1.

SINGLE STAGE BJT AMPLIFIER

AIM:
1. To Measure the voltage gain of a CE amplifier
2. To draw the frequency response curve of the CE amplifier

APPARATUS: Transistor BC-107 Regulated power Supply (0-30V, 1A), Function

Generator, CRO, Resistors [33KΩ, 3.3KΩ, 330Ω, 1.5KΩ 1KΩ, 2.2KΩ, 4.7KΩ],
Capacitors- 10µF -2No 100µF, Bread Board, Connecting Wires.

THEORY: The CE amplifier provides high gain &wide frequency response. The
emitter lead is common to both input & output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-
base circuit is forward biased. The collector current is controlled by the base current
rather than emitter current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor
and amplifier output is taken across collector terminal. A very small change in base
current produces a much larger change in collector current. When +VE half-cycle is fed
to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of the circuit which causes the collector
current to decrease, it decreases the voltage more –VE. Thus when input cycle varies
through a -VE half-cycle, increases the forward bias of the circuit, which causes the
collector current to increases thus the output signal is common emitter amplifier is in
out of phase with the input signal.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram
 2. Apply the input of 20mV peak-to-peak and 1 KHz frequency using Function
Generator
3. Measure the Output Voltage Vo (p-p) for various load resistors
4. Tabulate the readings in the tabular form.
5. The voltage gain can be calculated by using the expression Av= (V0/Vi)
6. For plotting the frequency response the input voltage is kept Constant at 20mV peak-
to-peak and the frequency is varied from 100Hz to 1MHz Using function generator
7. Note down the value of output voltage for each frequency.
8. All the readings are tabulated and voltage gain in dB is calculated by Using The
expression Av=20 log10 (V0/Vi)
9. A graph is drawn by taking frequency on x-axis and gain in dB on y-axis On Semi-
log graph.

The band width of the amplifier is calculated from the graph Using the expression,

Bandwidth, BW=f2-f1
Where f1 lower cut-off frequency of CE amplifier, and Where f2 upper cut-off
frequency of CE amplifier
The bandwidth product of the amplifier is calculated using the Expression
Gain Bandwidth product=3-dBmidband gain X Bandwidth

OBSERVATIONS:
Input voltage Vi=20mV
MODELWAVE FORMS:
INPUT WAVE FORM:

OUTPUT WAVE FORM:

FREQUENCY RESPONSE:

RESULT: The voltage gain and frequency response of the CE amplifier are obtained. Also gain
bandwidth product of the amplifier is calculated.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is phase difference between input and output waveforms of CE amplifier?
2. What type of biasing is used in the given circuit?
3. If the given transistor is replaced by a p-n-p, can we get output or not?
4. What is effect of emitter-bypass capacitor on frequency response?
5. What is the effect of coupling capacitor?
6. What is region of the transistor so that it is operated as an amplifier?
7. How does transistor acts as an amplifier?
8. Draw the h-parameter model of CE amplifier?
9. What type of transistor configuration is used in intermediate stages of a multistage amplifier?
10.What is Early effect?
 2. TWO STAGE BJT AMPLIFIER

AIM: To calculate voltage gain, to observe frequency response.

APPARATUS: Transistors - BC 107 -2Nos, Resistors - 3.3K -2Nos, 33k -2Nos, 330Ω -2Nos,
1k -2Nos, Capacitors - 100uF -3Nos, 10uF -2Nos, Bread Board, Regulated power supply,
Cathode ray oscilloscope.
THEORY: This is most popular type of coupling as it provides excellent audio fidelity. A
coupling capacitor is used to connect output of first stage to input of second stage. Resistances
R1, R2,Re form biasing and stabilization network. Emitter bypass capacitor offers low
reactance paths to signal coupling Capacitor transmits ac signal, blocks DC. Cascade stages
amplify signal and overall gain is increased total gain is less than product of gains of individual
stages. Thus for more gain coupling is done and overall gain of two stages equals to A=A1*A2
A1=voltage gain of first stage A2=voltage gain of second stage. When ac signal is applied to
the base of the transistor, its amplified output appears across the collector resistor Rc.It is given
to the second stage for further amplification and signal appears with more strength. Frequency
response curve is obtained by plotting a graph between frequency and gain in db .The gain is
constant in mid frequency range and gain decreases on both sides of the mid frequency range.
The gain decreases in the low frequency range due to coupling capacitor Cc and at high
frequencies due to junction capacitance Cbe.
PROCEDURE:
1. Apply input by using function generator to the circuit.
2. Observe the output waveform on CRO.
3. Measure the voltage at a. Output of first stage b. Output of second stage.
4. From the readings calculate voltage gain of first stage, second stage and overall gain of two
stages. Disconnect second stage and then measure output voltage of first stage calculate voltage
gain.
5. Compare it with voltage gain obtained when second stage was connected.
6. Note down various values of gain for different frequencies.
7. A graph is plotted between frequency and voltage gain.
PRECAUTIONS:
1) All connections should be tight.
2) Transistor terminals must be identifying properly.
3) Reading should be taken with out any parallax error.
RESULT: Thus voltage gain is calculated and frequency response is observed along with
loading affect.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1) What is the necessity of cascading?
2) What is 3dB bandwidth?
3) Why RC coupling is preferred in audio range?
4) Which type of coupling is preferred and why?
5) Explain various types of Capacitors?
6) What is loading effect?
7) Why it is known as RC coupling?
8) What is the purpose of emitter bypass capacitor?
9) Which type of biasing is used in RC coupled amplifier?
 3.FET AMPLIFIER

