate.
The document discusses the anatomy of the oral cavity and palate. It describes the structures in the oral cavity including the teeth, tongue, salivary glands and how the cavity is divided. It then discusses the anatomy of the tongue in detail, describing its muscles, blood supply and innervation. Finally, it discusses the anatomy of the hard and soft palate, describing their structures and muscles. It also discusses some clinical relevance regarding injuries to nerves that innervate the tongue and structures like cleft lip and palate.
The document discusses the anatomy of the oral cavity and palate. It describes the structures in the oral cavity including the teeth, tongue, salivary glands and how the cavity is divided. It then discusses the anatomy of the tongue in detail, describing its muscles, blood supply and innervation. Finally, it discusses the anatomy of the hard and soft palate, describing their structures and muscles. It also discusses some clinical relevance regarding injuries to nerves that innervate the tongue and structures like cleft lip and palate.
The document discusses the anatomy of the oral cavity and palate. It describes the structures in the oral cavity including the teeth, tongue, salivary glands and how the cavity is divided. It then discusses the anatomy of the tongue in detail, describing its muscles, blood supply and innervation. Finally, it discusses the anatomy of the hard and soft palate, describing their structures and muscles. It also discusses some clinical relevance regarding injuries to nerves that innervate the tongue and structures like cleft lip and palate.
Oral cavity - The first part of the digestive system that contains the structures necessary for mastication and speech; teeth, tongue and salivary glands. - The cavity is separated into anterior and posterior parts by the dental arches (or teeth): the anterior oral vestibule sits anteriorly to the teeth and behind the lips, whilst the oral cavity proper describes the area behind the teeth. Oral cavity: Anteriorly it opens to the face through the oral opening, while posteriorly the oral cavity communicates with the oropharynx
Oral vestibule: receive the
opening of parotid duct (opposite upper 2nd molar tooth). Tongue • The tongue is the central part of the oral cavity. It’s a muscular organ Foramen whose base is attached to the floor of cecum the oral cavity, while its apex is free and mobile. • Is divided by a V-shaped sulcus Sulcus terminalis into two parts an anterior terminalis two-thirds and a posterior one-third.
• The foramen cecum is located at the
apex of the “V” . Tongue muscles The tongue is muscle. There are 8 in total; 4 intrinsic muscles and 4 extrinsic. Muscles that make up the inside of the tongue are called the intrinsic muscles of the tongue. Muscles that are located outside the tongue and only attach to it are called the extrinsic muscles of the tongue. The 4 intrinsic muscles of the tongue are: the superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transverse and vertical muscles.
Superior Innervation - hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
longitudinal Action - retracts and broadens tongue, elevates apex of tongue
Inferior longitudinal Innervation - hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) Action - retracts and broadens tongue, lowers apex of tongue
Vertical muscle Innervation - hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) Action - broadens and elongates tongue Genioglossus Origin - Superior mental spine of mandible Insertion - entire length of dorsum of tongue, lingual aponeurosis, body of hyoid bone Innervation - hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) Extrinsic muscles of Action - depresses and protrudes tongue (bilateral contraction); deviates tongue contralaterally (unilateral contraction) the tongue Hyoglossus Origin - body and greater horn of hyoid bone Insertion - inferior/ventral parts of lateral tongue Innervation - hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) Action - depresses and retracts tongue
Styloglossus Origin - anterolateral aspect of styloid process (of
temporal bone), stylomandibular ligament Insertion - blends with inferior longitudinal muscle (longitudinal part); blends with hyoglossus muscle (oblique part) Innervation - hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) Action - retracts and elevates lateral aspects of tongue
Palatoglossus Origin - palatine aponeurosis of soft palate
Insertion - lateral margins of tongue, blends with intrinsic muscles of tongue Innervation - vagus nerve (CN X) (via branches of pharyngeal plexus) Action - elevates root of tongue, constricts isthmus of fauces Nerve supply the of tongue
Motor: All muscles of the
tongue are innervated by hypoglossal nerve except palatoglossus, which is innervated by the vagus nerve. Sensory nerve supply of the tongue:
• Anterior two-thirds: receive general
sensory innervation from the lingual nerve [of mandibular V3 of trigeminal nerve 5th cranial] and taste sensation from the chorda tympani [of facial nerve 7th cranial].
• Posterior one-third and the vallate
papillae: receive both general and taste innervation from the glossopharyngeal nerve[9th cranial nerve]. Blood supply of the tongue • Arterial supply: Lingual artery
Origin: External carotid artery.
• Venous drainage: Lingual vein
Applied anatomy of the tongue Ankyloglossia The lingual frenulum is a small fold of mucous membrane that connects the middle of the lower surface of the tongue to the floor of the mouth. If it is too short, often from birth, the tongue may be abnormally retracted into the lower jaw. This lower position leads to a condition that is known as being “tongue tied.” and often goes untreated. It may be recognized with early infancy swallowing problems and speech impairment at school age as the short frenulum may interfere with tongue movements and function. Applied anatomy of the tongue
Hypoglossal nerve injury
Trauma to the lower jaw (mandible) may cause a fracture that injures the hypoglossal nerve, resulting in paralysis and eventual shrinking of one side of the tongue. After the injury, the tongue deviates to the paralyzed side when protruded. Palate The palate (also known as the ‘roof of the mouth’), forms a division between the nasal and oral cavities. It is separated into two distinct parts: •Hard palate – comprised of bone. • It is immobile. •Soft palate – comprised of muscle fibres covered by a mucous membrane. Hard palate
the posterior border of the hard palate. The posterior border of the soft palate is free (i.e. not connected to any structure, and has a central process that hangs from the midline – the uvula. • Muscles of soft palate
Muscles of the Soft Palate
- There are five muscles which give the actions of the soft palate.
• They are all innervated by the pharyngeal
branch of the vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve) except tensor palati muscle by mandibular nerve V3 of trigeminal. Motor nerve supply of Soft palate
• Muscles of soft palate are supplied by vagus
nerve except tensor palati by mandibular N.
• Lesion of the vagus nerve deviates the uvula
to the opposite side. Clinical Relevance: Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate A cleft refers to a gap/split in the upper lip or palate. It results from a defect during development of face and palate.
Cleft lip and cleft palate
are relatively common. In addition to the cosmetic and severe cleft lip/palate can be a cause of death if a baby is unable to feed. Other complications include recurrent ear infections and speech impediment.
