L.L.

B-I

Subject: English

Grammer Notes

Conditionals:
If Clause Main Clause Use
Zero Present Simple Present simple For things that are true
(If I do work/ if I do (I Pass the exam) Facts / habits
not)
First Present simple Future Simple For things that are likely
(If you win) (We will celebrate) to happen in present or
future.
Second Past Simple Model Verb → Would + Unlikely to / Dream
(If I won) Infinite. happen in present or
(I would Celebrate) future
Third Past Perfect Would + Have + Past Either something
(If I had won) participle happens in past or didn’t
(I would have
celebrated)

Examples of zero Conditionals:

 If it rains, the ground gets wet.

 If I get sick, I go to doctor.
 If you heat water, it boils.
 If she calls, I go with her.
 If you play, you win.

Note: Comma is compulsory after its clause.

Examples of First conditionals:

 If you lend me money, I will buy books.

 If it doesn’t rain, we will go to on picnic.
 If he comes, you will take him upstairs.
 If I go, he will receive me happily.

Examples of Second Conditional,

 If I were you, I would be doctor.

 If I participated, you would lose.
 If I Understand, I would explain.
 If I played hard, I would win.
  If my father were alive, I would bring him to meeting.

Examples of Third conditionals:

 If I had known him, I would have warned him.

 If you had run, you would have caught bus.
 If my friend had helped me, I would have completed the presentation.
 If I had meet him, I would have given the books.

Common Error:

Rules and usage:

1. Present & Past Tens.

Present tense is used to describe events whatever are going on while past tens describe whatever is
finished.

2. Use of Adverbs:

Adverb pf time, place and manner should be used correctly.

3. Your / You’re

“Your” indicates possession

“you’re” is short for “you are”

Ex: Can I have your coat?

You’re beautiful.

4. Misplacing Apostrophes.

→ Apostrophes indicates something belong to someone:

Ex: The girl’s sheep

The girls’ sheep (If owner is plural)

→ Apostrophes are used in short words.

Ex: can’t – cannot

→ Apostrophes are not to make plurals.

5. There / their / they’re

→ “their” is used to refer a place

→ “Their” is used to show possession.

Ex: Their house is far.

→ “They’re” is short form of “they are”

6. Similar spellings and words.

→ “two”, “too” and to

→” here” and “hear”

→ “Weather” and “whether”

7. Incomplete comparisons.

Ex: It was much hotter today (x)

It was much hooter than yesterday.

→ First degree takes no comparison, comparative degree takes “article” (the)

Ex: I am good. / Ex: the flowers are prettier than yesterday.

I am better than yesterday

I am the best in health.

8. Getting Adjectives and Adverb confused.

→ Adverb usually take “ly” in the end.

Ex: It was really nice today. (√)

It was really nice today (X)

9. Misplacing your modifiers:

Modifier modify noun / verb, they make sentence interesting. They should be placed with a right word.

Ex: he almost walked for the entire day (x)

He walked for almost the entire day (√)

Ex: He ran to the market slowly (√)

Ex: the girl said on Wednesday she would call us (X)

10. Falling into pronoun disagreement.

If the pronoun or noun is singular / masculine than Verb should also agree to this.

Ex: Every boy must sign in when they arrive (X)

Every boy must sign in when he arrives. (√)

Ex: she is playing his guitar (X)

She is playing her guitar.

11. using personal or reflexive pronoun.

• whatever the pronoun is, follow its kind. (√)

Ex: he is absent herself (X)

He is absent himself

Connectives:

Connectives have three grammatical categories, prepositions and adverbs

 conjunction joins words, phrase clauses and sentences.

 preposition describe place and time between two things.
 Adverb modifies verb, adjective and clause in how, when, where and why.
 while connectives can be used for additions of ideas, time, order of sequence, space, place,
example, results, purpose, comparison, contrast and to summaries the report.

Addition of ideas: Place: Purpose: Summaries:

And, besides, also, Above, behind, below •To this end •to summary
furthermore, moreover, in there, to right, nearby, on •for this purpose •to sum up
additional the other side •with this in mind •to repeat
•briefly
•in short
•Finally
Times: Example: Comparison: •on the whole
Next, finally, Now, •for example •like •therefore
subsequently, After a •to illustrate •in the some •as I Have said
short time, therefore •for instance •as so • in conclusion
•to be specific • similarly, • as you can see
•such as
•moreover
Order: Result: Contrast connectives:
•first •As a result •but
•second •hence •in contrast
•finally •for this reason •however
•from here •according •still
•to begin •therefore •nevertheless
•lastly •consequence •on the other Hand,
Punctuation:

Full stop(.) Ellipses (……) Questions Mark (?)