AIM: 1. To obtain the frequency response of the common source FET Amplifier 2. To find the
Bandwidth.
APPRATUS: N-channel FET (BFW11), Resistors (6.8KΩ, 1MΩ, 1.5KΩ), Capacitors (0.1µF,
47µF), Regulated power Supply (0-30V), Function generator, CRO, CRO probes, Bread
board,Connecting wires.

THEORY:
A field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor commonly used for weak-signal
amplification (for example, for amplifying wireless (signals). The device can amplify analog
or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET, current flows
along a semiconductor path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode
called the source. At the other end of the channel, there is an electrode called the drain. The
physical diameter of the channel is fixed, but its effective electrical diameter can be varied by
the application of a voltage to a control electrode called the gate. Field-effect transistors exist
in two major classifications. These are known as the junction FET (JFET) and the metal-oxide-
semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The junction FET has a channel consisting of N-type
semiconductor (Nchannel) or P-type semiconductor (P-channel) material; the gate is made of
the opposite semiconductor type. In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the
form of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-type material, the charge carriers are primarily
electrons. In a JFET, the junction is the boundary between the channel and the gate. Normally,
this P-N junction is reverse-biased (a DC voltage is applied to it) so that no current flows
between the channel and the gate. However, under some conditions there is a small current
through the junction during part of the input signal cycle. The FET has some advantages and
some disadvantages relative to the bipolar transistor. Field-effect transistors are preferred for
weak-signal work, for example in wireless, communications and broadcast receivers. They are
also preferred in circuits and systems requiring high impedance. The FET is not, in general,
used for high-power amplification, such as is required in large wireless communications and
broadcast transmitters.
Field-effect transistors are fabricated onto silicon integrated circuit (IC) chips. A single IC can
contain many thousands of FETs, along with other components such as resistors, capacitors,
and diodes.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. A signal of 1 KHz frequency and 50mV peak-to-peak is applied at the Input of amplifier.
3. Output is taken at drain and gain is calculated by using the expression, Av=V0/Vi
4. Voltage gain in dB is calculated by using the expression, Av=20log 10(V0/Vi)
5. Repeat the above steps for various input voltages.
6. Plot Av vs. Frequency
7. The Bandwidth of the amplifier is calculated from the graph using the
Expression,
Bandwidth BW=f2-f1
Where f1 is lower 3 dB frequency f2 is upper 3 dB frequency
OBSERVATIONS:

MODEL GRAPH:
PRECAUTIONS:
1. All the connections should be tight.
2. Transistor terminals must be identified properly .
RESULT: The frequency response of the common source FET Amplifier and Bandwidth is
obtained.
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is the difference between FET and BJT?
2. FET is unipolar or bipolar?
3. Draw the symbol of FET?
4. What are the applications of FET?
5. FET is voltage controlled or current controlled?
6. Draw the equivalent circuit of common source FET amplifier?
7. What is the voltage gain of the FET amplifier?
8. What is the input impedance of FET amplifier?
9. What is the output impedance of FET amplifier?
10.What are the FET parameters?
11.What are the FET applications?
 4. DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER

AIM:
To construct a differential amplifier circuit for single input balanced output in the common
mode and differential mode configuration and study the output waveform and to find Common
Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR).
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

S.NO EQUIPMENT RANGE QUANTITY

1 Transistor BC 107 2
2 Dual trace Regulated power supply (0-30)V 1
3 Resistor 10 K 2
4 Resistor 4.7 k 1
5 Function Generator (0-3)MHz 1
6 Bread Board - 1
7 Single strand Wires - -
8 CRO (0-30)MHz 1
9 CRO Probes - 4

