ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRONICS (866)

The syllabus is not intended to be used as a teaching An experimental approach to the subject is envisaged
syllabus, or to suggest teaching order. It is expected and it is assumed that candidates will spend adequate
that teachers will wish to develop the subject in their time on individual experimental work. Questions may
own way. be set requiring descriptions of experimental
procedures. Candidates should also know how to
In the examination, questions will be aimed more at exhibit the results of experiments graphically and how
testing the candidates' understanding of fundamental to make deductions from graphs, e.g. from intercepts
principles, and the application of these principles to and gradient in the case of straight-line graphs,
problem situations, than to their ability to remember a deductions by interpolation.
large number of facts. Some questions will include Candidates will be expected to be conversant with SI
simple calculations. units.

CLASS XII
There will be two papers in the subject:
Paper I - Theory: 3 hours…… 80 Marks
Paper II - Project Work ……. 20 Marks

PAPER I (THEORY): 80 MARKS

There will be one paper of three hours duration of Single loop D.C. generator (circuit diagram);
80 marks. parts of a practical generator, lap and wave
windings of armature conductors; armature
The paper will be divided into two parts.
reactions, commutation and period of
Part I: will consist of short answer questions. commutation (T c ), use of interpoles, emf equation
This part will be compulsory. ϕ PN Z
Eg= × (derivation not required); types of
Part II: will consist of eight questions. Candidates will 60 A
be required to answer five questions. generators; Excitation of poles: Self-excited and
separately excited; generator construction: shunt,
1. Distribution of electric power. Idea of a simple series & compound types; no-load and load
distribution system. Mention of the local power characteristics, voltage, current and power
system should be made. equations, critical resistance; causes of failure to
Overhead and underground cables: advantages build up voltage for generators, applications and
and uses. D.C and A.C distribution systems: D.C simple numericals.
2 wire system, 3 wire system; AC distribution Motors: Working principle of a DC motor; voltage
transformer (3 phase 3 wire system, 3 phase 4 wire equation; significance of back emf; D.C motor
system). characteristics. Types of D.C motor constructions-
2. The D.C. generator and motor. Use of split-ring shunt, series and compound; necessity of motor
commutators; constructional features. Shunt series starter and protective devices; power equation
and compound field connections and their applications, uses and numericals.
characteristics. Starting of D.C. motors. Ideas on
back e.m.f.

