CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that,

Sr.No Name Of Students Enrollment No.

1 Honmane Vivek Dattatray 2110740151

2 Sonawane Ashish Bhairavnath 2110740189

3 Kshirsagar Parth Sanjay 2110740158

4 Sutar Vivek Eknath 2110740150

5 Bagal Prathmesh Vikram 21110740193

Of Last Year Of Civil Engineering Has Satisfactorily Submitted The Report on

“PERVIOUS CONCRETE ROAD PAVEMENT”

In The Partial Fulfilment of The diploma In Civil Engineering As Per

Curriculum Laid By The Solapur University, Solapur Academic Year 2022-2023.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,

SVERI’S COLLAGE OF ENGINEEIRING (POLY)

S.N.BAHIRWADI R.J.SALUNKE
( Project Guide ) ( H.O.D
)

ACKNOWLEDMENT

We deem it our proud privilege to express my heartfelt gratitude To Mr. Salunke R.J Head of the
department of Civil Engineering, SVERI’s COE (POLY) Pandharpur. we take this opportunity to
express my profound gratitude to them for their invaluable guidance,continuous encouragement,
suggestions, and discussions at various stages of work. These words are formal thanks, which cannot
express the real depth of feeling and affection that we have towards them.
We are extremely thankful and pay my gratitude to our Project Guide Ms.Bahirwadi.S.N and all the
faculty members of the Civil Engineering, for their valuable suggestions during the project work.
We would like to extend my special thanks to Mr.Kalubarme.A.H sir for spending his valuable time
to go through our report and providing may helpful suggestions. We also acknowledge with a deep
sense of reverence, my gratitude towards my parents and members of my family, who has always
supported me.
At Last but not least gratitude goes to all of our friends who directly or indirectly helped me to
complete this project work.
Any on mission in this brief acknowledgement does not mean lack of gratitude.

Thanking you
 ABSTRACT

Water Absorbing pavement is a new technique in Pavement construction. Through this

technique we can find a solution for the low ground water level, effective management of storm
water runoff, Agricultural problems, etc. Pervious concrete can be introduced in low traffic volume
areas, walk ways, sub base for concrete pavements, inter locking material etc. Pervious concrete as
a paving material have the ability to allow water to flow through itself to recharge ground water
level and minimize surface storm water runoff. This property of porous concrete reviews its
applications and engineering properties, including environmental benefits, strength and durability.
By replacing a part of cement with conplast SP430, then it results the more strength to the concrete.
Hence it acts as an eco-friendly paving material.

KEYWORDS:

Pervious Concrete, Storm Water, Ground water Recharging, Light Weight, Waste
MaterialManagement, Strength, Durability...

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 6-8

CONTENTS 9-10

Chapter 1_INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction on porous concrete
1.2 History of porous concrete 11-13
1.3 What is porous concrete
1.4 Methodology
1.5 Literature review

Chapter 2 _ BENEFITS
2.1 Benefits of Pervious Concrete
2.2 Environmental Benefits 13-20
2.3 Major applications of pervious concrete
2.4 Advantages & Disadvantages

Chapter-3_MATERIALS USED
3.1 Cement
3.2 Coarse Aggregate
3.3 Water
3.4 conplast SP430 11-12
3.5 sand for impervious Concrete Block

Chapter 4_EXPERIMENTAL WORK

4.1 Test on cement
4.2 Tests on aggregates
4.3 Test on sand for impervious cube
4.4 Mix design & Preparation of porous Cube Specimens
4.5 Mix design & Prepartion of impervious cube specimans
4.6 Testing of Both cubes

Chapter-5_RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

5.1 Compressive strength Results of porous block
5.2 Compressive Strength Result of impervious Block
5.3 Test results of Both
5.4 Scope for Future Work For porous Block
5.5 Conclusion
5.6 References
Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction on porous concrete