PROCEDURE

Differential mode configuration :

1. Connections are given as per circuit diagram

2. Set Vs =50 mV, using signal generator
3. Keeping the input voltage constant vary the frequency from 50Hz to1MHz in
regular steps
4. Observe both input and output on the CRO (sine wave)
5. The differential gain is calculated at mid frequency range where the
magnitude of the sine wave is maximum.
6. The differential gain is calculated by Ad = Vo / Vi

Common mode configuration

1. Connections are given as per circuit diagram

2. Set Vs =50 mV, using signal generator
3. Keeping the input voltage constant vary the frequency from 50Hz to1MHz in
regular steps
4. Observe both input and output on the CRO (sine wave)
5. The common mode gain is calculated at mid frequency range where the magnitude
of the sine wave is maximum.
6. The Common mode gain is calculated by Ac = Vo / Vi

1. CMRR is calculated by substituting the practical values of

Ad and Ac in the formula
CMRR = 20 log (AD / Ac)
THEORY
The Differential amplifier amplifies the difference between two input signals. The
transistorized differential amplifier consists of two ideal emitter biased circuits. The
differential amplifier circuit is obtained by connecting the two emitter terminals E1
and E2. Hence RE is the parallel combination of RE1 and RE2. The output is taken
between the two collector terminals C1 and C2.Hence we say this connection as
balanced output or double ended output. It works in two modes of operation.

Differential mode operation

In the differential mode operation two input signals (V1 and V2) are different
in magnitudes and opposite in phase and it produces the difference between the two
input signals (V1~V2).The differential mode gain (AD) can be calculated by
AD =Rc * β / 2* hie.

Common mode operation

In the common mode operation two input signals are same in magnitude
and phase. At emitter resistance RE both the input signal appears across RE and adds
together since it just acts like an emitter follower .Therefore RE carries a signal
current and provides a negative feedback. This feedback reduces the common mode
gain of the differential amplifier. The Common mode gain Ac can be calculated by
|Ac| = Rc * β / hie + (2Re [1+ β] )
 CMRR

CMRR (Common Mode Rejection Ratio) is defined as the ratio of differential gain
to common mode gain. Ideally the CMRR should be infinity.
CMRR = 20 log (AD / Ac)

CMRR:

S.NO Theoretical CMRR Practical CMRR = 20 log (AD / Ac)

RESULT

Thus constructed a differential amplifier circuit for single input balanced output in
the common mode and differential mode configuration and studied the output
waveform, also its CMRR has been determined and verified practically.

Differential mode :

Common mode :

CMRR :
Design parameters
Vcc=12V, Vee = -12V, Ic1 = Ic1 = 2mA, Ie=4mA, hfe (β) =300, Vbe =0.7V, hie
=4.7kΩ
To find Rc

Apply KVL to collector loop

Vcc-IcRc-Vce-IeRe – Vee =0
Rc = {Vcc- Vce - VRE - Vee }/ Ic
= {12-6 -1.2 –(-12)} /2x10-3
Rc = 8.7kΩ use approx 10 kΩ

NOTE Vcc =12V

VRE =10% of Vcc =0.1 * 12 = 1.2 V
VRC =40% of Vcc =0.4 * 12 = 4.8 V
VCE =50% of Vcc =0.5 * 12 = 6 V Ic1 = Ic1 = 2mA

To find Rc

Apply KVL to collector loop

Vcc-IcRc-Vce-IeRe – Vee =0
Re = {Vcc- VRC – Vce - Vee}/ Ie
= {12 - 4.8 – 6 – (-12)} /4x10-3
Re = 3.3 kΩ use approx 4.7kΩ

Differential gain

AD =Rc * β / 2* hie
AD =8.7x103 * 300 / 2* 4.7 x103 AD = 265

Common mode gain

|Ac| = Rc * β / hie + (2Re [1+ β] )

Ac = 8.7kΩ * 300 / 4.7 kΩ + (2 * 3.3 kΩ [1+ 300] )
Ac = 1.2

CMRR
Theoretical CMRR= 20 log (AD / Ac)
= 20 log (265 / 1.2)
= 46
 5. VOLTAGE SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

