Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 7 views

    Chapter

    Uploaded by

    Bakri Buga

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd

    Chapter

    Uploaded by

    Bakri Buga
    7 views10 pages

    Original Title

    Chapter_(3)

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf
    7 views10 pages

    Chapter

    Uploaded by

    Bakri Buga

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf
    of 10
    Chapter (3) General power system control objectives 3.0 Most areas of concern in control: 1+ Automatic generation control AGC. This area has three major objectives: & To hold system frequency to specified nominal value (SOHz in sudan). 'b- To maintain the correct value of interchange power between control areas. ¢- To maintain each generating unit atthe most economic values. © _Toimplement an AGC system, the following information is required: * Rated power output of each unit in the system ‘+ Power flow (Megawaltt) over each tie line ‘© System frequency 34 Tie Usually, neighboring power stations or companies are interconnected by one or more transmission lines called te lines. The objective is to buy or sell power with neighboring systems whose operating costs make such transactions profitable, Or, * Also, even is no power is being transmitted over ties, if one system has sudden loss of « generating unit, the units through all the interconnection will experience a frequency change and can help in restoring frequency. 3.2 Advantages & disadvantages of interconnected system: Advantages: 1+ Reliability 2+ Optimization of generation 3+ Continuity of supply 4+ CostKW for larger generators is less, (> 500 mw) Disadvantages Nawari 2015 1+ Fault got propagated 33 Control area concept: All generators are tightly coupled together to form ~ coherent group: All generators respond to changes in loa or speed 3.3.1 Basie assumption: For the purpose of analysis, a control area can be reduced to a single speed governor, turbo ‘generator and load system, Later we shall show the just for this basic assumption 3.3.2 area control error ~ ACE, } Signals to | AGC [generators [> inthe area I oe ae J Nawari 2015; a [——-—-—_——_——- To maintain « net interchange of perwer with its area neigh flow measurements of all te lines emanating from the area and ‘interchange to calculate an error value, The net power interchange, together with a HOAW/O 11), called the frequency bias. Aten contol Brrr (ACE) i given by Pre = Py * Bue fo) MW P= power in the k th tie line (@f out of the area) pe scheduled power interchange for base frequency actual frequeney PGi ACE. indicates flow out of the area, Power sale from A to area C example: <7 \ io Nawar! 2015 Lilla SS * Power export stars until its AGC forces ACE to become zero. * Area C introduces * -p " info its ACE. Power flows into area C until its ACE becomes zero. ‘Areas B and D must be aware of the power exhange as they are also interconnected, 3.3.3 minimum requirements of AGC NERC (North American Electric Reliablty Council) specifies the following criteria as minimum performance expected by AGC. A. Normal system conditions: + ACE=Oat least once in 10 min period + Deviation of ACE from zero must be within allowable limits. B. Disturbance conditions: ~ ACE must return to zero within 10 min = Corrective action from AGC must be within a minimum disturbance Nawari 2015 Chapter (3) b 3.4 The power flow equations Central to all analysis of power systems are the physical laws that determine the flow of the electric power throughout the system. Ref [ove elgerd, electric energy systems they McGraw hill book co, N.Y.1971, 1982} Consider the following diagram #i I Housing ties ‘+ Consider a N- bus system; in large countries (N > 1000), * The diagram above resent one types of buses: 1+ Slack buss One bus, known as slack or swing bus, is taken as reference where the magnitude and phase angle ofthe voltage are specified. Ths bus makes up the difference between the Scheduled load and generated power that are caused by the losses in the network. 2 Load buses: At these buses the active and reactive powers are specified, The magnitude and the phase angle of the bus valtages are unknown, These buses are called P-Q buses. Regulated bi ‘These buses are the generator buses they are also known as voltage- controlled buses. At these buses, the eal power and voltage magnitude are specified. The phase angles of the voltages and the reactive power are to be determined. The limit on the value of the reactive power is also specified. There buses are called P — V buses, Nawari 2015 3.5 Power flow equations For bus #i of such a system, containing generation, load and my outgoing lies, usually n<

    You might also like