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3. The A.C. motor. Ideas on A.C. motors (single Resistors: wire wound, carbon composition type,
phase only). The rotating field. Methods of variable type (potentiometers, rheostat); colour
shunting: capacitance start, split phase start. code. Types of Inductors: air core, iron-core,
Single-phase induction motor types. ferrite core inductors. Types of Capacitors: fixed
A.C. motors (single phase only); idea of rotating and variable types. Fixed type: electrolytic
magnetic field: split phase start, capacitor start capacitor, non-electrolytic (paper capacitors,
single phase induction motor types. Uses of AC mica capacitor, ceramic capacitors); variable
motors. type - ganged capacitors, their structure, types,
voltage equations and uses.
4. Wires, cables and electrical wiring. Construction
of various types in domestic and industrial use. 7. Diodes. Thermionic diode; semiconductor diode.
(Solid and stranded cables – how insulated and Structure of vacuum diode and semiconductor
protected. Flexes). Selection of cable sizes, diode.
voltage drop and simple calculation on current- Thermionic diode: construction, operation
carrying capacity. (Linking of size of cables and characteristics of vacuum diodes; A.C and D.C
flexes with maximum current flow particularly in plate resistances, space charge, space charge
relation to the circuits below. Regulation B 23 limiting region.
(voltage drop). Brief description of the wiring Semiconductor diodes: bonds in semiconductors,
systems. Simple circuitry. (Separation of lighting crystal structure of Germanium and Silicon; effect
and power circuits. Layout of lighting circuits. of temperature on semiconductor; concept of hole
Switch in phase line. Dual switching of lamps. current; intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors;
Layout of power circuits - ring and spur/ tree doping, n-type, p type semiconductors, energy
systems.) types - limitations). Introduction to rules band diagrams; majority and minority charge
and regulations, both local and that of I.E.E. carries; properties of p-n junction diode, forward
(Sequence of equipment). Effects of overloading. bias and reverse bias diagrams and graphs;
Protection of circuits and individuals by (a) fuses volt-ampere characteristics of p-n junction.
and trips, (b) earthing of metal, (c) mechanical Definitions of the following: break down voltage,
protection of cables. Regulations for bathrooms. knee voltage, maximum forward current, Peak
Commonsense appreciation of dangerous inverse voltage (PIV), maximum power rating.
practices (Simple testing).
8. Power supply for electronic apparatus. Mains
Different types of insulations used in cables; transformer. The diode; half wave, full wave and
Vulcanised Indian Rubber (VIR), Tough Rubber bridge rectifiers, voltage doubler. Filters; RC
Sheathed (TRS), Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC). filters, chokes, bleeder resistance and its
5. Electrical accessories. Power outlets, lamp functions.
holders, ceiling roses and junction boxes. Mains transformer; semiconductor diodes as half
(Familiarity with these is expected - detailed wave rectifier, full wave rectifier, bridge rectifier.
knowledge of structure is not required). Where Forward resistance, forward current, reverse
and how they are used. current, derivation for: d.c (average current I dc ).
Power outlets – Plug and Sockets; lamp holders Root mean square (rms) current (I rms ), efficiency
types: bracket holder, batten holder, pendant of rectification (η); advantages, disadvantages
holder, angle holder. Ceiling roses; junction and uses, ripple factors; simple numericals.
boxes. Where and how they are used. Voltage doublers: Types of filters: RC filter, choke
6. Introduction to electronics. Concept of electron Input (I/P) filter, π-section filter. Input (I/P) and
flow. Common components employed in Output (O/P) graphs. Zener diode for voltage
electronic circuits; resistors, capacitors and stabilisation, importance of series Resistor in the
inductors; their structure, types and uses. stabilization circuit, simple numericals. Chokes,
Concept of electron flow; passive components bleeder resistors and their functions.
employed in electronic circuits. Types of
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9. Vacuum triode. Structure of the vacuum triode Modes of connections: Common-Base (CB),
valve. The control grid. Triode valve Common-Emitter (CE), Common-Collector (CC)
characteristics. Triode parameters; anode amplifiers: current amplification factors (∝, β
resistance, mutual conductance and amplification and 𝛾𝛾) and their relationship. Simple numericals
factors; relationship between the above on the above.
parameters. Triode as a voltage amplifier. Bias I/P and O/P characteristics, comparison of the
voltage, cathode resistor and cathode bypass voltage, current and power gain, I/P & O/P
capacitor. resistance (elementary approach only). Phase
Structure of the vacuum triode, control grid, relationship, bias stabilization, single stage RC
triode value characteristics, grid cut off voltage. coupled amplifier circuit, bias circuit, emitter
Plate characteristics, mutual characteristics; bypass capacitor, transistor current equation ∆
vacuum tube constants (Triode parameters), I E = ∆I B +∆I C . Phase reversal in CE mode.
relationship between them, simple numericals. 12. The amplifier. A typical amplifier voltage and
Triode as voltage amplifier: bias voltage, cathode power amplification. Matching of the power
resistor and cathode bypass capacitor; current in output stage to a speaker.
vacuum, causes of tube failure. Significance of
Voltage Amplifier (RC Coupled) circuit; Power
vacuum in tubes.
amplifier circuit, impedance matching of the
10. Semiconductor Transistors. The junction power (O/P) stage to the speaker; advantages,
transistor: PNP and NPN types. Introduction to disadvantages, frequency responses (qualitative),
various methods of construction; their Applications. Differences between transistors and
characteristics including handling procedures and tubes.
precautions. 13. Apparatus for reproducing and recording sounds.
Self-explanatory. Range of hearing, recording and reproducing.
11. Transistor amplifier. Introduction to the common- Characteristics of microphones; types of
base, common emitter and common collector microphones: carbon, crystal, moving-coil and
amplifiers. Comparison of the voltage, current ribbon types. The earphone; the moving-coil
and power gains and input and output resistances loudspeakers; permanent magnet. Electrostatic
(elementary approach only). Phase relationship. speaker.
Bias stabilization. Construction, working, advantages and
disadvantages of the above.