AIM: To study the effect of voltage series feedback on Gain of the Amplifier.
APPARATUS: Transistor BC 107 Breadboard Regulated Power Supply(0-30V,1A), Function
Generator, CRO(30 Mhz,dual trace), Resistors 33kΩ,3.3k Ω,1.5kΩ,1kΩ,2.2k Ω,4.7k Ω,330Ω
,Capacitors 10µF - 2Nos,100µF - 1No

THEORY:
When any increase in the output signal results into the input in such a way as to cause the
decrease in the output signal, the amplifier is said to have negative feedback. The advantages
of providing negative feedback are that the transfer gain of the amplifier with feedback can be
stablised against varations in the hybrid parameteresof the transistor or the parameters of the
other active devices used in the circuit. The most advantage of the negative feedback is that by
propere use of this , there is significant improvement in the frequency respponse and in the
linearity of the operation of the amplifier.This disadvantage of the negative feedback is that the
voltage gain is decreased. In Voltage-Series feedback , the input impedance of the amplifier is
decreased and the output impedance is increased.Noise and distortionsare reduced cosiderably.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram.
2. Keep the input voltage constant at 20mV peak-peak and 1kHz frequency.For different
values of load resistance, note down the output voltage and calculate the gain by using the
expression
 Av = 20log(V0 / Vi ) dB
3. Add the emitter bypass capacitor and repeat STEP 2.And observe the effect of Feedback on
the gain of the amplifier
4. For plotting the frquency the input voltage is kept constant at 20mV peakpeak and the
frequency is varied from 100Hz to 1MHz.
5. Note down the value of output voltage for each frequency. All the readings are tabulated and
the voltage gain in dB is calculated by using expression Av = 20log(V0 / Vi ) dB
6. A graph is drawn by takung frquency on X-axis and gain on Y-axis on semi log graph sheet
79
7. The Bandwidth of the amplifier is calculated from the graph using the expression
Bandwidth B.W = f2 – f1.
Where f1 is lower cutt off frequency of CE amplifier f 2 is upper cutt off frequency of CE
amplifier.
The gain-bandwidth product of the amplifier is calculated by using the expression
Gain-Bandwidth Product = 3-dB midband gain X Bandwidth.
OBSERVATIONS:
Voltage Gain:

Frquency Response: Vi = 20mV

MODEL WAVEFORMS:
PRECAUTIONS :
1. While taking the observations for the frequency response , the input voltage must be
maintained constant at 20mV.
2. The frequency should be slowly increased in steps.
3. The three terminals of the transistor should be carefully identified.
4. All the connections should be correct.
RESULT:
The effect of negative feedback (Voltage -Series Feedback ) on the amplifier is observed. The
voltage gain and frquency response of the amplifier are obtained.Also gain-bandwidth product
of the amplifier is calculated.
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is meant by Feedback?
2. What are the types of feedback amplifiers? Explain?
3. Draw the circuit for voltage series feedback?
4. What are the differences between positive and negative feedback?
5. What is the effect of negative feedback on gain of an amplifier?
6. What is the formula for voltage gain with negative feedback?
7. What are the other names for positive and negative feedback circuits?
8. What is the formula for input resistance of a voltage series feedback?
9. What is the formula for output resistance of a voltage series feedback?
 6.VOLTAGE SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER
AIM:
To obtain the frequency response of a voltage shunt feedback(with and without)
amplifier and obtain the bandwidth

APPARATUS :
Power supply 0-30V 1No.
CRO 20MHz 1No.
Signal generator 1-1MHz 1 No

Resistors 1kΩ,4.7k,8.2k 1 No
Resistors 2.2k,33k,10K,2.7K 1 No
Capacitors 10µF 3 No ,
Transistors BC107 1 No
Bread board
CRO Probes
 PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. A 10V DC supply is given to the circuit for biasing.
3 . The circuit is connected without feedback i.e., without RF
4. A certain amplitude of input signal (say 20mV) is kept constant using the
function generator and for different frequencies the output voltage from CRO are
noted.
5. Now, the circuit is connected with feedback i.e., with RF.
6. By keeping the input signal constant the output voltages for different frequencies

are noted from CRO.

7. Gain with and without feedback is calculated from the formula

Gain = 20 log Vo / Vi (dB)

Where Vo is output voltage, Vi is input voltage.