Porous pavement is a storm water drainage system that allows rain water and runoff to
move through the pavements surface to storage layer below, with the eventually seeping into the
underlying soil. Permeable pavement is beneficial to the environment because it can reduce storm
water volume, treat the storm water quality, and replenish the ground water supply and lower air
temperatures on hot days. Due to increased void ratio, water conveyed through the surface and
allowed to infiltrate and evaporate, whereas conventional surfaces will not do so. A porous
pavement surface therefore becomes an active participant in hydrological cycle: rain fall and snow
melt are conveyed back through soil into ground water. And also this pavement technology creates
more efficient land use by eliminating the need for retention ponds, swales, and other storm water
management devices. In doing so, pervious concrete has the Ability to lower overall project costs
on a first-cost basis. In previous concrete, carefully controlled amounts of water and cementitious
materials are used to create a paste that forms a thick coating around aggregate particles. A pervious
concrete mixture contains little or no sand, creating a substantial void content. And that’s why it is
also known as No fines Concrete. Using sufficient paste to coat and bind the aggregate particles
together creates a system of highly permeable, Interconnected voids that drain quickly. For porous
concrete, water permeability is the main specification requirement instead of its strength and
continuity of the open pores is the main concern in the production of porous concrete. The high
water permeability of porous concrete makes it to be considered as an environmentally friendly
concrete. When the component materials of porous concrete, environmentally unfriendly Portland
cement is partially replaced by supplementary cementitious materials, such as fly ash, ground
granulated blast furnace slag and coarse aggregates by recycled concrete aggregate, then the porous
concrete could be considered as environmentally concrete for sustainable construction.

1.2 History of porous concrete

Within the UK in 1852, the primary use of permeable concrete was with the growth of two
homes that are residential and an ocean barrier. Price potency appears to possess the first motive
for its original practice because of the restricted cement quantity used. Absolutely, it was not until
1923 once permeable concrete resurfaced as a feasible structure material. Now it absolutely was
restricted to the development of two storey households in areas like European country, London,
Liverpool and Manchester. Porous concrete usage in Europe redoubled steady, particularly within
the war II generation. As permeable concrete utilize fewer cement than typical concrete for cement
was scarce at this point. It appeared that porous concrete was the simplest suites material for that
amount. Thus, it gained continued quality and it unfold to areas like West Africa, Australia,
Venezuela, Russia and the geographical region.
1.2.1 Texture and pattern
Pervious concrete has a rough, open texture that has been compared to a rice cake. Color
may be more pronounced because the rough texture reduces the glare associated with
conventional concrete pavement. The size and shape (round or angular) of the coarse aggregate in
a mixture are significant visual design variables.

1.2.2 Basic principle of pervious concrete

Pervious concrete by virtue of its nature of lay connected voids facilitates straightforward
and water unfold of the natural resources becomes straightforward and easy as against PCC,
RCC.

1.3 Methodology

A laboratory study evaluating strength and infiltration, concrete mix was performed. The
experiments included compressive strength tests, infiltration rate test on clean specimens. For
experimentation M -25 controlled concrete using locally available building materials and OPC -53
grade cement is used with suitable dose of admixture (conplast SP430). Grade 53 OPC cement
was used with aggregate size retain on the 4.75mm sieve and passing through 10 mm seive. A
steel tamping rod with 16mm diameter and 0.6m length and having bullet ends was used for
compacting the concrete. The fine fractions in the concrete is reduced from 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%
for that fine fractions of 3 cubes are prepares Mix designing of M -25 controlled concrete is done
and results are validated by casting 3 cube samples (150mm×150mm×150mm) and subsequently
testing infiltration rate and compressive strength after 7 Days ,14 days and 28 days.
1.4 Literature review

Many research works have been done on pervious concrete since 18 th century. These
researches have been proved to be helpful in understanding the behavior of pervious
concrete. From these papers, this can be summarized that Europeans first used the porous
concrete in 1800s for pavement surfacing and load bearing walls. It has been in use in United
States since 1970s (Malhotra 1976), in India it became popular in 2000. Its popularity has
increased significantly since last 10 years since its usefulness in managing storm water
runoff is realized.
At present research works are going on comparison of pervious concrete and porous
asphalt pervious concrete mix design for wearing coarse applications and performance of
pervious concrete pavement in cold weather climate serviceability of pervious concrete
pavements and increasing exfiltration from pervious concrete into the underlying clay soil
etc. Future research needs on porous concrete are research on more applications and case
studies of porous concrete such as on low volume streets, highway shoulders, medians and
swales research on construction techniques to standardize the most effective placement
technique (plate compactor, vibratory screed, roller, high density paver); methods to reduce
ground water pollution durability and maintenance.

