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Chapter (3)
General power system control objectives
3.0 Most areas of concern in control:
1+ Automatic generation control AGC.
This area has three major objectives:
& To hold system frequency to specified nominal value (SOHz in sudan).
'b- To maintain the correct value of interchange power between control areas.
¢- To maintain each generating unit atthe most economic values.
© _Toimplement an AGC system, the following information is required:
* Rated power output of each unit in the system
‘+ Power flow (Megawaltt) over each tie line
‘© System frequency
34 Tie
Usually, neighboring power stations or companies are interconnected by one or more
transmission lines called te lines.
The objective is to buy or sell power with neighboring systems whose operating costs make
such transactions profitable, Or,
* Also, even is no power is being transmitted over ties, if one system has sudden loss of «
generating unit, the units through all the interconnection will experience a frequency
change and can help in restoring frequency.
3.2 Advantages & disadvantages of interconnected system:
Advantages:
1+ Reliability
2+ Optimization of generation
3+ Continuity of supply
4+ CostKW for larger generators is less, (> 500 mw)
Disadvantages
Nawari 2015 1+ Fault got propagated
33 Control area concept:
All generators are tightly coupled together to form ~ coherent group:
All generators respond to changes in loa or speed
3.3.1 Basie assumption:
For the purpose of analysis, a control area can be reduced to a single speed governor, turbo
‘generator and load system, Later we shall show the just for this basic assumption
3.3.2 area control error ~ ACE,
} Signals to |
AGC [generators
[> inthe area I
oe
ae J
Nawari 2015; a [——-—-—_——_——-
To maintain « net interchange of perwer with its area neigh
flow measurements of all te lines emanating from the area and
‘interchange to calculate an error value, The net power interchange, together with a
HOAW/O 11), called the frequency bias.
Aten contol Brrr (ACE) i given by
Pre = Py * Bue fo) MW
P= power in the k th tie line (@f out of the area)
pe scheduled power interchange
for base frequency
actual frequeney
PGi ACE. indicates flow out of the area,
Power sale from A to area C example:
<7
\ io
Nawar! 2015
Lilla SS * Power export stars until its AGC forces ACE to become zero.
* Area C introduces * -p " info its ACE.
Power flows into area C until its ACE becomes zero.
‘Areas B and D must be aware of the power exhange as they are also interconnected,
3.3.3 minimum requirements of AGC
NERC (North American Electric Reliablty Council) specifies the following criteria as minimum
performance expected by AGC.
A. Normal system conditions:
+ ACE=Oat least once in 10 min period
+ Deviation of ACE from zero must be within allowable limits.
B. Disturbance conditions:
~ ACE must return to zero within 10 min
= Corrective action from AGC must be within a minimum disturbance
Nawari 2015 Chapter (3) b
3.4 The power flow equations
Central to all analysis of power systems are the physical laws that determine the flow of the
electric power throughout the system. Ref [ove elgerd, electric energy systems they McGraw
hill book co, N.Y.1971, 1982}
Consider the following diagram
#i
I
Housing ties
‘+ Consider a N- bus system; in large countries (N > 1000),
* The diagram above resent one types of buses:
1+ Slack buss
One bus, known as slack or swing bus, is taken as reference where the magnitude and
phase angle ofthe voltage are specified. Ths bus makes up the difference between the
Scheduled load and generated power that are caused by the losses in the network.
2 Load buses:
At these buses the active and reactive powers are specified, The magnitude and the
phase angle of the bus valtages are unknown, These buses are called P-Q buses.
Regulated bi
‘These buses are the generator buses they are also known as voltage- controlled
buses. At these buses, the eal power and voltage magnitude are specified. The phase
angles of the voltages and the reactive power are to be determined. The limit on the
value of the reactive power is also specified. There buses are called P — V buses,
Nawari 2015 3.5 Power flow equations
For bus #i of such a system, containing generation, load and my outgoing lies, usually
n<