TABULAR FORM :

WITH FEEDBACK: I/P VOLTAGE Vi =

Gain in dB =
FREQUENCY (Hz) O/P VOLTAGE (Vo)
20 log Vo / Vi
100
200
300
500
700
1k
2k
3k
5k
7k
10k
20k
30k
50k
100k
200k
300k
1M
WITHOUT FEEDBACK: I/P VOLTAGE Vi =

Gain in dB =
FREQUENCY (Hz) O/P VOLTAGE (Vo)
20 log Vo / Vi
100
200
300
500
700
1k
2k
3k
5k
7k
10k
20k
30k
50k
70k
100k
200k
300k
500k
700k
1M
 GRAPH:
A graph is plotted between gain (dB) and frequency(Hz) which is frequency
response of voltage shunt feedback amplifier for without feedback and with
feedback.

PRECAUTIONS :
1.Avoid loose and wrong connections.
2.Avoid parallax error while taking readings.

QUESTIONS:

1. What is the relationship between the transfer gain with feedback Af and that without
feedback A.
A. Af=A/(1+Aβ)
2. What are the advantages of negative feedback.
A. High BW, less noise, less distortion, gain stability
3. How is the i/p impedance and o/p impedance of a voltage shunt feedback amplifier
A. Rif = Ri/(1+Aβ), Rof =Ro/(1+Aβ)
4. What are the types of feedback amplifiers.
A. Voltage shunt, current shunt, current series, voltage series feedback amplifiers.

RESULT:
The frequency response of the given voltage shunt amplifier with & with out feedback are
obtained .
 7.CURRENT SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

AIM:
To measure the voltage gain of current - series feed back amplifier.
APPARATUS: Transistor BC 107,Breadboard Regulated, Power Supply (0-30V,1A),
Function Generator, CRO(30 Mhz,dualtrace), Resistors 33kΩ,3.3kΩ,330Ω,1.5kΩ,2.2k Ω,4.7k
Ω, 1 k Ω, Capacitors 10µF - 2Nos ,100µF

THEORY: When any increase in the output signal results into the input in such a way as to
cause the decrease in the output signal, the amplifier is said to have negative feedback. The
advantages of providing negative feedback are that the transfer gain of the amplifier with
feedback can be stablised against varations in the hybrid parameteresof the transistor or the
parameters of the other active devices used in the circuit. The most advantage of the negative
feedback is that by propere use of this, there is significant improvement in the frequency
respponse and in the linearity of the operation of the amplifier.This disadvantage of the
negative feedback is that the voltage gain is decreased. In Current-Series Feedback, the input
impedance and the output impedance are increased.Noise and distortionsare reduced
cosiderably.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram.
2. Keep the input voltage constant at 20mV peak-peak and 1kHz frequency.For different values
of load resistance, note down the output voltage and calculate the gain by using the expression
Av = 20log(V0 / Vi ) dB
3. Remove the emitter bypass capacitor and repeat STEP 2.And observe the effect of feedback
on the gain of the amplifier.
4. For plotting the frquency the input voltage is kept constant at 20mV peakpeak and the
frequency is varied from 100Hz to 1MHz.
5. Note down the value of output voltage for each frequency. All the readings are tabulated
and the voltage gain in dB is calculated by using expression Av = 20log (V0 / Vi ) dB 73
6. A graph is drawn by takung frquency on X-axis and gain on Y-axis on semi log graph sheet
7. The Bandwidth of the amplifier is calculated from the graph using the expression
Bandwidth B.W = f2 – f1.
Where f1 is lower cutt off frequency of CE amplifier f 2 is upper cutt off frequency of CE
amplifier
8. The gain-bandwidth product of the amplifier is calculated by using the expression
Gain-Bandwidth Product = 3-dB midband gain X Bandwidth.
OBSERVATIONS:
Voltage Gain: Vi = 20 mV
PRECAUTIONS:
1. While taking the observations for the frequency response , the input voltage must be
maintained constant at 20mV.
2. The frequency should be slowly increased in steps.
3. The three terminals of the transistor should be carefully identified.
4. All the connections should be correct.
RESULT:
The effect of negative feedback (Current-Series Feedback ) on the amplifier is observed. The
voltage gain and frquency response of the amplifier are obtained.Also gain-bandwidth product
of the amplifier is calculated.
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is the effect of Current-Series Feedback amplifier on the input inmpedance of the
amplifier?
2. What is the effect of negative feedback on the Bandwidth of an amplifier?
3. State the reason for the usage of negative feedback in an amplifier?
4. What are the fundamental assumptions that are made in studying feedback amplifiers?
5. What are the advantages of providing negative feedback amplifier?
6. What are the ideal characteristics of a voltage amplifier?\
7. Draw the circuit for the current series feedback?
8. What is the other name for current series feedback amplifier?
9. What is the formula for input resistance of a current series feedback?
10.What is the formula for output resistance of a current series feedback?
 8.CURRENT SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

AIM: To observe the performance of a current shunt feedback amplifier and obtain its
Frequency Response.