M. HarshavarthanaBalaji and M.R.Amarnaath carried out research on Design of eco friendly

pervious concrete. From the test results it was concluded that the mix design with aggregate and
cement ratio of 3 has the maximum strength, This mix design gives us the required strength of M20
grade concrete and this mix design has the required void ratio for the water seepage.

Meininger studied the effect of different aggregate sizes (10mm and 19mm) on hardened
Properties of non-fine concretes and the results showed that compressive strength reduces with
increase in aggregates size. It claimed the decrease of aggregate size led to higher pervious concrete
strength, resulting from the increase of the interface strength between the aggregate and cement
paste.
2.4 Advantages & Disadvantages
2.4.1 Advantages
1.Effective surface Runoff Management
Permeable paving surface allows water to percolate though itself. They are effective in managing
runoff from paved surfaces, thus providing local flood control.

2.Control over Pollutants

Permeable paving surfaces keep the pollutants in place in the soil or other material underlying the
roadway, and allow water seepage to groundwater recharge while preventing the stream erosion
problems.

3.Ground Water Recharge

Permeable pavement contributes a lot in to ground water recharge.

4. Reduction in Cost
It reduces the need for traditional storm water infrastructure, which may reduce the overall.

2.4.2 Disadvantages
1. Traffic Loads and Volumes
Observations differ on whether low or medium traffic volumes and weights are appropriate for porous
pavements.

2. Lack of Standard Test Method

This subject is a matter of research over the past time, and hence, it does not still have a standard
method for testing.

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8
Chapter-3_MATERIALS USED

3. Materials

3.1 Cement
53 Grade OPC provides high strength and durability to structure because of its optimum
particle size distribution and superior crystalized structure. Being a high strength cement, it pro -
vides numerous advantages wherever concrete for special high strength application is required,
such as in the construction of skyscrapers, bridges, flyovers, chimneys, runways, concrete roads
and other heavy load bearing structures.

3.2. Coarse Aggregate

Coarse aggregate was used as a primary ingredient in making the permeable concrete. Larger
aggregates provide a rougher surface. Recent uses for pervious concrete have focused on parking
lots, low -traffic pavements, and pedestrian walkways. For these applications, the smallest sized
aggregate feasible is used for aesthetic reasons. Coarse Aggregates are those that are retained on
the sieve of mesh size 4.75 mm. Their upper size is generally around 7.5 mm. Gravels from river
bed are the best coarse aggregates in the making of Common Concrete.

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3.3 Water
Water to cementitious materials ratios between 0.34 and 0.40 are used routinely with proper
inclusion of chemical admixtures, and those as high as 0.45 and 0.52 have been used successfully.
The relation between strength and water to cementitious materials ratio is not clear for pervious
concrete because unlike conventional concrete, the total paste content is less than the voids con-
tent between the aggregates.

3.4 Admixture
Chemical admixtures are used in pervious concrete to obtain special properties, as in con-
ventional concrete. Because of the rapid setting time associated with pervious concrete, retarders
or hydration-stabilizing admixtures are used commonly. Here we used conplast SP430.
Conplast SP430 complies with IS: 9103:1999 and BS: 5075 Part 3 .Conplast SP430 con -
forms to ASTM-C-494 Type 'G. It is the high performance water reducing and super plasticizing
admixture. Conplast SP430 is based on Sulphonated Naphthalene Polymers and is supplied as a
brown liquid instantly dispersible in water. Conplast SP430 has been specially formulated to give
high water reductions upto 25% without loss of workability or to produce high quality concrete.
The main advantages of this admixture are improved workability, increased strength, improved
quality, higher cohesion and chloride free
8
 Chapter-4
EXPERIMENTAL WORK

4.1 Test on cement :

53 Grade OPC provides high strength and durability to structure because of its optimum particle
size distribution and superior crystalized structure.