Used at the end of sentences(.) It shows at the end to show Used at the end to ask question.
information is continued (……) (?)
Comma: Semi-colon (;) Colon (:)
To introduce list to separate It is used between two clauses to If is placed to introduce a list.
Ideas, clause. show closer relation. _ I Bought things: pen, marker ,
If used a comma, then added a _ No need to use conjunction; …
period use only semi-colon
Dash (_) Exclamation(!) Hyphen (-)
Dash is used to separate Words To show feelings or emphasis. The small dash between two
into statement. “En dash”, “Em I want to laugh! independent words, or two same
dash” letters.
Both are different Co-operate, time machine
Parenthesis: Quotation Mark: Apostrophe (‘)
Used to show unnecessary Used to highlight spoken words. Used to show possession.
Information. “We can’t go in there” Jim’s car
My brother (Affan & Hashir) Boy’s car (plural)
came there Can’t

Dash:

 It can replace colon.

 He is afraid to two things: Spider and senior prom.
 He is afraid pf two things _ spider and senior prom.

→ After a split second of hesitation, the second baseman leaped for the ball _ or, rather, limped for it.

→ After a split second of hesitation, the second baseman leaped for the ball or, rather, limped for it

Note: (both are correct)

→ en dash is used b/w numbers (2002-2003).

Subject – Verb Agreement:

Rules & Examples:

Subject-Verb Agreement:

 Singular verb should have a singular subject:

Ex: She likes to have a dessert after meal kurt and naila play piano.

 Combined subjects takes plural verb:

Ex: Krish and Radha are on their way.

 More than one subject with “or” conjunction take singular verb:
Ex: your mom or dad has to be here.

 Pronouns anybody, anyone, no one, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody, are singular.
Ex: Nobody has understood.

Everyone was happy.

 In “either – or”, “Neither – nor”, Verb agrees with last one.

Ex: Either teacher or student have to take the initiative.

 Nouns that are plural by default take plural verb.

Ex: Police have arrested thief.

The news are around the city.

 Negative and interrogative are according to their tens.

Ex: Do you read novels?

Do they come often?

Does he play cricket?

I do not recognize him.

 When sentences start with “here”, “there”, “these”, “those”, “this”, “that”, takes verb
according to subject.
Ex: Here lies your book.

These movies are good.

 Abstract nouns and uncountable are singular.

Ex: Honesty is the best policy.

Love makes people do crazy things.

 When subject refers to period of time, distance or sum of money, use singular verb.
Ex: 10 years is not an enough duration.

Do you think 1000 rupees is little?

1267 km is too long for us to travel.

 Collectives noun depend on context.

Ex: My family is settled in Austria.

All groups of participants have arrived.

  Adjective, “all”, “a lot”, “some” make a phrase, so the verb depends on noun in this phrase.
Ex: A lot of food is left.

All of the dresses are tight.

 “Each”, “Every” is considered singular.

Ex: Each student is present.

Every teacher should follow it.

 When you request or wish, verb is used plural.

Ex: I wish, I where a bird.

We request that everyone keep quiet.

Transitive verb and intransitive verb:

Transitive verb: Intransitive Verb

A verb which needs an object is transitive. A verb cannot have an object is intransitive.

Ex: You buy something. Ex: We waited but nobody came.

I stopped the car. You cannot smile.
He runs a store. The car stopped.
Difference between summary and preci:

Preci: Summary:
A small replica or a model of any passage or Shortened description of any passage or article
article
Preci must have an heading Reference to original source is important
It ia maintain the order of original piece and is Not specifically have to maintain the order and
always in written format can be written as well as spoken.
It uses some tone and mood given in the writing It can be expressed in listener’s / Reader’s
to express the idea words. It is an interpretation.
In preci, the order extracts the main idea. In summary, main points are to be expressed

It is replica of the original message with It does not need any conclusion.
conclusion.
It maintains the keywords data and concept It expresses the main idea with evidence in
from source. support.
 Memo writing.

 Be specific, measurable, Attainable, Relevant, time-bound (SMART)

 No informal language.
 Only main points.
Memo: A short, formal message.

Data:

Memoto: organization, department

From: Name of person.

Subjects: Purpose of memo

Introduction: summary in paragraph whatever is happening...

Background: why it is pursued due to what data, research and what are intended results.

Timeline: since when it is effective, who is responsible. And when they can give their comments.

Application writing:

Principal,

The sage law college.

Attari Darbar LHR.

Subject:

Respected sir,

(Body of application)

Thanking you in anticipation.

Sincerely,

Your name.

Date:

Book review writing:

A review is a critical evaluation of a text, event or an object. It has an arrangement about book or article.

Introduction:

 A brief description of title or starting of a book.

Plot / Summary:

 Plot of the book with concise summary.

Review:

 Your reaction towards book.

 Positive things about book.
 Negative things.
 Style of writer.
Conclusion:

 Final statement about book.

 What will be its effect on reader.
 What type of work it is.
 Audience would like it or not.