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 PAPER II (PROJECT WORK): 20 Marks
In addition to the syllabus prescribed above, candidates are also required to be assessed in Project Work.
PROJECT WORK FOR CLASS XII
The Project work will be assessed by the subject Switches: single-pole, single-throw (SPST),
teacher and the Visiting Examiner appointed locally single-pole, double-throw (SPDT), double-pole,
and approved by the Council. single-throw (DPST), double-pole, double-throw
All candidates will be required to have completed two (DPDT), Rotary switch, Push Button switch, relay.
projects from any topic/s covered in theory. Miniature circuit breaker (MCB), fuse, fuse holder
(show samples), switch action (continuity and
Mark allocation for each project (10 marks) *: discontinuity using multimeter) Specifications;
Criteria Marks current and voltage ratings.
1. Title of the Project and 1 5. Distribution of electric power (D.C and A.C
Introduction distribution) using overhead and underground
cables along with their advantages and uses.
2. Content 3
6. V-I Characteristics of a semiconductor diode
3. Presentation and originality 2 (PN), its types and use of any one type of
4. Conclusion/Comments/Summary 1 semiconductor diode.
5. Viva- Voce (Visiting Examiner) 3 7. V-I Characteristics of a Zener Diode and its use as
TOTAL 10 a voltage regulator.
8. Half wave and Full wave rectifier (either centre-
tapped or bridge type) with/without filter circuit.
List of suggested assignments for Project Work:
9. Electrical accessories (Power outlets, lamp
1. Electrical accessories (any five), meters and holders, ceiling roses and junction boxes) their
equipment (any three) used in the laboratory structure and uses.
(along with precautions to be observed).
10. Simple circuitry of lighting and power circuits
Accessories (tools) used in Laboratory: Soldering (domestic use), their layout and limitations,
gun, soldering stand, solder (lead), nose plier, following IEE regulations.
wire stripper, line tester, tag-board, breadboard,
11. Principle, construction and working of DC motor
general purpose printed circuit board (PCB).
with explanation of any one type of DC motor.
Meters and equipment: DC milliammeter, AC
12. Characteristics of DC generator and DC motor.
milliammeter, DC Voltmeter, AC voltmeter,
Digital Multimeter, Variable DC power supply, 13. Types of microphones (any two) giving their
Fixed DC power supply, Audio signal generator, construction, working and uses with diagrams.
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO). 14. Types of loudspeakers (any two) giving their
2. Electrical Cables, their types, uses and construction, working and uses with diagrams.
specifications. (Any 5 types, with one use and 15. Construction and working principle of power
important specifications). supply including common faults, causes, testing
3. Measuring the values of different types of: and repair.
(i) resistors using colour code 16. Multimeters and their types including functions
of any one type of multimeter.
(ii) capacitors using code number .
17. Transistor Audio Power Amplifiers (any two
Writing the procedure to measure the values of
types), their advantages, disadvantages and uses.
resistances, capacitances and inductances using
multimeter. 18. Principle, construction, working and uses of
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope.
4. Different types of switches (any five), circuit
protecting devices and their specifications. NOTE: No question paper for Project work will be
set by the Council.
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 SAMPLE TABLE FOR PROJECT WORK
S. Unique PROJECT 1 PROJECT 2 TOTAL
No. Identification MARKS
Number A B C D E F G H I J
(Unique ID) of
the candidate Teacher Visiting Average Viva-Voce Total Teacher Visiting Average Viva-Voce Total (E + J)
Examiner Marks by Visiting Marks Examiner Marks by Visiting Marks
(A + B ÷ Examiner (C + D) (F + G ÷ Examiner (H + I)
2) 2)
7 Marks 7 Marks 7 Marks 3 Marks 10 7 Marks 7 Marks 7 Marks 3 Marks 10 Marks 20 Marks
Marks
1

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*For breakup of the 7 Marks to be awarded separately by the Teacher and the Visiting Examiner, please refer to the table giving the criteria
for mark allocation for each project.

NOTE: VIVA-VOCE (3 Marks) for each Project is to be conducted only by the Visiting Examiner and should be based on the Project only.