4.1.1 FIELD TESTS FOR CEMENT :

• Colour of Cement Should be Greenish Grey

• Should not contain any visible lumps

• Should have homogeneous colour and texture.

• Should give Cool feeling when hand is thrusted inside the bag of cement

• Should give smooth feeling not gritty when rubbed between the fingers.

• When a handful of cement is thrown in a bucket full of water it should float on the surface of
water
before sinking

4.1.2 FinenessTest On Cement

• PROCEDURE:

1. Accurately weigh 100 gms of cement sample and place it over the test sieve. Gently
breakdown the air set lumps if any with fingers.

2. Hold the sieve with pan in both hands and sieve with gentle wrist motion, in circular and
vertical motion for a period of 10 to 15 minutes without any spilling of cement.

3. Place the cover on the sieve and remove the pan. Now tap the other side of the sieve with the
handle of brush and clean the outer side of the sieve.

4. Empty the pan and fix it below the sieve and continue sieving as mentioned in the steps 2 and
3.
totally sieve for 15 minutes and weigh the residue (Left over the sieve).

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4.2 TEST ON AGGREGATES :

4.2.1 Aggregate Impact Test

The aggregate impact value gives a relative measure of the resistance of an aggregate to sudden shock
or impact, which in some aggregates differs from its resistance to a slow compressive load.

Procedure

1. The test sample shall consist of aggregate the whole of which passes a 12.5 mm IS Sieve and is
retained on a 10 mm IS Sieve. The aggregate comprising the test sample shall be dried in an oven for a
period of four hours at a temperature of 100 to 110°C and cooled.

2. The measure shall be filled about one-third full with the aggregate and tamped with 25 strokes
of the rounded end of the tamping rod. Further similar quantity of aggregate shall be added and a
further tamping of 25 strokes given. The measure shall finally be filled to overflowing, tamped 25 times
and the surplus aggregate struck off, using the tamping rod as a straight edge. The net weight of
aggregate in the measure shall be determined to the nearest gram (Weight A).

3. The impact machine shall rest without wedging or packing upon the level plate, block or floor,
so that it is rigid and the hammer guide columns are vertical.

4. The cup shall be fixed firmly in position on the base of the machine and the whole of the test
sample placed in it 13 and compacted by a single tamping of 25 strokes of the tamping rod.

5. The hammer shall be raised until its lower face is 380 mm above the upper surface of the
aggregate in the cup, and allowed to fall freely on to the aggregate. The test sample shall be subjected to
a total of 15 such blows each being delivered at an interval of not less than one second.

6. The crushed aggregate shall then be removed from the cup and the whole of it sieved on the 2.36
mm IS Sieve until no further significant amount passes in one minute. The fraction passing the sieve
shall be weighed to an accuracy of 0.1 g (Weight. B).

7. The fraction retained on the sieve shall also be weighed (Weight C) and, if the total weight
(C+B) is less than the initial weight (Weight A) by more than one gram, the result shall be discarded
and a fresh test made. Two tests shall be made.

The ratio of the weight of fines formed to the total sample weight in each test shall he expressed as a
percentage, the result being recorded to the first decimal place: Aggregate Impact Value = (B/A) X
100 where A = weight in g of saturated surface - dry sample,
B = weight in g of fraction passing through 2.36 mm IS Sieve.

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Fig. Impact appratus for aggregate testing

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4.2.2 Water Absorbation Test :

Water absorption gives an idea on the internal structure of aggregate. Aggregates having more
absorption are more porous in nature and are generally considered unsuitable, unless found to be
acceptable based on strength, impact and hardness tests.

Procedure

1. About 2 kg of aggregate sample is taken, washed to remove fines and then placed in the wire
basket. The wire basket is then immersed in water, which is at a temperature of 220C to 320C.