APPARATUS RQUIRED:

S.No Name Range / Value Quantity

1. Power supply 0-30V 1 No.
2. CRO 20MHz 1 No.
3. Digital multi meter 1 No.
4. Signal generator 1Hz - 1MHz 1 No.
5. Resistors : 47K 2 No’s.
2.2K 2 No’s.
1K 2 No’s.
10K 1 No.
6. Capacitors: 22µF 3 No’s.
0.1µF 1 No.
7. Transistors: BC 107 2 No’s.

Theory:

Current shunt feedback circuit shows two transistors in cascade with feedback from
the second emitter to the first base through the resistor RF. we verify that this connection
produces negative feedback. The voltage Vi2 is much larger than Vi1 because of the voltage
gain of Q1. Also Vi2 is 1800 out of phase with Vi1. Because of emitter follower action Ve2
is only slightly smaller than Vi2, and these voltages are in phase. Hence Ve2 is larger in
magnitude than Vi1 and is 1800 out of phase with Vi1. If the input signal increases so that
IS increases, If also increases, and Ii = IS - If is smaller than it would be there were no
feedback. This action is characteristics of negative feedback.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM WITH FEED BACK

OBSERVATIONS:
Frequency Response with feedback: Vi = 20mV

I/P signal Output Gain Gain in dB

S.NO
Frequency (Hz) Voltage(Vo) A = Vo/Vi 20log(Vo/Vi)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM WITHOUT FEEDBACK

OBSERVATIONS:
Frequency Response without feedback: Vi = 20mV
I/P signal Gain Gain in dB
S.NO OutputVoltage(Vo)
Frequency (Hz) A = Vo/Vi 20log(Vo/Vi)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure
2. The operating points VCEQ, IEQ and VBE are measured.
3. Connect the signal generator with a sine wave of 1KHz frequency to the input and
increase the input to such a level that the output waveform of the signal as observed
on CRO is not distorted.
4. Measure the input and output voltages and calculate the gain of the amplifier. Av =
(VO/P
/ VI/P).
5. To measure the input impedance, find the voltage drop across the known resistance
RS. The input current therefore is measured as the voltage across Rs / Rs value. Input
impedance Zi = Vi / Ii
6. To measure the input impedance, measure the output signal voltage VO/P without
any load. Connect a resistive load and then adjust the load until the new output signal
VO/P equal to the one half of the original signal. Remove the ROUT from the circuit
and measure its value. The measured value is the output impedance of the circuit.
7. To measure the current gain AI, note down the output signal voltage when Ro is
connected and divide it by Ro to get the output current. Now current gain = output
current / input current. The power gain is the product of voltage gain and current gain.
8. Vary the frequency of the input signal from 50Hz to 1MHz in suitable steps and
calculate gain at each step. Plot the graph between voltage gain Vs frequency. Note
down the half power points and find the bandwidth of the amplifier.
9. Repeat the above steps by connecting (disconnecting) the emitter
bypass capacitor CE. The readings with CE give the response of the
amplifier without out feedback. The readings without the CE give the
performance of the amplifier in current series feedback mode.
RESULT : Calculated the bandwidth of the given circuit with and without Current Shunt
Feedback.

Bandwidth with Feedback = ______________________

Bandwidth without Feedback = ______________________

Viva Questions:
1. What is the relationship between the transfer gain with feedback A f
and that without feedback A?
𝐴
Ans: 𝐴𝑓 = 1+𝐴𝛽

2. Define negative feedback.

Ans: When input signal and part of the output signal are in out of phase, the feedback
is
called negative feedback
3. Define the amount of feedback in decibels
Ans: Amount of feedback= 20 log Af/A
4. State the three fundamental assumptions which are made in order
that the expression Af = A/(1+A) be satisfy exactly.
Ans: 1. Input signal passing through amplifier only i.e A=Vo/Vi
2. Feedback signal passing through feedback network only i.e β=Vf/Vo
3. β<<1
 9.RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

AIM: To calculate the frequency of the RC phase shift oscillator & to measure the phase angles
at different RC sections.
APPARATUS: 1. Transistor BC107 , Resistors: 10KΩ -3Nos 8KΩ or 10KΩ 22KΩ 1.2KΩ
100KΩ , Capacitors: 0.001µf – 3 Nos 10µF – 2Nos 1µf, Regulated power Supply , CRO.