2. Immediately after immersion the entrapped air is removed from the sample by lifting the basket
25 mm above the base of the tank and allowing it to drop, 25 times at a rate of about one drop per
second.

3. The basket, with aggregate are kept completely immersed in water for a period of 24 ± 0.5 hour.

4. The basket and aggregate are weighed while suspended in water, which is at a temperature of
220C to 320C.

5. The basket and aggregates are removed from water and dried with dry absorbent cloth.

6. The surface dried aggregates are also weighed.

7. The aggregate is placed in a shallow tray and heated to 100 to 1100C in the oven for 24 ± 0.5
hours. Later, it is cooled in an airtight container and weighed.

i) 1. Weight of saturated aggregates in air: W1 g =

ii) 2. Weight of oven dry aggregates in air: W2 g =

Water Absorption (%)= [(W1-W2)*100]/W2

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 - 18 -

Fig. Water absorbtion test appratus

13
-19- 4.3 Test On Sand For Impervious
Block

4.3.1 silt content

Apparatus required

• 250 ml measuring cylinder

• Water

• Sand & Tray

Test Procedure

• First, we have to fill the measuring cylinder with 1% solution of salt and water up to 50
ml

• Add sand to it until the level reaches 100 ml. Then fill the solution up to 150 ml level.

• Cover the cylinder and shake it well

• After 3 hours, the silt content settled down over the sand layer

• Now note down the silt layer alone volume as V1 ml (settled over the sand)

• Then note down the sand volume (below the silt) as V2 ml

• Repeat the procedure two more times to get the average

14
-20-

Fig.appratus for silt content

Fig. Water absorbtion test appratus

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Mix design of porous concrete

4.1.1 Void Content

At a void content lower than 15%, there is no significant percolation through the
concrete due to insufficient interconnectivity between the voids to allow for rapid
percolation. So, concrete mixtures are typically designed for 20% void content in order to
attain sufficient strength and infiltration rate.

4.1.2 Water – Cement Ratio

The water-cementitious material ratio (w/cm) is an important consideration for obtaining

desired strength and void structure in pervious concrete. A high w/cm reduces the adhesion
of the paste to the aggregate and causes the paste to flow and fill the voids even when lightly
compacted. A low w/cm will prevent good mixing and tend to cause balling in the mixer,
prevent an even distribution of cement paste, and therefore reduce the ultimate strength and
durability of the concrete. w/cm in the range of 0.26 to 0.40 provides the best aggregate
coating and paste stability. The conventional w/cm-versus-compressive strength relationship
for normal concrete does not apply to pervious concrete. Careful control of aggregate
moisture and w/cm is important to produce consistent pervious concrete.

4.1.3 Cement Content

The total cementitious material content of a pervious concrete mixture is important for the
development of compressive strength and void structure. An insufficient cementitious
content can result in reduced paste coating of the aggregate and reduced compressive
strength. The optimum cementitious material content is strongly dependent on aggregate
size and gradation.
It provides the tests to be conducted in the laboratory to observe if the target void contents

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 4.3 Prepartion for cube speciman of impervious concrete Block
4.3.1 Mixing

➔ Mix the cement, Sand & coarse aggregate on a water tight none-absorbent platform
until the mixture is thoroughly blended and is of uniform colour.

➔ Add water and stir properly and mix it well.

➔ Mix it until the concrete appears to be homogeneous and of the desired consistency.

4.3.2 SAMPLING

 Clean the 3 mounds and apply grease.

 Fill the concrete in the moulds in 3 equal layers

 Compact each layer with not less than 35strokes per layer using a tamping rod (steel
bar 16mm diameter and 60cm long, bullet pointed at lower end)

 Level the top surface and smoothen it with a trowel

21
4.3.3 Curing of the Both specimens

The test specimens are stored in moist air for 24hours and after this period the specimens are
marked and removed from the moulds and kept submerged in clear fresh water until taken out.

Fig. Pervious block

Fig.impervious block

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