THEORY: RC-Phase shift Oscillator has a CE amplifier followed by three sections of RC

phase shift feed back Networks the out put of the last stage is return to the input of the amplifier.
The values of R and C are chosen such that the phase shift of each RC section is 60º.Thus The
RC ladder network produces a total phase shift of 180º between its input and output voltage for
the given frequencies. Since CE Amplifier produces 180 º phases shift the total phase shift from
the base of the transistor around the circuit and back to the base will be exactly 360º or 0º. This
satisfies the Barkhausen condition for sustaining oscillations and total loop gain of this circuit
is greater than or equal to 1, this condition used to generate the sinusoidal oscillations.
The frequency of oscillations of RC-Phase Shift Oscillator is,

PROCEDURE: 1. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram as shown above.
2. Observe the output signal and note down the output amplitude and time period (Td).
3. Calculate the frequency of oscillations theoretically and verify it practically (f=1/Td).
4. Calculate the phase shift at each RC section by measuring the time shifts (Tp) between the
final waveform and the waveform at that section by using the below formula.
OBSERVATIONS:
THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS: R = 10KΩ, C = 0.001 µf
RESULT: The frequency of RC phase shift oscillator is calculated and the phase shift at
different RC sections is noted.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What are the conditions of oscillations?
2. Give the formula for frequency of oscillations?
3. What is the total phase shift produce by the RC ladder network?
4. Whether the oscillator is positive feedback or negative feedback?
5. What are the types of oscillators?
6. What is the gain of RC phase shift oscillator?
7. What is the difference between damped oscillations undamped oscillations?
8. What are the applications of RC oscillations?
9. How many resistors and capacitors are used in RC phase shift network
10.How the Barkhausen criterion is satisfied in RC phase shift oscillator
 10.WEIN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR

AIM: To study and calculate frequency of. Wein Bridge Oscillator.

APPARATUS: Transistor (BC 107) 2 No, Resistors 10K 4 No, 1 K 3 No, 2.2 K 2 No, 33
K, 6.8 K ,Capacitors 10 F 2 No, 100 F, 0.01 F 2 No, RPS (0 – 30 V), Potentiometer,
Bread Board, CRO, Connecting wires.

THEORY:
The wein bridge oscillator is a standard circuit for generating low frequencies in the range of
10 Hz to about 1MHz.The method used for getting +ve feedback in wein bridge oscillator is to
use two stages of an RC-coupled amplifier. Since one stage of the RC-coupled amplifier
introduces a phase shift of 180 deg, two stages will introduces a phase shift of 360 deg. At the
frequency of oscillations f the +ve feedback network shown in fig makes the input & output in
the phase. The frequency of oscillations is given as
f =1/2π√R1C1R2C2
In addition to the positive feedback
PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram
2. Feed the output of the oscillator to a C.R.O by making adjustments in the Potentiometer
connected in the +ve feedback loop, try to obtain a stable sine Wave.
3. Measure the time period of the waveform obtained on CRO. & calculate the Frequency of
oscillations.
4. Repeat the procedure for different values of capacitance.
OBSERVATION:
Given R=10kΩ, C=0.01μF
fT = 1/ 2RC
fP = 1/T =
Amplitude,V0 =
MODEL WAVE FORM:

RESULT: The frequency of the wein bridge oscillator is calculated and is verified
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Give the formula for frequency of oscillations?
2. What is the condition for wien bridge oscillator to generate oscillations?
3. What is the total phase shift provided by the oscillator?
4. What is the function of lead-lag network in Wein bridge oscillator?
5. which type of feedback is used in Wein bridge oscillator
6. What is gain of Wein bridge oscillator?
7. what are the application of Wein bridge oscillator
8. What is the condition for oscillations?
9. What is the difference between damped oscillations undamped Oscillations?
10.Wein bridge oscillator is either LC or RC oscillator.
 11. POWER AMPLIFIER
AIM: To design and test the class A power amplifier.

APPARATUS:
Sl.No. Apparatus Description Quantity
1. Resistors 33KΩ, 8.2KΩ, 1KΩ, 4.7KΩ, 2.2KΩ 1
2. Capacitors 10µF – 3
3. Function Generator 1
4. CRO 1
5. Transistor CL100 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:
The amplifier is said to be class A power amplifier if the q point and the input
signal are selected such that the output signal is obtained For a Full input cycle. For
this class the position of q point is approximately y at the midpoint of the load line. For
all the values of input signal the transistor remains in the active region and never entire
into the cutoff or saturation region. The collector current Flows For 3600 (life cycle)
of the input signal in other words the angle of the collector current Flow is 3600 the
class a amplifiers or Furthers classified as directly coupled and transformer coupled
and transformer coupled amplifiers in directly coupled type.The load is directly
connected in the collector circuit while in the transformer coupled type, the load is
coupled to the collector using the transformer.
ADVANTAGES:
1. Distortion analysis is very important
2. It amplifies audio Frequency signals faithfully hence they are called as audio
amplifiers

DISADVANTAGES:
1. H parameter analysis is not applicable
2. Due to large power handling the transistor is used power transistor which is
large in size and having large power rating.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the Figure

2. Set Vs 20mv at 1 KHz using signal generator.
3. Connect milli ammeter to the ammeter terminals
4. Note down the corresponding output voltage From CRO
5. Calculate the DC input power using the Formula Pdc= VccIc
6. Calculate the AC output power using the Formula Pac = V02/8RL
7. Calculate the efficiency η = Pac /Pdc

CALCULATIONS:

Input power: Pdc= VccIc =

Output power: Pac =
VPP2/8RL =

η = Efficiency=output power/input power*100 = Pac /Pdc*100 =

EXPECTED GRAPH:
OUTPUT:

RESULT: Gain and Frequency as observed of Class A power amplifier.

η = Efficiency= output power/input power*100 = Pac /Pdc*100 =

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. On which criteria based the power amplifiers are classified?

Ans: Power amplifiers are classified according to their mode of operation i.e the portion
of the input cycle during which the collector current is expected to flow. On this basis the
power amplifiers are classified as :

1. Class A power amplifier

2. Class B power amplifier
3. Class C power amplifier

2. Where is the operating point of class-A power amplifier?

Ans: Exactly Middle of the Load line
3. What is meant by efficiency?
Ans: Efficiency= Pac/Pdc
4. How much efficiency will be obtained in class-A power amplifier?
Ans: 25% efficiency in direct coupled, and 50% in Transformer coupling class-A power
Amplifiers
5. What are the applications of power amplifier?
Ans: All communication application, to amplifier signal up to several watts
 12.TUNED AMPLIFIER

AIM: To study single tuned voltage Amplifier and to calculate

1. Resonant Frequency.
2. Q Factor.
3. Bandwidth

APPARATUS:

Sl. No. Apparatus Description

Quantity
1. Resistors 33KΩ, 5.6KΩ, 220Ω
2. Capacitors 0.1µF, 10µF
2No’s
3. Function Generator.
4. CRO.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:

It is usually required to use a number of tuned amplifier stages in cascade in order to

obtain large overall gain. These cascade tuned amplifiers may be put into the Following
three categories:
1. Single tuned amplifiers.
2. Double tuned amplifiers.
 3. Stagger-tuned amplifiers.
Single tuned amplifiers use one parallel tuned circuit as the load impedance in each stage
and all these tuned circuits in different stages are tuned to the same frequency. Double
tuned amplifier uses two inductively coupled tuned circuits per stage, both the tuned
circuits being tuned to the same frequency. Staggered tuned amplifier uses a number of
single tuned stages in cascade, the successive tuned circuits being tuned to slightly different
frequencies.
Single tuned amplifiers may again be put into following two categories:
a) Capacitance coupled single tuned amplifiers and
b) Transformer coupled or inductively coupled single tuned
amplifiers RESONANT FREQUENCY:
Depending upon the frequency of the source voltage Vs, the circuits may behave either as
inductive or capacitive. However, at a particular frequency when the inductive reactance Xl
equals the capacitive reactance Xc, then the circuit behaves as a purely resistive circuit. This
phenomenon is called resonance: and the corresponding frequency is called resonant
frequency. The resonant frequency (Fr) can be found by equating the two reactance values.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections should be made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Connect the AC signal source from function
3. Keep the input voltage constant; vary the frequency in regular steps and down the
corresponding output voltage
4. Calculate the resonant frequency.
5. Plot the graph: gain (db) Vs frequency
Calculate the bandwidth and Q Factor

OBSERVATIONS:

S.NO Input Frequency Output Gain A = Vo- Gain in db

(Hz) Voltage(Vo /Vi 20log(Vo/Vi
) )
RESULT: Gain and Frequency as observed of single tuned voltage amplifier.
FT = FP=

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Tuned amplifiers are operated in which mode?

Ans: Class-C
2. At which frequency Tuned amplifier gain maximum?
Resonance Frequency
3. The resonance frequency of tuned amplifier?
Ans: f=1/2πLC

SEMILOG GRAPH: