1

Araar

Xidhmadan farsamo waxa ay ku saabsan tahay mid ka mid ah qaababka farsamaysan ee

loo dheefsado tamarta ay xambaarsan yihiin fallaraha gabalku. Tamarta gabbalka waxa
loo rogi karaa tamaro kale sida tamar kulayl iyo tamar laydhtiriig iwm, xidhmadan
farsamo waxa aynu si gaar ah ugu baran doonaa sida fallaaraha gabalka loogu rogo
laydhtiriig waxtar ah.

Sida xaqiiqda ah xaddaaradda iyo nolosha casriga ah waxaa hooyo u ah laydhtiriigga

la’aantiisna lama gaadhikareen horumarka farsamaysan ee maanta dunidu ku
tallaabsatay ee dhinacwalba leh. Hase ahaatee helidda Laydhtiriigga cidla mataal ee
waxaa la xidhiidha caqabado u baahan in laga gudbo. Dariiqooyinka Laydhtiriig lagu
dhaliyo waxa aan kasoo qaadaynaa dhawka ugu caanbaxsan;

1- Shidaalka Gubta (Fossil Fuel): si Laydhtiriig loo dhaliyo qaabkan waxaa la istcimaalaa
makiinado(machines) adeegsada shidaalka dhulka laga qodo sida Naaftada,
Baassiinka iwm, waa qaabka ugu caanbaxsan uguna hase ahaatee waxa jira caqabado
ka dhigaya mid aan lagu dhalin karin Laydhtiriig heer ganacsi ah, waayo kow
soosaarista shidaalkan waxaa ku kaca qiimo sare, markalabaadna waa wax
dhammaanaya. Kuwaas iyo kuwo la mid ah ayaa qaabkan ka dhigaya mid adduunku
kasii guurayo marka laga reebo dhaliyeyaasha loo adeegsado meheradaha yaryar
xilliyada Laydhtiriigga guud la waayo (standby generators).
2- Biyo-Dhac (Hydropower Generation): qaabkan biyo meelsare kasasoo dhacaya ayaa
wareejiya baalasha Dhaliye Laydhtiriig (Electrical generator/Turbine).
3- Uumi-bax (Steam Turbine): Qaabkan waxaa la bayliyaa biyo iyadoo la adeegsanayo kul
ku yimid siyaabo kala duwan sida dhuxul-dhagax, Nukliyeer iwm. Ka dibna uumigaas
oo xoog ku baxaya ayaa wareejiya Baalasha Dhaliye Laydhtiriig (Electrical
Generator/Turbine).
4- Gaballaydh (solar electric): fallaaraha gabalka ayaa loo rogaa laydhtiriig. Dadaallo iyo
cilmi-baaris dheer ka dib saynisku waxa uu guul wax-ku-ool ah ka gaadhey adeegsiga
tamarta cadceedda, si looga fursado ama hoos loo dhigo isticmaalka shidaalka loo
yaqaan (fossil Fuel). kaasoo sannad kasta ay dunida kaga baxdo dhaqaale xanuun
badan. Tobannaankii sano ee udanbeeyey soorista qalabka gaballaydhku (Solar
electric system) waxa uu kor ugu kacayey si xawli ah. Waxaa sidoo kale isbeddel la
taaban karo lagu sameeyey dheefta waxsoosaar ee unugga cadceeda (Photovoltaic
cell efficiency). 1% ilaa 22%, dhanka kalena qiima ayaa isna si muuqata hoos ugu
daadegayey.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee dunidu maanta waxa ay culyaska saartay sidii awoodda cadceedda
loogu rogi lahaa laydhtiriig dabooli kara baahida laydhtiriig ee dunidu u baahan tahay si
loo horamariyo waxsoosaarka iyo nolosha.

1
 2

Xidhmadan (course) tabobarna waxa aan ku qaadan doonnaa rakibaadda iyo dayactirka
qalabka ileyska gabalka u roga laydhtiriigga (home solar power).

Tababrku waxa uu ka kooban yahay laba qaybood, qaybta hore waxa ay ku saabsan tahay
barashada laydhtiriigga aasaasiga ah(basic electricity). Qaybta labaadna waxa ay ku
saabsan tahay gaballaydhka ama barashada sida qalabkaasi u shaqeeyo loo rakibo loona
dayactiro.

QAYBTA I AAD

GUNDHIGGA LAYDHTIRIIGGA

Cutubka 1aad

1.0 Hordhac (Introduction)

Guud ahaan maatarku waxa uu ka dhisan yahay xubno

yaryar oo loo yaqaan atammo, qaabdhismeedka atamku
waxa uu uyaal sidan; atamku waxa uu ka kooban yahay
saddex qurub oo loo yaqaan Borotoon “C”, Elegtaroon “A”
iyo Niyuutaroon “B”. Borotoonka iyo niyuutaroonku waxa
ay fadhiyaan meel loo yaqaan bu’da atamka (nucleus).
Elegtaroonku wuxuu ku dul winiinaa bu’da atamka.
Borotoonku waxa uu leeyahay danab Togan (+),
Elegtaroonkuna waxa uu leeyahay danab Taban(-). Atom
Niyuutaroonku danab ma leh 00 waa
dhexdhexaad(neutral).

Elegtaroonku waxa uu ku dul wareegaa bu’da atamka isagoo ku socda

xawaare sare, markastana waxa uu isku dayaaa inuu majiiraha ka baxsado,
hase ahaatee waxaa soojiidanaya oo ma

jiiraha ku haya borotoonka. Borotoonada iyo elegtaroonada waxaa ka

dhexeeya xoog isjiidasho (halkii boroton iyo halkii elegtaroon waxa ay
leeyihiin laba xoog isjiidasho oo isl’eg iskana soo horjeeda). si
elegtaroonku uga baxo majiiraha, ugana xoog sarreeyo Borotoonka
soojiidanaya waxa uu u baahaa yahay inuu helo tamar dheeraad ah oo
dibedda looga keeno. Marka elegtaroonku helo tamar dheeraad ah waxaa
2
 3
uu ka finiinaa atamkiisa, waxa uu noqdaa elegtaroon banjoog ah oo isaga
dhexboodbooda atamada. Elegtaroonadaa banjoogga ah haddii lasaaro
cadaadis waxa ay u qulqulaan hal jiho, waxaana loo yaqaan Laydhtiriig.

1.2 Waa Maxay Laydhtiriiggu

Qeexid: Laydhtiriiggu waa Nooc ka mid ah tamarta (waa wax hawl qaban
kara). Laydhtiriiggu waxa uu inoo qabankaraa shaqooyin kala duduwan,
sida, iftiin, kulayl, wax dhaqaaajin iwm. Qeexid labaad, Saynis ahaanse
laydhtiriigga waxaa lagu qeexaa qulqulka elegtaroonnada ee gudbiye dhex
socda.

1.3. Raadadka Laydtiriigga (effects Of electricity)

Laydhtiriigga lama arko lamana uriyo, hase ahaatee waxaa jiritaankiisa (joogid &
Maqnaansho) lagu ogaadaa raadadka uu reebo ama hawlaha uu qabanayo. Haddaan
isweydiinno, majiraan waxyaalo aan inoo muuqan, urna lahayn haddana aynu adeegsanno
ama aan ka faaiideysanno? Jawaabtu waa haah. Aan tusaale usoo qaadano dabaysha, weli
dabayl ma aragtay, mase urisay? Jawaabtu waa maya!. Waayo dabaysha ma aragno, ur lagu
gartana maleh, Hase ahaatee in dabayli jirto iyo in kale, waxa aan ku aqoonsannaa,
saamaynteeda iyo hawlaha ay qabato, sida ruxidda dhirta, kicinta siigada, qaadidda
xashiishka iwm. Sidaa si la mid ah, Laydhtiriigga ma aragno mana urinno laakiin waxaan ku
ogaannaa falalkiisa. Raadadka laydhtriigga lagu yaqaan waxa aan kasoo qaadanaynaa shanta
ugu caansan sida soosocota;

1-Raad Ileys (Light Effect): Laydhtiriiggu waxa uu dhaliyaa iftiin.

Haddii aad riixdo furaha laydtiriigga ee qolkaaga ama mehereddaada,
siraadku waxa uu bixiyaa iftiin, haddii ladhtiriig jiro, haddii siraadku
iftiin bixin waayana waxaad ogaanaysaa in aan laydhtiriig jirin.

2-Raad Kul (heating Effect): Laydhtiriiggu waxa uu dhaliyaa kul.

kolkaad kaawiyadda dharka geliso bareesada guriga, kaawiyaddu
waxa ay samaysaa diirrimaad, haddii Laydhtiriig joogo. Haddii aan
Laydhtiriig jirinna ma diirto.

3-Raad dhaqaaq (Moving Effect): laydhtiriiggu waxa uu dhaliyaa

dhaqaaq. Haddii aad wareejiso furaha babisada qolkaaga ama
xafiiskaaga, babisadu waxa ay bilowdaa wareegaalaysi si ay inoo
qaboojiso. Waa haddii laydhtiriig jiro, haddii ay wareeg
samaynweydana waxaad dhihi laydhtiriig majoogo.

4-Raad Kimikaad: laydhtiriiggu waxa uu sababi karaa isbeddelo

kimikaad. Waxaana tusaale kuugu filan Beyteriga. Marka beyetriyada
la dhaaminaya (charging) iyo marka layadhtiriigga lagala baxayo
(discharging) ee la isticmaalayo labada jeerba waxaa gudaha beyteriga
ka dhaca isbeddello kiimikaad.
3
 4

5-Raad shoog: Laydhtiriiggu waxa uu noolaha ku ridikaraa shoog ka

lumiya is-maamulka. Haddii aad taabato fiilo diiran oo laydhtiriig
xambaarsan waxaa kugu dhaca shoog. Kaasoo sababikara dhaawac iyo
dhimasho labadaba. Haddii aan fiiladu laydhtiriig xambaarsanayn
wax dhibaato ah madareentid.
Digniin: hatijaabin oo hataaban fiilo aadan hubin inay nooshahay iyo in kale!

Cutubka 2aad

2.1. NOOCYADA LAYDHTIRIIGGA

Laydhtiriigga aan maalin kasta adeegsanno waxaa loo qaybiyaa laba nooc oo kala ah:
2.3-1 Laydhtiriigga talantaalka ah AC (alternate Current)
2.3-2 Laydhtiriigga Toosan DC (Direct Current)

Laydhtiriig Talantaalka ah AC:

4
 5
Qeexid: AC waa Laydhtiriig si joogto u beddela xaddigiisa iyo jihadiisa. AC waa laydhtiriigga aynu
maalinkasta adeegsanno ee ay inasiiyaan shirkadaha Laydhtiriiggu. AC waa laydhtiriig aan degganayn
oo had iyo jeer kujira isbeddello joogta ah. AC waxa uu si joogto ah u beddelaa xaddigiisa, taasoo
macnaheedu yahay in ilbidhiqsi kasta xaddigiisu kordhayo ama hoos udhacayo. Sidoo kalena jihada
uu usocdaa si joogto ah ayey isu-beddeshaa. Jaantuuska hoose waa sawirka hirka saynle (sinisoidal
wave of AC ) ee laydhtiriigga AC.
Sharraxaad: Kasoo qaad in barbilowgu yahay barta eber (0), marka la daaro xaddigu isagoo ka
bilaabanaya eber ayuu si xidhiidha kor ugu kaca muddo kadib waxa uu gaadhaa barta ugu sarraysa ee
xaddigu gaadhi karo hadda ah +220V. isla markaan waxa uu u socdaa jihada TOGAN + (positive
direction). Kadibna waxa uu bilaabaa inuu si xidhiidh ah hoos ugusoo dhaco ilaa uu soo gaadho barta
(A) oo u dhiganta eber (0). Taasina waxa ay qaadataa muddo kale. Mar kale ayuu laydhtiriiguu
usocdaa jihada TABAN - (Negative direction) ilaa mar labaad ka gaadho halka ugu sarraysa ee uu
gaadhikaro oo ah (-220V). Ka dibna mar kale ayuu kusoo laabtaa eber oo ah barta (B). Sidaas ayuuna
kusii socdaa.
Barta O–B waxaa loo yaqaan hal wareeg oo buuxa (1 cycle). Arrinntan waxaa loo yaqaan
rakaad(frequency F) waxaana lagu qiyaasaa halbeeg loo yaqaan Hertis (Hz). Dunidu waxa ay
isticmaashaa labo rakaad, waxa ayna ku kala duwan yihiin inta wareeg ee halkii ilbidhiqsi ku jirta.
Rakaad 50Hz waxaa isticmaala Afrika Yurub iyo qayb ka mid ah qaaradda aasiya. rakaadla kalena
60Hz waxaa isticmaala ameerikada waqooyi iyo qayb ka mid qaaradda Aasiya. Maadaama AC tahay
laydhtriig aan degganeyn looma isticmaalo qalabka nugul iyo kuwa dareenka fudud. Hase ahaatee
dhanka kale AC waa laydhtiriig caynaansan oo si sahlan loo maamulikaro. si sahlan ayaa loogu
safrinkaraa meelo durugsan, si sahlan ayaa kor ama hoos loou dhigikara, sidoo kalena waxaa si
sahlan loogu beddelikaraa laydhtiriig DC ah.

Hal wareeg (One Cycle)

+220V

-220V
Hal wareeg (One Cycle)

Jihadata Togan + Jihadata Taban -

5
 6

Laydhtiriigga Toosan (DC):

Qeexid: DC waa laydhtiriig aan beddelin jihadiisa iyo xaddigiisa midna. Waa laydhtiriig
aad u deggan taas ayaa ka dhigtay mid ku habboon u isticmaalka dhammaan qalabka
nugul (sensitive equipment) iyo qalabka elegtarooniga ah. Dhanka kale DC si sahlan
meel dudurgsan looguma safrinkaro, sidoo kale si sahlan looguma rogi karo laydhtiriig
taltaal ah AC).
Sharraxaad: Hoos waxaa ka muuqda jaantuuska qaab-socodka hirka DC. Ka hor intaan
ladaarin waxa uu ahaa eber wuxuuna joogey barbilowga (0), ka dib markii ladaaray
wuxuu bilaabay in uu u kordho dhinaca jihada Togan(+), wuxuuna gaadhey halka ugu
sarraysa oo ah(+12), halkaas ayuu joogto ku noqday ma yeelan hoos udhac danbe iyo
jiho beddel toona marka uu gaadhey halka jihada Togan ugu sarraysa oo ah 12V halkaas
ayuu baaqi ku ahaanayaa ilaa laga demiyo.

+12V
Xaddiga (Magnetude

0
Amin

Qaabka Hirka socodka DC

Jihada Togan keli ah

Ayuu u socdaa

2.2. Ilaha Laydhtiriigga (Sources Of Electricity)

Laydhtiriigga waxaa laga helaa ilo kala duwan, waxa dhaliya qalab kala duduwan,
sida Dhaliyeyaal, Soolar, Beyteri iwm. AC iyo DC midkastaba waxaa laga helaa ama
dhaliya Ilo ugaar ah. Waxaana ka mid ah,
AC Dhaliye (AC Generator/Alternator)
DC Dhaliye (DC Generator)
Unugga cadceeda (Solar cell) iyo
Beyteriyada (Batteries)

6
 7
Ilahaas laydhtiriigga ee aan soo sheegnay qaarkood waxa aan ka helnaa Laydhtiriig
talantaalli ah(AC), qaarkoodna waxa aan ka helnaa laydhtiriig Toosan (DC).
Haddaad u fiirsato shaxanka hoose, AC waxa aan ka helikarnaa oo keliya Dhaliye,
lakiin DC waxa aan ka helikarnaa ilaa saddex ilood sida dhaliye, Soolar iyo Beyteri
waxaa muuqata in DC laga helikaro Ilo ka badan ku AC laga helikaro.

ISHA DC AC
AC dhaliye (Alternator) ●
DC dhaliye (Generator) ●
Beyteri (Battery) ●
Unug-cadceed (solar Cell) ●

2.3. Gudbiye iyo Magudbiye (Conductors and Insulators)

2.3.1. Gudbiyeyaal (Conductors): Gubiye waa walaxkasta oo laydhtiiggu si sahlan u dhexmari
karo. Waxa ay inoo qaadaan laydhitiigga si aan meel uga qaadno oo meel kale u
gaarsiinno. Tusaale: Biraha oo dhan waa gudbiyeyaal, biyaha, qoriga qoyan.
Gudbiyeyaasha fiican waxaa ka mid ah; -dahabka (gold), Qalinka (Silver), Macdanka
(alluminium), Maarta (Copper) iyo kuwo kale oo badan. Gudbiyeyaasha lagu isticmaalo
gudbinta laydhtiriigga waxaa ugu caansan Maarta (copper) iyo Macdanka (Aluminium),
oo ah kuwo qiimahooda lagoyn karo.

Qiyaasta Xajmiga Fiilada: Gudbiyaha waxaa lagu

qiyaasaa baaxadda bedka afkiisa(crossectional Area)
oo ah milimitir labo jibbaaran waxaana ka mid ah

0.5mm2 50mm2
0.75mm2 70mm2
1mm2 95mm2
1.5mm2 120mm2
2.5mm2 150mm2
4mm2 185mm2
6mm2 240mm2
10mm2 300mm2
16mm2, 400mm2,
25mm2, 500mm2,
35mm2, 600mm2
50mm2

2.3.2. Magudbiyeyaal (Insulators): Magudbiye waa walaxkasta oo aan laydhtiriiggu si sahlan

ugu dhex socon karin. Magudbiyeyaasha waxaa ka mid ah Caagga, quraaradaha,
rabadhka, mayka(mica), alxwaaxa engegan iwm.

2.4. Mareeg Fudud (simple Circuit)

7
 8
Mareeg waa qalabka ugu fudud ee marka la isku xidhiidhiyo tamarta Laydhtiriigga inoogu roga
tamar kale. Mareegta fudud ee laydhtiriiggu waa qalabka ugu yar ee ladyhtiriigga inoogu rogi
kara wax faa’iido inoo leh sida iftiin, kul, dhaqaaq iwm.
Mareeg fudud waxa ay ka kooban tahay afar walxood:
- IL (source) waa meel aan laydhtiriig ka helno sida dhaliye, soolar, beyteri iwm
- Gudbiye (Conductor) waa fiilooyinka laydhtiriigga inoo qaada iwm.
- Rar (load) waa shay ama qalab Laydhtiriigga quuta sida Nal, kaawiyada, Babiso iwm.
- Fure (switch) waa xubinta laga xukumo mareegta. Laga furo ama laga xidho.
Mareegta fudud laba xaaladood ayey u dhexaysaa
a) Mareeg Furan (open circuit) waa mareeg aan wax shaqo ah hayn. Raadna maleh. Waayo
furaha laga xukumo ayaa kala furan sidaa awgeed waxa maayad ah masocoto.
b) Mareeg Xidhan (closed Circuit) waa mareeg shaqo haysa, waxa ay leedahay raad, waxa
xiriirsan furaha waxaa socota maayad.

Tirsiinada Laydhtiriigga Gundhigga ah (Electrical quantities)

Laydhtiriiggu waxa uu leeyahay saddex Tirsiin oo gundhig u ah barashada, adeegsiga iyo

cabbiraadda laydhtiriigga, waxaana lagu kala magacaabaa;
Cadaadisk Laydhtiriigga (electrical Voltage) “V”,
Maayadda Laydhtiriigga (electrical Current) “I”, iyo
Caabbiga Laydhtiriigga (electrical Resistance) “R”.

Maayad(I): maayaddu waa qulqulka elegtaroonada fiilada dhexsocda, maayaddu waa tan
sababta raadadka laydhtiriigga, hadaan si kale u dhigo maayaddu waa waxa
shaqada laydhtiriigga inoo qabta. Waxaa loosoo gaabiyaa xarafka “I”, waxaana
lagu qiyaasaa halbeeg layiraahdo Ambiyeer oo isna loosoo gaabiyo A. waxaa lagu
cabbiraa saacad loo yaqaan Ambiyeer-beeg (Ammeter).

Cadaadis(V): cadaadisku waa xoogga maayadda wada. Waxa uu maayadda ku riixa fiilada
dhexdeeda kuna khasbaa in maayaddu socoto, waa xoogga wada maayadda. Waxaa loosoo
gaabiyaa V, waxaana lagu qiyaasaa halbeeg layiraahdo fooltis oo isna loosoo gaabiyo V.
saacadda lagu cabbiro cadaadiska Laydhtiriigga waxaa loo yaqaan foolta-beeg (Voltmeter).

Caabbi ( R): sida magaca laga dhadhansan karo, caabbigu waa xoog lid ku ah socodka maayadda,
haddaan si kale udhigno waa xooga kasoo horjeeda cadaadiska maayadda wada. caabbiga

8
 9
waxaa loosoo gaabiyaa R, waxaana lagu qiyaasaa halbeeg layiraahdo Oom oo isna loosoo
gaabiyo xarafka giriigga ah ee Omega(Ω), waxaa lagu cabbiraa saacad loo yaqaan
oombeeg(Ohmmeter).

Tirsiinka Astaanta Tirsiinka Halbeeg Astaanta Halbeegga Magac Saacadda

(Quantity) (Quantity Symbol) (Unit) (Unit Symbol) (instrument Name)
Voltage V Volts V voltmeter
Current I Ampere A Ammeter
Resistance R Ohm Ω Ohmmeter

Ammeter Voltmeter Ohmmeter

2.5. Caaradaha iyo Cidhif-dhawrka

2.5.1. Caaradaha (Terminals): Waxaan horay usoo barannay in mareegta fudud ee

laydhtiriiggu ka kooban tahay afar xubnood, sida Isha, rarka, gudbiyaha iyo furaha.
Casharakanna waxa aad ku baran doontaa sida habboon ee la isugu xiriiriyo qaybaha mareegta.
Taasina waxa ay ubaahan tahay tab iyo barasho. Waxaa jira xeerar u baahan in la tixgeliyo iyo
foojignaan lagama maarmaan ah si looga fursado halis iyo cillado soodersa. Qalab kasta ha
noqdo Il laydhtiriig dhalisa ama qalab kale oo ah rar quuta laydhtiriige waxa uu leeyahay
caarado (terminals) kuwaasoo ah halka laydhtiriigga laga qaata ama laga siiyo.

2.5.2 Cidhif-dhawrka(Polarities): Cidhif dhawrka waxaa looga jeedaa sida la

isugu aadinayo ama la isu waafajinayo caaradha Isha iyo caaradaha Quutaha ama rarka, arrinta
cidhif-dhawrka AC & DC waa ku kala duwan yihiin waxa aad kaga bogan doontaa qodobadda
soosocda

2.5.3. Caaradaha & Cidhif-dhawrka AC (Terminals and Polarities)

Isha AC waxa ay leedahay labo caaradood oo loo yaqaan Feys (L) iyo Niyuutaraal(N). waa
labada caaradood ee laga xidhiidhsado marka laydhtiriig laga qaadanayo isha lafteeda. sidoo
kale quutaha ama rarka AC waxaa uu leeyahay laba caaradood oo ay ku kala calaamadsan
yihiin L & N oo ah halka laga siinayo laydhtiriigga. Haddaba Marka la isku xidhiidhinayo AC
Dhaliye iyo AC quute caaradda “L” ee Isha waxaa lagu xidhaa Caaradda “L” ee quutaha, sidoo
kale caaradda “N” ee isha waxaa lagu xidhaa caaradda “N” ee Quutaha.
caaradood “L” waa nooshay oo waxa ay xambaarsan tahay cadaadis(Voltage), Hase ahaatee
caaradda “N” manoola caadi ahaanna cadaadis ma xambaarsana.

N
L

Sunduuqa Caaradaha Isha

Dhaliyaha
9

N L
sunduuqa Caaradaha Quutaha
 10

Quute Hal fays ah (Single Phase Comsumer)

N
L1
L2
L3
Sunduuqa Caaradaha dhaliyaha

L1 L2 L3
Sunduuqa Caaradaha Quutaha

Quute 3 faysle ah (three Phase)

Sida aad sawirrda sare ku aragtid waxaa la isku xiriirshey N dhaliye iyo N quute, sidoo kale
waxaa la isku xiriirshey L dhaliye iyo L quute, sidaasna waxaana loo yaqaan cidhif-dhawr. Waa
habka saxa ah ee habboon. Hase ahaatee haddii si kedis ah la isu weydaariyo cirifyada N iyo L
dhibaato cidhif-dhawr kama dhalato (polarity Problems) fiiri jaantuuyada hoose.

N L
N
L
IL AC ah Quute AC ah
(AC Source) (AC Appliance)
S

2.5.4. Caaradaha & Cidhif-dhawrka DC

Ilkasta oo dahlisa Laydhtiriigga Toosan ee DC waxa ay leedahay labo caaradood oo loo yaqaan
caaradda togan + (Positive terminal) iyo caaradda Taban – (Negative terminal). Waa halka
laga xidhiidhsado Laydhtiriigga DC marka laga qaadanayo. Labada caaradood ee isha DC
labaduba waa nool yihiin( Positive and Negative both are Live). Sidaa awgeed waa inaad iska
jirtaa halistooda. Sidoo kale quutaha DC waxa uu leeyahay labo caaradood oo ku kala
calaamadsan yihiin (+) iyo (-) oo ah halka laga siiyo laydhtiriigga. marka la rabo in quute DC
ah lagu xidhiidhiyo il DC soosaarta, caaradda Togan(+) ee Isha waxaa lagu xidhaa caaradda
Togan(+) ee rarka, sidoo kale caaradda Taban(-) ee Isha waxaa lagu xidhaa caaradda taban(-)
ee rarka. sida sawirka hoose muujinayo.

Cidhif-dhawrka DC(DC Polarity)

10
 11
Cidhif-dhawrku waa waajib marka la joogo DC, marka la isku xidhiidhinayo il DC soosaarta
sida Soolar, beyteri, Toosin (reftifier) iwm, iyo qalab ku shaqeeya DC, waxaa lagama
maarmaan ah inaad ilaaliso cidhif dhawrka, oo ah in caaradba caaradda la midka ah lagu
xidho togane-Togane, Tabane- Tabane. Haddii la isweydaariyo waxaa ka dhalankarta halis
aan lasaadaalin Karin sida qarax, dab kaca, qalab gubta iwm.

beyteri
be yte r i

Sax
khala
d

Sawir xxx Xiriirin Sax

Sawir xxx Xiriirin khaldan

Jaqafka Xogta (Name Plate)

Qalabkasta ama ha noqdo Il(source) soossarta laydhtiriig ama ha noqdo rar (electrical laod)
quuta laydhtiriige, waxaa jira jaqaf yar oo ku dul dheggan oo loo yaqaan
Jaqafxogeed(Nameplate), jaqafxogeedkaasi waxaa ku duldhigan dhammaan macluumaadka
muhiimka ah ee qalabkaas. Tusaale haddii qalbku yahay Il-dhaliso, waxa ku duldhigan
awoodda, cadaadiska, maayadda, rakaadka(frequency) iwm, ee laga heli karo ishan. Haddii
sidoo kale qalabku yahay rarna waxaa ku qoran cadaadiska lasiin karo, maayadda uu qaadan
karo, rakaadka uu adeegsankaro, inuu AC ku shaqeeyo iyo inuu Dc ku shaqeeyo iwm. Waa
lagama maarmaan in farsamoyaqaanku akhriyo oo fahmo waxa jaqafka xogta ku qoran Xogta
ku qoran waxaa ugu muhiimsan waa kuwa hoos ku cad:

 DC & AC midka uu ku shaqeeyo qalabku

 Cadaadiska(Voltage) Qalabku ku haqeeyo
 Hal layn mise 3 layn(single phase/3phase) mid kuu yahay
 Rakaadka (Frquency) Hz. Hadduu AC ku shaqeeyo qalabku
 Awoodda (power)
 Maayadda (current) qalabku qaato.
F.G: waxaa laga yaabaa awoodda (P)
iyo Maayada (I) in midkood uun lagu
muujiyo. Sidoo kale haddii qalabku
DC ku shaqeeyo Rakaad (F)laguma
muujiyo.
11
 12

Cutubka 3aad

ISU-DHIGANKA BIYAHA & LAYDTIRIIGGA (Hydro-electric Analogy)

Isu-dhigan biyaha iyo laydhtiriiggu waxa aad si wanaagsan ugu fahmidoontaa caddayada
laydhtiriigga ee horay ugasoo hadallay iyo weliba waxyaalo kale oo muhiim ah. bal si
dhug leh ugu fiirso qaybaha soosocda ee casharkan. Biyaha iyo laydhtiriiggu waa laba
walxood oo kala duwan isku sina aan loo adeegsan, haseyeeshee, waxaa jira siyaabo ay
isu shabbahaan kuwaasoo kuu fududeynakara fahanka iyo barashada laydhtiriigga.

Waxtarka Biyaha: biyuhu waa shay lagama maarmaan u ah nolosheenna, waa aynu
cabnaa, waxbaan ku nadiifsanaa, dhirtaa lagu waraabiyaa iwm.
Biyaha ayaa hawlahaas inoo qabto
Jidka Biyaha: biyaha waxa ay inoosoo raacaan dhuumo.

Waxtarka laydhtiriigga: laydhtiriiggu waa hoggaanka xaddaaradda casriga ah,

waxa aan ka helnaa iftiin, diirimaad, dhaqaaq iyo adeegyo tiro
badan oo lagama maarmaan u ah nolosha casriga ah. Run
aahaantii waxa shaqada inoo qabta waa maayadda “I”
(Current). Waxa dhegaatiyada laydhtiriigga dhex socdaana
waa maayadda.

12
 13
Jidka Laydhtiriigga: laydhitiiggu waxa uu inoosoo raacaa dhegaaatiyo gudbiya
laydhtiriigga oo badanaa bir ka samaysan wayana is-
shabbahaan dhuumihii biyaha inoo soo qaadayey.
Qaab qulqulka biyaha:
Sidaan soo sheegnay biyuhu waxa ay dhexququlaan dhuumo(pipes). waxaa jira xoog
ama cadaadis had iyo jeer biyaha ku riixa in ay socdaan oo dhuumaha ama
dhexqulqulaan waxaana xooggaas loo yaqaan cadaadis-biyood(water pressure).
Dhanka kale waxaa jira xoog dabiici ah oo dhuumuhu iska leeyihiin. Xooggaas oo lid
ku ah xoogga biyaha riixaya. Lidna ku ah socodka biyaha. markasta wuxuu isku
dayaa inuu joojiyo biyaha dhuunta dhexsocda. Waxaa arrintaa inoo caddaynaya
tusaalaha soosocda:
Tusaale, haddii dhuun biyo la raaciyo, waxaan ognahay in biyaha dhuunta marayaa
marba marka danbaysa ee dhuuntu dheeraataba ay xoos u dhacaan xawaaraha
biyuhu ku socdaan ilaa marka ugu danbayasa haddii dhuunta aad loo dheereeyo aan
biyo laga helikarin. xoogaas waxaa loo yaqaan caabbiga dhuunta.

Qaab qulqulka Laydhtiriigga:

Sidaan horay usoo xusnay maayadda(I), waxa ay dhex sosoctaa ama dhexqulqushaa
dhegaatiyada(wires) laydhtiriigga. Sida biyaha oo kale, waxaa jira xoog ama cadaadis
had iyo jeer maayadda ku qasba in ay raacdo ama dhexqulqusho dhegaatiyada
laydhtiriigga ama waxa loo yaqaan fiilada. xooggaas maayada wada waxaa loo
yaqaan cadaadiska laydhtiriigga(electrical pressure) ama (voltage). Dhanka kale
waxaa jira xoog dabiici ah oo dhegaatiyadu iska leeyihiin. Xooggaas oo lid ku ah
cadaadiska maayadda riixaya. markastana wuxuu isku dayaa in uu joojiyo maayadda
fiilada dhexsocota. Waxaa arrintaa inoo caddaynaya tusaalaha soosocda:
Tusaale, haddii fiilo maayad sido, markasta oo dhererkeedu kordhaba waxaa hoos u
dhaca maayadda ay geynkarto. Ilaa ay maayadba gudbinweydo marka dhererka
fiiladu aad u kordho. Xoogga noocan ahna waxaa loo yaqaan caabbiga
laydhtiriigga(electrical resistance).

Dhuun biyood: marka dhuunta dhererkeedu

Dhegaati Gudbiye: marka xariga dhererkiisu
kordhaba waxaa hoos u dhaca xaddiga biyaha,
kordhaba waxaa hoos u dhaca xaddiga maayadda,
waayo waxaa kordha caabbiga dhuunta
waayo waxaa kordha caabbiga gudbiyaha

Saamaynta Dhumucda

Biyaha: Dhuunta dhumucdeedu weyn tahay waxa ay qaadi kartaa biyo xaddi badan, dhuunta
dhumucda yarna waxa ay qadi kartaa biyo xaddi yar.

13
 14
Maayadda: Dhegaatiga dhumuc weyn waxa uu qaadi karaa maayad xaddi badan, dhegaatiga
dhumucda yarina waxa uu qadi karaa maayad xaddi yar.

LAYDHTIRIIG BIYAHA
Cadaadis:xoogga maayadda wada ► Cadaadiska Biyaha wada
Maayad: waa walaxda hawsha inoo ► Biyo: waa walxda danaheenna aan
qabata ku fushanno.
Caabbi: xoog lid ku ah socodka ► Caabbi: xoog lid ku ah socodka
maayada biyaha

Tuubbo dhumuc yar biyo xaddi yar

Tuubbo dhumuc weyn biyo xaddi badan

Tuubbo dhumuc weyn biyo xaddi badan

Tuubbo dhumuc weyn biyo xaddi badan

Soo koobid (Summary)

Tuubadu waxay Qaadaa Biyo Fiiladu waxay qaadaa Maayad

(Pipe Carries Water) (Wires Carries Current)
Waxaa jira xoog biyaha ku riixaya Tuubada (There is a Waxaa jira xoog maayadda ku riixaya fiilada.
force Pushing the water through the Pipe). Cadaadis (There is a force Pushing The Current through wires).
biyood (water Pressure) Cadaadis laydhtiriig (Voltage)
Tuubadu waxay leedahay xoog dabiici ah kaasoo Fiiladu waxa ay leedahay xoog daciici ah kaasoo horjeeda
kasoo horjeed cadaadiska biyaha wada, waxa uu lid cadaadiska maayadda wada, waxa uu lid ku yahay qulqulka
yahay qulqulka biyaha (The Pipe has natural maayadda. (The wire has natural force called resistance
resistance(force) tend to stop the water) opposing the Current).
Dhuunta Dhumucda weyni waxay qaadi kartaa biyo Fiilada Dhumucda weyni waxay qaadi kartaa maayad badan
badan. (Bigger Diameter pipe carries mush Water)_ (Bigger Cross sectional area wire carries much Current)
dhuunta Dhumucda yari waxay qaadikartaa Biyo yar Fiilada dhumucyada yari waxay qaadikartaa maayad yar
(Smaller Diameter Pipe carries Less water) (Smaller Cross sectional area wire carries less current).

2.10. Xeerka Oom (Ohm”s Law)

Xeerka Ohm wuxuu noo sharraxayaa xiriirka ka dhexeeya saddexda Tirsiin ee gundhigga u ah
Laydhtiriigga ee kala ah Maayadda (I), Cadaadiska (V) iyo Caabbiga (R).

Xeerka Oom waxa uu saldhig u yahay fahanka iyo adeegsiga laydhtitiriigga. Inaad si qotodheer u
fahmo laydhtiriigga waxa ay ku xidhan tahay hadba inta aad ka fahamto xeerka oohm.

14
 15
Xeerka Ohm waxaa uu ka kooban yahay labo qaybood, qaybta hore waxa ay noo sharraxaysaa
xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya Maayadda(I) iyo Cadaadiska(V) ee maayadda wada. qaybta labaad waxa
ay sharraxaysaa xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya Maayadda(I) iyo Caabbiga kasoo horjeeda.

Qaybta 1aad ee xeerka Oom waxa dhigaysaa sidan:

Maayadda [I] waxa ay saamigal qumman (Direct Proportion) la tahay cadaadiska V (haddii
caabiga [R] joogto yahay oo uusan isbeddeleyn). I ∝ V,

↑ ↑ V I
V I ↓ ↓
(a) (b)

Taa macnaheedu waxa weeye, haddii cadaadiska mareegtu kor u kaco, waxaa iyana kor u
kacda maayadda I, sidoo kale haddii cadaadiska mareegtu hoos udhoco waxaa yaraada
ama hoos u dhaca maayadda I. sida ka muuqata sawirrada sare ee (a) iyo (b). waa haddii
caabbiga mareegtu uusan isbeddelin oo halqiime yahay.

Xeerka qaybtiisa 2aad waxa ay dhigaysaa sidan: maayadda [I] waxa ay saami-
isweydaar(Inverse propoprtion) la tahay caabiga [R] (haddii cadaadiska mareegtu uu joogto
yahay).
↑
R I
↓
(b)

↑
R I
↓
(a)

Taa macnaheedu waxa weeye, haddii caabbiga R ee mareegtu kordho ama bato, waxaa
hoos udhaca ama yaraada maayadda I ee mareegta qulqulaysa, taa cagsigeeda haddii
caabiga mareegtu hoos udhaco ama yaraado waxaa kor u kaca ama bata Maayadda
Mareegta. Fiiri sawir sare a & b
15
 16

Dariiqada guud ee xeerka Oom waa sidan hoos ku cad

Voltage (V)
Current (I) = Resistance (R)
in Amperes (A)

Dariiqada sare waxaa laga fahmayaa in haddii saddexda Tirsiin laba ka mid ah aad taqaan
qiimahooda, qiimaha Tirsiinka maqan si fudud ayaa xisaab ahaan loogusoo saari karaa
iyadoo la isticmaalayo dariiqada sare. Xeerka Oom,waxa uu gundhig u yahay xisaabaadka
laydhtiriigga.

Dariiqooyin (Formulas

V V
I = R= V = IxR
R I

VOLTAGE V = I (Amperes) x R (Ohms) = V (V)

CURRENT I = V (volts) ÷ R (Ohms] = I (A)

RESISTANCE R = V (volts) ÷ I (Amperes) = R(Ω)

Tusaalaha 1aad: soosaar qiimaha maayadda I,ee ay qaadanayso

siraadka hoose, haddii qiimaha cadaadiska(V) lasiiyey dhan
yahay 12V, caabbiga(R) Siraadkuna dhan yahay 3 Oom?

V=

Siin: Raadin: Shaqo:

16
 17

Cadaadiska V = 12V Maayadda I? V = 12V

Caabbiga R = 3 Ω R=3Ω
I=?

Waxaan kor kusoo aragnay in Dariiqada Maayadda lagu helo

ahayd;
V 12
I = Haddda, I= Markaa I = 6 Amperes
R 3
Haddaba

Tusaale 2aad,

raadi caabiga R, ee mareegta hoose?

Siin: Raadin: Shaqo:

Cadaadiska V = 36V Caabbiga R = ? V = 36V
Maayadda I = 4A I = 4A
R=?

Waxaan kor kusoo aragnay in Dariiqada Caabbiga lagu helo

ahayd;
V 36
R= Haddda, R= Markaa R = 9Ω
I 4

Tusaale 3aad, raadi cadaadiska lasoosiiyey siraadka hoose?

17
 18

Siin: Raadin: Shaqo:

Caabbiga R = 7 Ω Cadaadiska V =? R=7Ω
Maayadda I = 2A I = 2A
V= ?

Waxaan soo baranay in Dariiqada Cadaadiska lagu helo ahayd;

V = IxR Haddda,V = 2x7 Markaa V = 14V
Tusaale 4aad

Haddii caabbiye caabigiisu yahay 50Ω, lasiiyo cadaadis dhan

220V, maa immisa maayadda maraysa mareegtu?, sawir mareegta
kuna muuji qiimeyaasha.

V=220V R=50Ω

Layli(exercise) 30-50

1- Haddii mareeg cabbigeedu dhan yahay 150 Oom, Lasiiyo cadaadis dhan
100V, soo saar maayadda mareegta mari karta ku muuji sawir marka hore
mareegta.

18
 19

Shayb Baaris (lab Test)

1-Haddii mareeg caabbigeedu yahay 150 Ω joogto ah, lasiiyo

cadaadisyo kala duwan sida hoos ko cad soosaar maayadda
cadaadiskaa ku socodsiin karo mareegta.
a-20V
b-50V
c-100V
d-150V
e-200V
f-250V.
2-Haddii mareeg cadaasiska saaran yahay 24V joogto ah,
caabbigeeda lagu sameeyo isbeddeel soosaar maayadda la
xidhiidha caabbikasta.
a- 30Ω
b- 50Ω
c- 90Ω
d- 120Ω
e- 150Ω
f- 300Ω

Cutubka 4aad

2.10- Awoodda & Tamarta Laydhtiriigga (Power & Energy)

Awoodda(Power) P :
Awoodda laydhtiriiga waxaa lagu qeexaa xawaaraha tamarta laydhtiriigga
loogu rogi karo tamar kale ama xawaaraha qalab inoogaga faa’iideynkaro
laydhtiriigga. Tusaale ahaan haddii aan siraad daarro, waxa aan ognahay in
siraadka baxaya uu yahay maayaddii laydhtiriigga oo loo rogey ileys. Haddaba
dhakhso intee le’eg ayuu siraadku laydhtiriigga ugu beddeleyaa infiin, taas ayaa
layiraahdaa Awoodda laydhtiigga ee qalab leeyahay. Awoodda waxaa loosoo
gaabiyaa xarafka P, waxaana lagu cabbiraa halbeeg layiraahdo watt(W), ama
kilowatt(KW). Inagoo adeegsanayna xeerka Oom awoodda P waxa aan ku
helikarnaa:

P (watts) = V (volts) x I (amps), [P = V x I]

Sidoo kale waxaa raaci kartaa dariiqqyinkan kale,

19
 20

[P = V 2 ÷ R] [P = I 2 x R]

Raadinta cadaadiska iyo maayadda iyo awoodda

Waxaa jira halbeeg kale oo mararka qaarkood la adeegsado oo layiraahdo

Xoog-faras (Horsepower hp). 1hp = 746W.

Tusaale #1

Innagoo tusaale u qaadanayna qiimayaasha mareegta hoose, bal aan hadba

mid iska qarinno, kadibna aan xisaab ahaan kusoo saarro kaas aan iska
qarinnay.

Voltage [ V = I x R ] = 2 x 12Ω = 24V

Current [ I = V ÷ R ] = 24 ÷ 12Ω = 2A

Resistance [ R = V ÷ I ] = 24 ÷ 2 = 12 Ω

Power [ P = V x I ] = 24 x 2 = 48W

Mareeg ladydhtiriig waxa ay awood leedahay marka cadaadis iyo maayad

labaduba jiraan. Tusaale ahaan mareeg furan, cadaadis waa jiraa laakiin
maayad ma soconayso, mareeg furan maayad ma socoto sidaa awgeedna
awood majirikarto. Maadaama awoodda lagu raadiyo taranta cadaadiska iyo
maayadda.

20
 21

P = V x I, = v x 0 = 0 watt.

Tusaale yaal 1-5

Layli

1. Dube(roaster) ayaa la geliyey bareeso 220V ah, haddii maayadda uu

qaatay dhan tahay 5A, sheegta awoodda makiinadda ?
2. makiinadda lagu daawado muuqaallada (VCR), iyadoo aan la isticmaaleyn
ayuu qaadanayaa awood ah 20W, waxaan saaran cadaadis(Voltage) dhan
220V soosaar maayadda [I] ee uu qaadanayo.?
3. guluub toosh ayaa qaata maayad dhan 0.8A, haddii beyteriyada kujira
yihiin labo beyteri oo tax ah oo midkiiba yahay 1.5V, soosaar awoodda
guluubka P?

4. haddii rar laydhtiriig caabigiisu yahay 25Ω, isla markaana uu qaato

maayad dhan 0.5A, raadi cadaadiska iyo awoodda rarka?
5. dubaalad(filament) guluub oo 60W ah ayaa qaadanaysa 0.5 A, haddii
cadaadiska saaran yahay 120V, raadi caabbiga dubaaladda?
6. Caruusadda dhallaanku ku dheelo oo 20 Ω ah, ayaa lageliyey beyteri 3 V
ah. Raadi awoodda laydhtiriig ee caruusadda?
7. Qalab laydhtiriig ayaa lagu xidhay cadaadis dhan 220V, wuxuuna qaatay
maayad dhan 1A, immisa kiilowat ayuu samaynayaa ?
8. makiinad xisaabeed(calculator) ayaa ku shaqeeya beyteri 9 V ah, waxayna
qaadataa mayaad dhan 0.1 A. waa immisa awoodda ay isticmaalayso?

2.11. Tamarta (Energy)

Tamarta laydhtiriiggu waa taranta awoodda P iyo aminta qalabku shaqaynayey.

(Awood x Amin). Tamarta waxaa loosoo gaabiyaa xarafka E, waxaana lagu
beegaa halbeeg loo yaqaan KWh(kilowat hour).
21
 22

Tamar = Awood (watts) x Amin (seconds)

E = P x t ( kwh)

Tusaale

Laambad 20w ah ayaa shaqaynaysey muddo 10 saac ah, waa immisa tamarta
laambadaasi isticmaashay ?

Awood P = 20w

Amin t = 10hrs

Tamar E = ?

Ugu horrayn waa inaan awoodda laambadda u rogno kilowatt

P = 20W, u qaybi 1000 si aan u helno KW, 20/1000 = 0.02kw

E=Pxt

= 0.02 x 10

0.2kwh

Tusaaleyaal xisaabinta tamarta

Cutubka 5aad

Noocyada Mareegaha Laydhtiriigga

waxaa jira labo maregood oo aasaasi ah iyo mid saddexaad oo ah
isku-dhafka labada aasaasiga ah. Waana kuwa hoos ku taxan:

2.11.1 Mareeg Susun ah (Series Circuit)

2.11.2 Mareeg Barbarro ah (Parallel Circuit).

Mareeg Susun ah:

22
 23

Beyteri Siraad1
12VDC

Fiyuus Siraad2

Fure

Mareeg Susun ah, waa mareeg qalabka la isugu tacxo si

isdaboyaal ah. Inta badan mareegtan laguma isticmaalo hawaha
caadiga ah ee laydhtiriigga marka laga reebo meerlo iyo waqtiyo
kooban, arrimaha la xidhiidha awgood. Fiiri sawirka hoose.

Dabeecadda Mareeg Susun ah

Mareeg susun ah maayaddu waxa ay martaa hal jid. Sida darteed;

1. haddii mid ka mid ah qalabka susunta u taxan hawl gabo

dhammaan mareegtu waa hawl-gababysa.

2. cadaadiska guud ee mareegta waxaa qaybsada qalabyada

susunta u taxan,

3. Qalabyada susunta u taxan waxa maraysa dhammaantood

maayad [I] is le’eg.

4. Caabbiga guud ee mareegtu wuxuu noqonayaa wadarta

caabiyada gaargaarka ah. Mareeg susun ah;

RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + Rn IT = I 1 = I 2 = I 3 = I n VT = V 1 + V 2 + V 3 + V n

Layli

1 2

23
 24

3 4

5 6

24
 25

7. Sawir mareeg ka kooban saddex caabbiye R1 100Ω, R2 50Ω and R3 150Ω,

waxaa quudinaya beyteri ah 30V. haddaba

a- waa immisa caabbiga guud RT?

b- waa immisa maayadda I, ee beyteriga ka baxaysa?

c- Awood [P] intee le’eg ayuu beyterigu bixinayaa?

d- waa immisa maayadda maraysa caabbiye kasta (I1, I2, I3) ?

e- waa immisa cadaadiska ku lumaya(Voltage drop) caabbiye kasta? (V1 , V2 , V3 )

f- waa immisa awoodda caabbiye kastaa luminayo? (P1 , P2 , P3) .

8. dhawr caabbiye oo susun ah keebaa qaadanaya maayadda ugu badan?

9. dhawr caabbye oo susun ah keebaa qaata cadaadiska ugu badan?

10. dhawr caabbiye oo susun ah keebaa lumiya awoodda ugu badan?

11-mareeg susun u taxan ayaa ka kooban saddex caabbiye oo qiimahoodu kala

yahay 200 Ω, 300 Ω iyo 700 Ω ayaa lagu xidhay beyteri cadaadiskiisu yahay 6-
Volt

a. raadi caabbiga guud ee mareegta?

b. Waa immisa maayadda beyterigu bixinayo?
c. Waa immisa cadaadiska uu qaatay caabiyaha 300Ω?
d. Waa immisa awoodda P ee caabbiga 300 Ω?

Mareeg Barbarro ah

Mareeg barbarro ah waa mareeg ka kooban labo rar iyo wax ka badan oo si
barbarro ah ugu xidhan, waa mareeg leh labo jid ama laamood iyo wax ka
badan oo maayaddu marto. .

Dabeecadda Mareeg barbarro ah

Mareeg barbarroa ah waxa ay leedahay labo jid iyo wax ka badan oo

maayaddu marto sidaa awgeed:

25
 26

1. haddii ay dhacdo in hal laan ama hal jid hawl gabo, laamaha soo hadhay
hawshooda ayey sii wataan. .
2. Laankasta waxa ay toos u heshaa cadaadiska guud.
3. Maayadda laamaha kala duwan maraysaa waa kala duwanaan kartaa.
4. Rogaalka Caabbiga guud waxa uu la mid yahay, wadarta rogaallada
caabbiyada gaareed.

IT = I1 + I2 + I3 +In

VT= V 1 = V2 = V3 = VN

1 1 1 1 1
= + + +
R R1 R R R
T 2 3 n

Tusaale

Tusaale 1: mareegtan hoose saddex caabbiye midkastana waxaa saaran

cadaadis dhan 24V. a) raadi maayadda caabbi kastaa qaadanayo, b) awoodda P ee
caabi kastaa luminayo.

Jawaabaha
I1 Ω = 24 amps
I2 Ω = 12 amps
V=24V R1=1Ω R1=2Ω R1=3Ω
I3 Ω = 8 amps
P1 Ω = 576 watts
P2 Ω = 288 watts
P3 Ω = 192 watts

layli

1- 2-

26
 27

3- 4-

5- 6-

*****

Additional chapters

 Wire and cable cutting stripping and joining

 Basic tools (hand tools and power tools
 measurements

27
 28

Qaybta 2aad

HABDHISKA GABALLAYDHKA (PV SYSTEM)

Erey Bixin

Gabbal-laydh: solar Electric

Xidhmo: course

Qiyaasdhis: design
28
 29

Rogaal: Inverter

Toosin: Rectifier

Salab: Tool

Solar cell: unug gabbal

Solar module: jaan gabbal

Solar Panel: taxsin

Solar Array: weeraar gabbal

Cutubka 6aad

SUUQA & ADEEGSIGA UNUGGA GABBAL-LISAHA

(PV cell Market and Application)

6.1: Sooyaalka Unugga Gabalka (solar cell history timeline)

Inta taariikhdu xusuusato qiyaasii muddo laga joogo 182 sano ayaa aragtidii ugu
horreysey ee unugga Gabal-lisaha waxaa iftiimiyey nin la oran jirey Aleksandar. Laga soo
bilaabo xilligaasna waxaa unuggu soo maray raabeyaal isdaba jooga oo midba mid ka
kale kaabayo. Heer aragti, heer sharraxaad, heer gacan-qabad, heer adeegsi ilaa heer
ganacsi.

Si aad fahan dhadhan leh uga qaadato taariikhda unugga gabal-lisaha waxaan halkaan
kuugu soo koobay taxanihii horukaceed ee uu sameeyey tan iyo markii la helay
aradgtidiisii ugu horreysey.

1839: Aragtidii koowaad ee raadka unugga gabal-lisaha (Photovoltaic Effect Is

Discovered) waxaa la dareemay walax ilays ku dhacay oo dhalisay cadaadis laydhtiriig.

1873–1876: waxa la ogaadey in curiyaha ama walaxda Seleniyam ay gudbiso laydhtriigga

marka ilays ku dhaco.

29
 30

1883 unuggii gabal-lisaha ee ugu horreeyey ayaa la samaayey. walaxda ama curiyaha
Seleniyam oo dusha looga dheehay lakab dahab ah ayuu ahaa, unuggaasi waxaa
dheefiisu ahayd 1-2%. Meesha maanta dheeftu unugga soolarku marayso 15-24%.

1953–1956: waxa la bixiyey leysankii ama oggolaanshihii ugu horreyey si looga

ganacsado unugga, hase ahaatee qiimaha oo qaali ahaa darteed ayaa is hortaagey inuu
soolarku suuqa galo. Wuxuuna ahaa jaantii(module) ugu horreeysey oo dheefteedu
ahayd 6% .

1958: Tamarta Gabbalka waxaa loo adeegsadey hawada sare iyo dayax gacmeedada.
Waxayna ahayd markii ugu horreysey oo uu soo baxay dayax-gacmeed ku shaqaynaya
tamarta qorraxda oo laydhtiriig loo rogey. Vanguard 1 waxa uu sameeyey in ka badan
197000 jeer oo uu dhulka kusoo wareegey muddo 50 sano ah oo uu hawada sare
dabbaalanayey. Waxayna taasi waddada u xaadhey dhiirigelinna u noqotay in laqaado
tallaabo lagu dhimayo qiimaha gabal-lisaha isla markaana kor loogu qaadayo
soosaaristiisa.

1970s: waxaa lasameeyey cilmi-baaris sidii qiimaha hoos loogu dhigilahaa, uuna
soolarku u noqon lahaa mid bulshadu goynkarto, shirkadda Exxon ayaa aad udhintay
qiimaha soolarka, kasoo hoos ugasoo dhacay $100 halkii watt, soona gaadhey $20-40
halkii watt.

1982: beertii ugu horreysey ee gabal-lise ayaa la rakibay taasoo awooddedu ahayd
1mega watt (1000 kilowatts). 1983 shirkada Acro Solar waxay dhistay wersheddii Gabal-
lis ee caalamka ugu weyneyd waxa a ay ka koobnayd 100,000 oo Jaan gabal oo
dhalinaysey laydhtiriig awooddiisu dhan tahay 5.2 megawatts.

1994–1999: waxaa lasoo saaray unug dheftiisu kor u dhaafayso 30%.

2005: Jaamaha gaba-lisku waxa ay noqdeen kuwo caan ka ah guryaha iyo ganacsigaba.

2018: taxanahaa dheer iyo dadaallo adag ka dib maanta waxa ay maraysaa heer
adeegsiga solarku hadheeyey dunida, galayna heer guri iyo heer ganacsi intaba. Inkasta
oo hab-dhiska gabal-liska laga gaadhey horumar ballaadhan, qiimihiisuna aad hoos
ugusoo dhacay, misna weli waxaa taagan baahida loo qabo, qiimaha soolarka oo weli
diirran darteed. Waxaana shirkadaha soosaara qalabka gabal-lisku si joogto ah ugu
hawlan yihiin cilmibaaris lagu goobayo sidii dunida loo deeqsiin lahaa waxsoosaarka
qalabka soolarka oo cid waliba qiimihiisa goynkarto.

Dheefsiga Tamarta Gabbalka

30
 31

Gabbalku waa il tamareed oo ballaadhan oo Alle ku manaystay dunida, kulayla

cadceeddu waxa ay sabab u tahay dhaqdhaqaaqa iyo jiritaanka dhammaan
noolaha dhulka guudkiisa saaran. Haddii la waayo diirrimaadka cadceedda
dhammaan dhulka guudkiisu waxa uu isubeddelikaraa baraf fadhiya oo aan
dhir iyo noolaha kale toona ku dul noolaan karin.
Faa’iidadaa tooska ah ee gabbalka ka sokow waxaa jira habab kale oo loo
dheefsado gabbalka waxa aynuna kasoo qaadanaynaa laba hab. habka hore
Waxaa loo yaqaan habka kulminta fallaaraha gabalka (concentrated Solar
Power CSP), habka labaadna Fallaaraha cadceedda Waxaa loo rogaa
Laydhtiriig(electricity).

Habka Kulminta Fallaaraha Gabbalka (Concentrated Solar Power) CSP

Habkan hore iyadoo la isticmaalayo muraayado golxo leh iyo wax la mid ah, ayaa la
qabtaa fallaaraha cadceedda ka dibna waxaa lagu kulmiyaa hal meel oo loo yaqaan
barkulmis, marka fallaaraha cadceedda halbar lagu kulmiyo waxaa bartaa ka dhasha
kulayl daran, kulaylkaa dhashay ayaa looga faa’iideystaa siyaabo kala duduwn sida in
lagu diirsado biyaha xilliyada qabooha ah, in cunto lagu bisleysto iyo in laydhtiriig laga
dhaliyo intaba iwm.

shucaaca Gabalka

Ileys-naqe Xoodan

Digsi Cunto karin

la dhigay Bar
kulmiska
Fallaaraha
Gabalka

Nooc Ileys naqe ah (spherical

type)

Sawir 1: Fallaaraha cadceedda halbar lagu kulmiyey oo cunto lagu bisleynayo

2- Fotofoltaic (Photovoltaics):

31
 32

Habka labaad, falllaaraha gabbalka si dadban ayaa looga faa’iideystaa. Hase ahaatee
fallaaraha cadceedda waxaa loo rogaa Laydhtiriig. Arrintani waxa ay dunida iyo sayniska
usoo jiidey horukac lataaban karo oo looga fursaday in badan oo ka mid ah shidaalka
gubta (fossil fuel). Kaasoo ay ku baxdo soosaaristiisa dhaqaale xaddi badan. Qaybtan
ama Xidhmadan tabobarna waxa aan ku baran doonaa habkan oo loo yaqaan
footofoltaaig (Photovoltaic).

Kanshaha Shaqo (Employment Opportunities)

Kanshaha shaqo waxa uu u kobcayaa si xawli ah, cilmbaarista iyo horumarinta

cilmiganina dunidu aad ayey ugu hawlan tahay. Waxaa tusaale inoogu filan warbixinta
hoose oo laga sameeyey dalka Maraykanka. tirokoobkii lasameeyey 2017 waxaa lagusoo
bandhigay in shaqaalaha habdhiskan shaqada ka helay kor u kacay qiyaastii 168%,
sannadkii 2017, marka loo eego warbixintii toddoba sano ka hor lasoo saaray sannadkii
2010kii. Tani waxay caddayn u tahay in suuqa gabalisuhu ku socdo horakac sare.

Unugga gaba llise (Photovoltaic Cell)

Waa maxay unugga Gaballise?

Sawir 1: unugga Gabal-lise

unugga gabal lise waa xubinta ileyska cadceedda u rogta laydhtiiigga. Waana xubinta
ugu yar habdhiska gabballaydhka ama qalabk fotofolaatigga. Ereyga
Fotofoltaig(Photovoltaic) waxa uu ka dhisan yahay laba erey oo kala ah(photons) oo
macnahiisu yahay Ileys iyo (voltaic) oo macnahiisu yahay Laydhtiriig, si guudna waxaa
loola jeedaa laydhtiriiggii Ileysku dhalinayey.

Xuubnaha Tiirarka u ah Habdhiska Gaballaydhka PV (PV system main components)

Habdhiska PV waxa uu gundhig u ah afar xubnood oo aasaas ah sida hoos ku cad,

1- Unguuga Cadceedda (PV cell)

2- Beyteri
3- Xakameeyaha Dhaaminta (charge Controller)
4- Rogaal (Inverter)

32
 33

Afartaa xubnood ka dib waxaa jira agab kale oo kaabeyaal ah (accessories), sida
dhegaatiyada (wires), qalabka badbaadada (safety equipment), qalfoofka
dhidbidda(mountings), beegaha labojihaalaha ah (two-way meter) iwm.

Xubinkasta oo afarta aasaaska ah ka mid ahi waxa ay qabataa hawl u gaar ah oo aan
looga maarmin, tusaale

1-Unugga Gabbalka (PV Cell): ileyska cadceedda ayey inoogu rogtaa laydhtiriig
2-Beyteriga (Battery): waxa uu inoo kaydiyaa laydhtiriigga, si aan laydhtiir u
helno habeenkii iyo xilliyada aan cadceed muuqan.
3-Xakameeyaha Dhaaminta (Charge Controller): waxa uu ka ilaaliyaa beyteriga
in soolarku ku shubo laydhtiriig ka badan kan uu qaadi karo (buux-dhaafiyo) si aan
dhibaato u gaadhin.
4-Rogaal (Inverter): Laydhtiriigga Toosan (DC) ayuu inoogu rogaa laydhtiriig
talantaal ah(AC).
Dhammaan qalabka gaballaydhka xubinkasta gaarkeeda ayeynu si faahfaahsan
ugaga hadlidoonaa qaybaha soosocda (IA).

1- UNUGGA GABBALLISE (SOLAR CELL)

Unugga gabbalku waa xubin elegtaroonig ah oo ileyska gabbalka u rogta laydhtiriig.
waa wadnaha habdhiska Gaballaydhka (Heart of the PV system). La’aanteedna aanay waxba jireyn.
Unuggu isagoo adeegsanaya dariiqo lagu magacaabo raadeynta fotofoltaaigga (photovoltaic effect)
ayuu tamarta fallaaraha gabbalka inoogu rogaa tamar laydhtiriig.
Waa maxay raadeynta Fotofoltaa’iggu? :
raadeynta fotofoltaaiggu waa in walaxi dhaliso cadaadis(voltage) iyo Maayad (I) marka ileys ku
dhaco. (The photovoltaic effect is the generation of voltage and electric current in a material
upon exposure to light. It is a physical and chemical phenomenon).

1.1. Qaabdhismeedka unugga

Sawir 2: lakabyada unugga

33
 34
Unugga Silikoon waxaa uu ka dhisan yahay labo maaddo, maaddo togan (P-type material) iyo
maaddo Taban (N-type material). Labada maaddo waa la isku dhejiyaa waxa ayna noqdaan labo
lakab, lakab togan iyo lakab Taban. Lakabkasta waxaa lagu tallaalaa Dhegaati(Wire) waxaana
kasoo baxa laba caaradood (caarad Togan + & Caarad Taban -). Haddaba marka ileysku ku dhaco
waxaa dhasha cadaadis udhexeeya labbada lakab, haddii markaa labad caaradood rar lagu xidhana
waxaa qulqusha maayad.

1.2. NOOCYADA UNUGGA GABBALKA

Unugga gabbalka ee suuqa laga helo waxa uu ka samaysan yahay maadada
Silikoon (Silicon).
Hase ahaatee marka la diyaarinayo ama lasoo saarayo, unugga Gabbalka
waxaa loo diyaariyaa saddex qaab oo kala duwan. Waxa ayna ku kala
tagsan yihiin tayada iyo qiimaha. Qaarkood waxa ay leeyihiin tayo sare iyo
qiimo kulul, qaar kalena tayo hoose iyo qiimo hoose, si ruuxkasta suuqa uga
adeegan karo una gadankaro jeebkiisa. Sadddexda noocna waxa ay kala
yihiin.
A- Mono kiristaliin (monocrystalline)
B- Polikiristaliin (polycrystalline)
C- Filim amoorfas (amorphous Flim)

Unugga Monokiristalin (Monocrystalline cells)

Unugga gabbalka monokiristaliin waa nooca ugu
sarreeya saddexda nooc waxa uu caan ku yahay
midabkiisa madowga ah iyo qaabkiisa dheemmanta
ama dhululubado oo kale ah.

34
 35

Dhurkiisa (Advantages)
 Dhurka ama dheefta(efficiency) ugu sarraysa 15-24%
 Waxa uu qaataa bed(Area) ka yar ka ay qaataan noocyada kale.(less space
compared to other types)
 Wersheduhu waxa ay bixiyaan dammaanad-qaad muddo-nololeed dheer ilaa
25 sano.
 Ileys hoose ayey laydhtiriig ku dhaliyaan, taasi waxa ay ka dhigtay mid ku
habboon meelaha daruuroleyda ah.

Dhurdarrada (Disadvantages)
Inkasta oo uu yahay nooca unugyada Silikon ugu fiican misna waxa uu leeyahay
dhurdarrooyin ugaar ah:
 Qiimo ahaan waa qaali, sidaa awgeed cidkasta jeebkeedu ma gooyo.
 Hab-wanaagiisu hoos ayuu udhacaa marka heerkulkiisu kor u kaco, inkastoo hoos
udhaca shaqadiisu ay weli ka sarrayso unugyada kale.
 Marka la samaynayo waxaa ka hadha qashin tiro badan maadaama qaab loo
jarjarayo.

Bolikiristaliin (Polycrystalline Solar Cells)

Waa noocii ugu horreeyey ee suuqa dadweynaha soo galay
1981. Waxa ay kaga duwan tahay monokiristaliin, uma
baahna in qaab loo jarjaro. Laakiin Unuggan silikoonta waa la
dhalaaliyaa kadibna waxaa lagu shubaa qaabeeye afargees
ah. Sidaasna bolokiristaliin waxa uu leeyahay qaab afargees
caadi ah. Mana laha midab aan ka ahayn dhalo cirka u midab
eg.

Dhurkiisa (Advantages)
Hawsha samaynta iyo soosaaristu waa ay ka sahlan tahay monokiristaliinka.
 Qashin badan kama hadho samayntiisa.
 Heerkulka sare aad uma saameeyo sida monokiristaliin, tani waxa ay ka
dhigtaa mid ku habboon degaannada kulul.

Dhurdarrada (Disadvantages)
 Dheeftiisu waa ilaa 13-16% sidaa awgeed suuqa aad uma cadcadda.
 Waxa uu u baahan yahay dhul bed weyn marka la garab dhigo
monokiristaliin.

35
 36

Unugga Qaablaawe (Amorphous Film Solar Cells)

Xuub silikoon ah ayaa lagu dulshubaa walax kale, dheefta unuggan waxa ay
u dhexaysaa 6-10% ugu sarrayn. Unuggani malaha qaab, waxaa loo
sameeyaa sida derin oo kale.

Dhurka Unugga Qaablaawe (Advantages)

 Waxaa laga dhigi karaa wax laalaabma. Waxaana lagu dul fidinkaraa
dhismayaasha kala qaabka duwan.
 Qaddar aad u badan ayaa lasoo saari karaa markiiba, taasoo ka dhigaysa
nooca ugu jaban xagga soosaarista.

Dhurdarrada Unugga Qaablaawe (Disadvantages)

 Soolarka filimka ahi kuma habboona guryaha maadaama uu u baahan yahay
dhul ballaaran.
 Dhinaca dhidbidda(mountings) waxa ku baxa kharash badan iyo fiilooyin
dhaadheer.
 Muddo nololeedku waa gaaban yahay.

Waxsaarka Unugga (PV Cell Output)

Sidaan la soconno unuggu waa il laydhtiriig, waxa uuna dhaliyaa cadaadis iyo awood laydhtiriig.
Cadaadiska(voltage) laydhtiriig ee halkii unug dhalinkaro waa 0.5V – 0.6V., maayadda uu soo
saarikaro waxa ay ku xidhan tahay ballaadhka unugga. Qiyaas ahaan unugga silicon ee heer
ganacsi waxaa uu dhalinkaraa inta u dhexeysa 28- 35mA (0.028 – 0.035A) halkii senti mitir ee
labo jibbaaranba. Fiiri sawirrada hoose.

Unugyo Gabbal kala ballaadh Duwan

Kor u qaadidda Waxsaarka Unugga (Cell Arrangements)

Sidaan kor kusoo aragnay cadaadiska iyo awoodda hal unug dhalinkaro waa mid aad u hoosaysa
aanna waxba ka dabooli karin baahida laydhtiriig ee heer guri, heer ganacsi iyo heer wershedeed.
Taasi waxa ay lagama maarmaan ka dhigtay in lahelo hannaan kor loogu qaadikaro cadaadiska (V)
iyo awoodda (P) ee unugga gabbalka loona gaarsiin lahaa heer waxtar ah. Si taas looga gaadhana
waxaa la isku xidhiidhiyaa unugyo tiro ah si cadaadisyadooda iyo awooddoodu isugu biirto. Waxaa
36
 37
unugyadaa la isugu xidhiidhiya saddex Heer. Heer Jaan (module), Heer taxsin (Panel) iyo Heer
Weeraar (array). dantuna waa in la helo laydhtiriig Gaballaydh waxtar ah.
I- Jaan (Module): Jaantu waa koox unugyo gabal oo qaab susun (series) ah la isugu
dabotaxay lagana dhigay hal xubin oo iskeed u taagan. Waxaana ka dhasha cadaadis iyo
awood laydhtiriig oo qiyaas fiican ah waxaan loo yaqaan Jaan Gabal (solar Module) fiiri
sawirka hoose. Unugyada susunta loo taxayo tiro ahaan waa kala duwanaan karaan
waxaana ka mid ah; 32, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 96 unug. Markasta tirada unugyadu kordhaan
ka sokow in awooddu kor u kacayso, waxaa dhinac socda culayska iyo ballaadhka Jaanta oo
iyana kordha.

Jaan 36 unug oo susun u xidhan ka samaysan

(a)
II- Taxsin Gabbal(Solar Panel):
Taxsin waa tiro (labo iyo wax ka
badan) oo jaamo gabal ah oo la
isku taxay, Si loo helo laydhtiriig
leh cadaadis ama awood ka
sarraysa tii hal Jaan gabbal
dhalinkartey.

Weeraar (Solar Array): si loo helo

awood ama cadaadis ka sarreeya kii
Taxsin gabbal waxaa la isku xidhiidhiyaa
labo Taxsin gabbal iyo wax ka badan
waxaana loo yaqaan weeraar(solar array).
Eeg sawirka.

Jaangoynta Waxsaarka Jaanta

Jaankasta marka la samaynayo, waxaa waxsaarkeeda lagu saleeyaa qodobbo saddex

ah, waxaana loo yaqaan yaqaan “Standard Test Conditions” . Jaangoynta shuruudaha
shirrabaadda. Saddexda qodob waxa ay kala yihiin;

37
 38

 Waa in heerkulku jaantu yahay 250 C.

 Waa awood-dhaca gabbalku yahay 1000W/m2
 Waa in cufnaanta hawadu tahay 1.5 AM.
Taas macnaheedu waxa weeye dhammaan kartida waxsaar ee jaantu waxa ay ku
salaysan tahay xaaladdaas. Lakiin sida xaqiiqda ah ma sahlana in goobta aad joogto ay
jaantu saddexdaa arrimood isla hesho.
Jaqafka Xogta (Nameplate)

Qalabkastaa waxa ku dul dheggan jaqaf(Nameplate) xambaarsan xogta gaarka u

ah qalabkaas. Haddaba Jaan-gabal kasta waxa ku dul dheggan jaqaf-xogeed oo
ay ku qoran yihiin xogaha ugaarka ah jaanta. Sida awoodda jaanta, cadaadiska ay
dhalinkarto, heerkulka iwm. Bal aan kasoo qaadanno dhawrka qodob ee ugu
muhiimsan xogtaas. Sida: Wp , Voc , Vmax , Isc , Imax, iwm

o Wp (peak watts): waa awoodda ugu sarraysa ee Jaantu bixin karto.

o Imax: (maximum power current) waa maayadda Jaantu bixinkarto marka ay
bixinayso awoodda ugu sarraysa. Waa Maayadda ugu sarraysa ee laga isticmaali
karo.
o Vmax: (maximum power voltage) waa cadaadiska Jaanta laga helikaro, marka ay
bixinayso awooddeeda ugu sarraysa.
o Voc: (open circuit Voltage) cadaadiska mareeg furan, waa cadaadiska ugu sarreeya
ee jaantu dhalin karto sideedaba, waa cadaadiska marka aan wax rar ahi saarrayn.
Xaaladdan maayaddu waa 0A. maadaama aan wax rar ahi jirin. Sidaa awgeed;
Awoodda (wp) ee Jaantu bixinaysaana waa eber (0)waayo P = I x V, sidaa awgeed.
Haddaba P = 0A x Voc = 0Watts
o Isc: (short circuit current), waa maayadda mareeg binniska. waa maayadda ugu
sarraysa ee jaanta laga helikaro sideedaba. Waa maayadda marka labadeeda cirirf
(+ & -) si toos ah la isugu dabro. Xaaladdan awoodda jaantu bixinaysaa waa eber,
waayo maadaama, Awoodda P = (I) x (V), haddaba P = Isc x 0V = 0Watts.
o Heerkulka(temperature): heerkulka waxa uu tilmaamayaa heerkulka jaanta
lafteeda waayo kulaylku waxa uu naafaynkaraa waxsaarka jaanta .

2- BAATERIGA (the Battery)

38
 39

Waa maxay beyterigu? Batarigu waa Qalab kaydiya Laydhtiriigga. Baytarigu Laydhtiriig
ma sameeyo laakiin wuu kaydiyaa. Sida haamaha biyaha loogu kaydsado. Inta cadceedu
muuqato Jaanta Gabalka ayaa Laydhtiriig ku dhaamisa beyteriga, kadibna xilliyada aan
cadceed muuqan iyo habeenkii ayaan dib u isticmaallaa Ladhyitiigga Beyteriga ku
kaydsan. Marka laydhtiriig lagu shubayo ama lagala baxayo beyetriga gudihiisa waxaa
ka dhaca isbeddelo kiimikaad. Nooca Beyteriiyada lagu isticmaalo habdhiska
gaballaydhka waa nooca ledh-asiid (lead-acid battery). Ogow Beyetrigu waxa uu
kaydiyaa laydhtiriigga Toosan (DC).
Dheefta

Dheefta Beyteriyadu ma gaadha 100%. Tusaale haddaan beyteri kala baxno laydhtiriig
dhan 1000W, si dib loogu dhaamiyo wuxuu ubaahan yahay qiyaastii 1050 ilaa
1250Watts. Beyetriyad Ledh-asiid dheeftoodau waa 85-95%, Nooca AGM ee tayada
fiicann waxa ay dheeftiisu gaadhaa 98%.

Battery Types
Guud beyteriyada waxaa loo qaybin karaa laba nooc marka laga eego dhinaca
dhaaminta Lamadhaanshe (non-rechargeable) iyo Ladhaanshe (Rechargeable).
In general the battery can divided into two types and. The non-rechargeable batteries
are like the one we use at home for Torch and radio use, they are charged from the
factory first, once they are discharged can not be recharged again, they have to be
discarded instead. In our PV system we deal with rechargeable type and we will discuss
more deeply by the next paragraphs.

Beyteri Lama-dhaanshe (primary cells):

Beyteriga lama dhaanshe waa kuwa aan ku isticmaallo Tooshka, raadyowga iyo iwm, ee
aan guryaheenna maalinksta ku aragno. Beyeteriyad noocan hal mar ayaa la dhaamiyaa,
marka wersheddu soosaarayso, marka laydhtiriiggaas lagala baxana waa la iska tuuraa
oo dib looma dhaamin karo. Waxaana ka mid ah:

 Kaarboon-sinki (Carbon Zinc)

 Litiyam (Lithium Batteries) kuma jiro Litiyam Ayoon (Lithium Ion Batteries)
 Meerkuri (Mercury)
 Silfar Ogsaaydh (Silver Oxide)
 Iyo kuwo kale

39
 40

1- Sinki Kaarboon (Zinc Carbon): sinki kaarboon waa beyteri caan ah, waana bahda
aan dib loo dhaamin karin in ku dhow hal qarni iyo badh ayaa la adeegsanayey.
Waxa uu ka kooban yahay laba qotin, qotin Kaarboon ah(Carbon Electrode), oo u
taagan Cirifka Togan iyo qotin taban oo sinki ah una samaysan sidii weel, gudihiisa
ay kujiraan dheecaan loo yaqaan elegtaroolayt. Elegtaroolaytka waxaa dhex
qotoma qotinka Togan ee kaarboon oo u muuqaal eg ul dhuxul ah.

Dabool bir ah

Dabool iyo
cufe

Qalfool

Ul karbon ah Weel sink ah

Manganiis Warqad kala
dhaay okside xadeyneed

Birta Salka

Iskajir: Haddii la isku dayo in dib loo dhaamiyo beyteriyada noocan ah waa ay qarxaan,
ee iska jir hana isku deyin!

Beyteri Ladhaanshe (Rechargeable battery)

Beyteri Ladhaanshe waa beyteri dib loo dhaamin karo ah Waxaa jira noocyo dhawr ah
oo, waxaana ka mid ah kuwo hoos ku qoran
 Ledh-asiisdh (Lead Acid Battery)
 Litiyam-ayoon (Lithium-Ion Battery)
 Nikal-kaadhmiyam (Nickel-Cadmium Battery)
 Iyo kuwo kale.
Beyeriyada dib loo dhaaminkaro sidaan kor ku xusan waa badan yihiin hase
ahaatee waxaan halkaan kaga hadlaynaa labo kamid ah kuwaasoo ku lug leh ama
loo adeegsado habdhiska gaballaydhka (solar electric systems). Labadaas oo lagu
kala magacaabo Litiyam-ayoon (LiB) iyo Led-aasiidh LaB.

40
 41

a- A lithium-ion battery LIB

LiB waa nooc Beteri Ladhaanshe ah, waxa aad loogu isticmaalaa qalabka elegtaroonigga
kuwa wareega iyo kuwa negi intaba sida; telefoonka gacanta, kumbiyuutarrada, qalabka
caafimaadka, iyo qalab farabadan oo aan halkan lagusoo koobi karin. Muddooyinka danbe
waxa uu soo geleyey saaxa habdhiska Gaballaydhka. Waxyaalaha uu ku qiimo galo
waxaa ka mid ah fuddayd iyo kaydin sare (energy to weight ratio). Marka maadaama LiB
uusan isticmaalkiisu siweyn uga muuqan saaxad handhiskka gaballaydhka halkaasaan
kusoo koobaynaa ka hadalkiisa.

Ledh-Asiidh (Lead-Acid Battery) LAB

Beyteriga LA waa beyteri caan ah si ballaadhanna loogu isticmaalo meelo kala

duduwan sida habdhiska PV, Baabuurta, Maraakiibta, gaadiidka badda,
isgaarsiinta iwm. Waxa ay caan ku yihiin qiimo macquul ah iyo in la isku
hallaynkaro. Waa beyteriga lagu isticmaalo habdhiska fotofoltaaigga (PV system).
Sida awgeed waxa aan uga hadlidoonaa si yare faahfaahsan.

Noocyada Beyteriga LA.

Waxaa jira dhawr nooc oo ah LA B, waxaana lagu kala soocaa laba arrimood
 Dhinaca adeegsiga ama meesha lagu isticmaalo (their Applications).
 Qaabdhismeedka sida uu usamaysan yahay (their Constructions).

Marka laga eego dhinaca isticmaalka waxa aan u qaybin karnaa laba nooc
Nooc loogu talo galay in lagu isticmaalo kicinta iyo hawlaha kale ee baabuurta waxaa loo yaqaan as
SLI (starting, lighting and ignition) batteries. Because the total current output from a battery is determined by
surface area, the cranking/starting batteries have more and thinner plates than a deep cycle. They are
designed to provide a large burst of current for a short time. Just what we need for starting engines.
Starting batteries are rated in cranking amps, we often use cold cranking amps (CCA) as a measure of the
batteries performance.
a- SLI

Types of Lead Acid Batteries

Home / News / Types of Lead Acid Batteries

41
 42
March 1, 2020

There are many variations of lead acid batteries. Let’s clear up some of the confusion surrounding the main
type and what their typical applications are.
Flooded Batteries are the most common type of Lead Acid battery and widely used in Automotive. They are
called flooded because of the acid that is free flowing within the casing in which the battery plates are
suspended. These batteries are still the most cost effective and least cost per Amp hour of any type.

Sealed Batteries
Commonly known as VRLA (Valve Regulated Lead Acid) or SLA (Sealed Lead Acid) Batteries.
PRO: regarded as the safest type to use as they don’t gas or spill.
ALERT! Be careful here as many automotive, maintenance free batteries are also called sealed. They have
external vents and will leak fluid if tipped and will outgas when charged – rendering themselves useless.
The two main types: AGM and Gel.

AGM Batteries: Sealed, they can be charged faster than a flooded battery because of lower internal
resistance.
PRO: Being sealed also means shipping is easier (and cheaper) and has installation flexibility. E.g., can be
located inside a vehicle, as no gassing or leakage can occur.
AGM’s are manufactured to suit different applications, like starting, cycling or dual purpose.

42
 43
Gel Batteries: Gels are the king of sealed deep cycle batteries.
They are ideal in applications where a constant current is required, i.e.: golf carts, mobility, caravans, RV’s,
boats and solar systems.
PRO: They also handle extreme temperature, vibration, shock and over discharging better than any other Lead
Acid battery. They really do ‘dominate’ the cyclic battery market

Deep Cycle: A deep-cycle battery is a lead-acid battery designed to be regularly deeply discharged using most
of its capacity. These batteries contain fewer plates than their starting and cranking counterparts, but the plates
are much thicker. This reduces the surface area exposed to the electrolyte, which reduces that amount of
current available, but is capable of a much deeper state of charge.
Deep cycle batteries are available in both wet and sealed.

Cranking or Engine Starting: Sometimes referred to as SLI (starting, lighting and ignition) batteries. Because
the total current output from a battery is determined by surface area, the cranking/starting batteries have more
and thinner plates than a deep cycle. They are designed to provide a large burst of current for a short time.
Just what we need for starting engines.
Starting batteries are rated in cranking amps, we often use cold cranking amps (CCA) as a measure of the
batteries performance.

Hybrid: These are designed for both starting and cycling. Start-stop vehicle batteries are certainly Hybrid ones.
Marine dual purpose batteries also fall into this category.
AGM’s are best suited to this application.

Standby: These batteries are generally sealed types and are designed for long float charging with maintaining
UPS, alarm systems etc.. Most are AGM’s.

The major construction types are flooded (wet), gelled, and AGM (Absorbed Glass Mat). AGM batteries
are also sometimes called "starved electrolyte" or "dry", because the fiberglass mat is only 95%
saturated with Sulfuric acid and there is no excess liquid. All gelled are sealed and a few are "valve
regulated", which means that a tiny valve keeps a slight positive pressure. Nearly all AGM batteries
are sealed valve regulated (commonly referred to as "VRLA" - Valve Regulated Lead-Acid). Most valve
regulated are under some pressure - 1 to 4 psi at sea level.

Wet Cell (flooded), Gel Cell, and Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM) are various versions of the lead acid
battery. The wet cell comes in 2 styles; serviceable, and maintenance free. Both are filled with
electrolyte and one that you can add water to and check the specific gravity of the electrolyte with a
hydrometer is preferred. The Gel Cell and the AGM batteries are specialty batteries that typically cost
twice as much as a premium wet cell. However they store very well and do not tend to sulfate or
degrade as easily or as easily as wet cell.

 Starting (sometimes called SLI, for starting, lighting, ignition) batteries are commonly used to start
and run engines. Engine starters need a very large starting current for a very short time. The plates
are composed of a Lead "sponge", similar in appearance to a very fine foam sponge. This gives a very

43
 44
large surface area, but if deep cycled, this sponge will quickly be consumed and fall to the bottom of
the cells.
 Deep cycle batteries are designed to be discharged down as much as 80% time after time, and have
much thicker plates. The major difference between a true deep cycle battery and others is that the
plates are SOLID Lead plates - not sponge. Unfortunately, it is often impossible to tell what you are
really buying in some of the discount stores or places that specialize in automotive batteries. The
popular golf cart battery is generally a "semi" deep cycle - better than any starting battery, better
than most marine, but not as good as a true deep cycle solid Lead plate, such the L-16 or industrial
type. However, because the golf cart (T-105, US-2200, GC-4 etc) batteries are so common, they are
usually quite economical for small to medium systems.

Gelled electrolyte

Gelled batteries, or "Gel Cells" contain acid that has been "gelled" by the addition of Silica Gel,
turning the acid into a solid mass that looks like gooey Jell-O. The advantage of these batteries is that
it is impossible to spill acid even if they are broken. However, there are several disadvantages. One is
that they must be charged at a slower rate (C/20) to prevent excess gas from damaging the cells.
They cannot be fast charged on a conventional automotive charger or they may be permanently
damaged. This is not usually a problem with solar electric systems, but if an auxiliary generator or
inverter bulk charger is used, current must be limited to the manufacturers specifications.
Most better inverters commonly used in solar electric systems can be set to limit charging current to
the batteries.
Some other disadvantages of gel cells is that they must be charged at a lower voltage (2/10th's less)
than flooded or AGM batteries. If overcharged, voids can develop in the gel which will never heal,
causing a loss in battery capacity. In hot climates, water loss can be enough over 2-4 years to cause
premature battery death

AGM, or Absorbed Glass Mat Batteries:

A newer type of sealed battery uses "Absorbed Glass Mats", or AGM between the plates. This is a very
fine fibre Boron-Silicate glass mat. These type of batteries have all the advantages of gelled, but can
take much more abuse These are also called "starved electrolyte", as the mat is about 95% saturated
rather than fully soaked. That also means that they will not leak acid even if broken.

AGM batteries have several advantages over both gelled and flooded, at about the same cost as
gelled:

Since all the electrolyte (acid) is contained in the glass mats, they cannot spill, even if broken. This
also means that since they are non-hazardous, the shipping costs are lower. In addition, since there is
no liquid to freeze and expand, they are practically immune from freezing damage.

Important:
 To provide electricity over long periods, PV systems ideally require deep cycle batteries. These
batteries, usually lead-acid, are designed to gradually discharge and recharge 80% of their capacity
hundreds of times.
 Automotive batteries (SLI) are shallow-cycle batteries and should not be used in PV systems because
they are designed to discharge only about 20% of their capacity. If drawn much below 20% capacity
more than a few dozen times usually (30-150 times), the battery will be damaged and will no longer
be able to take a charge.
 Many battery companies now manufacture modified automotive batteries whose recommended
depth of discharge is up to 50%.
Modified SLI batteries have thicker plates and larger acid wells than normal SLI types. The cost
depends on the capacity (Ah),

Lifespan of Batteries

The lifespan of a battery will vary considerably with how it is used, how it is maintained and
charged, temperature, and other factors. In extreme cases, it can vary to extremes - severe

44
 45
overcharging can shorten the life of the battery considerably. Also leaving the battery idle
without use and charging will shorten it’s life.

Noocyada Hab-Dhisyada Pv (Types Of Pv Systems)

Habdhisyada fotofoltaigga guud ahaan waxaa loo dhisaa saddex qaab oo kala duwan,
iyadoo loo eegayo arrimo ay ka mid yihiin:

 Nooca baahida la qabo,

 Qaabka ay u hawl-galaan ama xubnuhu isula hwlgalaan,
 Ama sida ay habab kale ugu xidhmaan.

Habdhiska gabballaydhka(solar electric system) waxaa loo qiyaasdhisaa(design) in uu

laga heli karo laydhtiriig toosan(DC) iyo Laydhtiriig talantaal ah(AC). Dhinaca kale, waxa
uu noqon karaa habdhis iskii utaagan(Off-grid) ama habdhis ka barbar shaqayn kara
Laydhtiriigga guud(grid) ama dhaliye gaar ah(private Generator). Hab saddexaadna waxa
uu noqonkaraa isku-jirka labada hab ee hore. Habdhisyadaasi waxa ay kala yihiin:

I- Habdhiska Is-debber (Stand-alone/Off-grid system)

II- Habdhiska Lammaan (Grid-tie system)
III- Habdhiska isku-jirka (Hybrid-system)

Photovoltaic power systems are generally classified according to their

functional and operational requirements, their component configurations,
and how the equipment is connected to other power sources and electrical
loads. Photovoltaic systems can be designed to provide DC and/or AC power
service, can operate interconnected with or independent of the utility grid,
and can be connected with other energy sources and energy storage.The two
principal classifications are grid-connected or utility-interactive systems and
stand-alone systems.

Habdhiska Isdebber ( Off-grid)

Sida magaca laga garankaro habdhiskan waxaa loogu talogalay in uu iskii u shaqeeyo.
Waa habdhis ka madax bannaan laydhtriig kale(Utility Grid) ama Dhaliye gaar ah intaba.
Waxaana Habdhiskan loo qiyaasdhisaa in uu quudin karo rar Laydhtiriig Toos ah(DC
45
 46

loads) iyo rar Laydhtiriig talantaalli ah(AC loads) labadaba. Qaabka ugu fudud ee
habdhiskani waxa uu ka kooban yahay Jaan gabbal iyo rar(solar module and load).
Maadaama aan beyteri ku jiran habkan rarku waxa uu shaqeeyaa xilliga cadceedu jirto
oo keli ah, waxaana lagu isticmaalaa meelo gaar ah. Fiiri sawirka 1aad.

Sawir 1. Xidhiidhin toos ah (Direct-coupled PV system).

Hase ahaatee habdhiska isdebber ee caadiga ah waxa uu ka kooban yahay afar

xubnood oo gundhig ah iyo waxyaalo sooraaca. Sida hoos ku cad

i- Xubin gabbal (solar)

ii- Dhaamin Xakameeye (charge Controller)
iii- Beyteri (Battery)
iv- Rogaal (inverter)
Habdhiskan waxa uu ku habboon yahay goobaha magaalo-kadheerta ah ee
aan laga helikarin adeeg laydhtiriig ama laydhtiriigga kajiraa yahay mid liito.
Iyadoo sidaasi jirto haddana kama reebbana in magaalooyinka lagu isticmaalo.
Habdhiskani waxa uu kaa xoraynayaa biil laydhtiriig ah. Fiiri sawirka 2aad.

Sawir 2. Naqshadda Habdhiska Isdebbeka oo bixinaya laydhtiriig DC & AC labadaba.

Off-Grid PV system is designed to operate independent of the electric utility grid,

and are generally designed and sized to supply certain DC and/or AC electrical
loads. Off-grid solar electric system comprises 4 main components plus some

46
 47

accessories. Such Solar module, Charge controller, Battery and inverter. The
simplest type of stand-alone PV system is a direct-coupled system, where the DC
output of a PV module or array is directly connected to a DC load (Figure 3). Since
there is no electrical energy storage (batteries) in direct-coupled systems, the load
only operates during sunlight hours, making these designs suitable for common
applications such as ventilation fans, water pumps, and small circulation pumps
for solar thermal water heating systems etc. In many stand-alone PV systems,
batteries are used for energy storage. Figure 2 shows a diagram of a typical stand-
alone PV system powering DC and AC loads .

Dhurka & Dhurdarrada habdhiska Is-debber

(advantages and disadvantages of Off-grid system)
Marka aad maagto habdhiska Isdebber, waxa lagam maarmaan ah in ogaato waxyaalaha oo
habdhiskani ku fiicaan yahay iyo waxyaalaha uusan ku fiicnayn.

dhur Dhurdarro
Laydhtiriig kale uma baahnid Marka lasoo iibsanayo qiimaaya ayaa
sarreeya
Waxa aad laydhtiriig halilkrataa adigoo Waxa uu qaataa dhul baaxadweyn (bigger
magaalo kadheer jooga. Space)
Waxa aad xor ka tahay biil laydhtiriig, Haddii cadceedda laheliwaayo muddo ka
sidaasna waxa kuu kaydsamikara baxsan muddada uu kaydkiisa, waxaa
dhaqaale fiican dhaca laydhtiriig la’aan.
Habdhiskan waxa lagu isticmaalikaraa
meelaha qalabka nugul(sensitive) yaallo
ee laydhtiriiggu uusan haqabla’ ahayn

Habdhiska Lammaan(Grid tie System):

Sida magaca ku cad, habdhiskani waa mid aan iskiis u hawlgeli karin, waxa uu ku
lammaan yahay si barbarro ahna ula shaqeeyaa laydhtiriigga guud(the Utility Grid).
Handhiskani waxa uu ka kooban yahay labo xubnood sida hoos ku cad;

i- Xubin Gabbal (Solar Module)iyo

ii- Rogaal (Grid tie Inverter)
Xubinta gabblaku (unug, Taxsin ama Weeraar) kaydoonto ha noqotee waxa ay
fallaaraha cadceedda inoogu rogaan laydhtiriig toosan(DC).
Rogaalku laydhtiriigga DC ee Xubinta gabbalku soosaaarto ayuu u rogaa
Laydhtiriig AC ah. Laydhtiriigaas oo cadaadiskiisa iyo tayadiisuba udhigmaan
laydhtiriigga guud(utility Grid). Rogaalka habdhiskan waxa uu ka duwan yahay
47
 48

rogaalka habka isdebberka, waayo habdhiskan waxaa la isku daraa

laydhtiriigga uu dhalinayo iyo ladyhtriigga guud, sidaa awgeed waa la isla
jaanqaadsiiyo labada laydhtiriig(sychronized). Habdhiskani lammaanku waxa
uu leeyahay dabeecado ugaar ah waxaana ka mid ah;
Habdhiskani waxa uu shaqeeyaa keliya marka cadceeddu jirto, haddii awoodda
ladyhtiriigga uu dhalinayo ay ku filan tahay rarka guriga ama rarka la
quudinayo waa sida caadiga ah. Haddii laydhtiriigga uu dhalinyo uu ka
hooseeyo baahida laydhtiriig ee jirta baaqiga waxaa laga soojdaayaa
laydhtiriigga guud, sidoo kale haddii laydhtiriigga habdhiskani dhaliyo uu ka
bato baahida rarka jira, dheeraadka waxaa lagu celiyaa laydhtiriigga guud(back
utility Grid). Waxaa halkaa ku jirta tamart beeg labo jidle ah(Net Kwh meter).
Badbaado ahaan haddii aldyhtiriigga guud uusan jirin habdhiskani laydhtiriig
madhaliyo waayo waxa uu dib u raacayaa xadhkaha layahtiriigga keenaya
wuxuuna dhibaato gaarsiinkaraa shaqaalaha ku hawlan dayactirka iyo cillad-
bixinta. Habdhiskan waxa uu ku habboon yahay goobaha looga baahan yahay
in la dhimo kharashka laydhtiriigga.

Grid-connected PV systems are designed to operate in parallel with the

electric utility grid. The primary component in grid-connected PV systems is
the inverter or (power conditioning unit PCU). It converts the DC power
produced by the PV array into AC power consistent with the voltage and
power quality requirements of the utility grid, and automatically stops
supplying power to the grid when the utility grid is not energized. it allows
the AC power produced by the PV system to either supply on-site electrical
loads, or to back-feed the grid when the PV system output is greater than the
on-site load demand. At night and during other periods when the electrical
loads are greater than the PV system output, the balance of power required
by the loads is received from the electric utility This safety feature is required
in all grid-connected PV systems, and ensures that the PV system will not
continue to operate and feed back into the utility grid when the grid is down
for service or repair.

48
 49

Sawir 3. Naqshadda habdhiska lammaan (Diagram of grid-connected photovoltaic system).

Habdhiska Iskujirka (Hyybrid PV system)

Habdhiska iskujirku waa labadii habdhis oo la isku daray. (Isdebberkii iyo Lammaankii).

Waxa ay isasudhan yihiin oo oo uu ku lammaan yahay laydhtiriigga magaalada, sidoo

kalena waxaa uu leeyahay kayd u gaar ah oo beyteriyo ah. Laydhtiriigga uu gabbalka ka
dhaliyo habdhiskani waxa uu quudiyaa rarka ku xidhiidhsan, isla markaana wuxuu
dhaamiyaa (charges) beyteriyo. Ka dibna waxaaba lagu kabaa laydhtiriigga magaalada
iyadoo loo kala hormarinayo sidaa ay u kala horreeyaan.

Habdhiskani waxa uu ku habboon yahay goobaha badanaa laydhtiriigga guud joogo

hase ahaatee aan loo oggolayn in halmar laydhla’aan ka dhacdo. Dheeftiisan waxaa ka
mid ah in aan laydhtiriig la’aan dhicin maadaama uu haysto beytri isla markaan ku
lammaan yahay laydhtiriigga guud. Waxaa uu ka hortag u yahay cabsida laga qabi karo
in laydhtiriigga guud marmar maqnaado.

A Hybrid Solar Photovoltaic (PV) System is a combination of both the On-Grid and Off-
Grid Solar PV Systems. Thus, it is connected to the grid while having localised power
storage in the form of batteries as well. The power generated by the Solar PV
Panels is used to power the loads attached, used to charge the batteries and then,
supplied to the Utility Grid in that order of prioritisation. This type of system is
generally suitable for locations where power cuts are infrequent but perpetual supply
of power is desired

49
 50

Sawir 5. Naqshadda habdhiska iskujirka (Diagram of Hybrid photovoltaic system).

Dhurka iyo Dhurdarrada Habdhiskan:

ISDEBBER [OFF-GRID] LAMMAAN [GRID-TIE ]

1 Waxa uu kaashadaa beyteri xilliyada Waxa uu kaashadaa korontada
aan qorrax jirin marka aan qorrax jirin
2 Qiimo ahaan wuu sarreeyaa Waa ka qiimohooseeyaa maadama
maadaama beytriyo weheliyaan uusan wadan beyteriyo
3 Wuxuu ubaahan yahay boos weyn Wuxuu ubaahan yahay boos ka yar
maadaama beyteriyo weheliyaan maadaama aan beyteriyo wehelin
4 Haddii muddo qorrax la waayo waxa Haddii qorrax lawaayo waxaa la
lala kulmaa koronto la’aan isticmaalaa korontada magaalka

HALIS & FEEJIGNAAN

Ka hawlgelista habdhiska gabbal-laydhka sida laamaha kale farsamada ama goobaha

kale ee laga shaqo galo waxaa deris la ah halis, waxaana lagama maarmaan ah in aad ku
baraarugsan tahay khatartaas dhicikarta, isla markaana aad dhawrto xeerkasta oo la
xiriira. waxaana ka mid ah,

Shoog Koronto: maadaama habdhisku dhalinayo laydhtiriig waxaa kula kulmi kara
shoog laydhtiriig.

Soo dhacid: haddii aad meel sare u baxdo waa inaad adeegsato salabka badbaadada
sida kuwa la sudhto halkaad saaran tahay.
50
 51

Siibasho: haddii ay qoyan tahay goobta shaqadu ama saliid ku qubatay waxaa jirta halis
siibasho waa inaad qallajisaa goobta.

Halis Salab : haddii aad salabka si khaldan u adeegsato waxaa kusoo gaadhikara
dhaawacyo sida dubbaha, mindida iwm.

Jaranjar Ciir: Jaranjartu waa dhacikartaa haddii aan hubaal loo tiiran lana sugin.
Waxaana ka dhalankarta dhaawacyo halis ah.

Kiimiko : goobaha shaqo ee farsamo waxaa laga helikaraa kimikooyin kala duduwan
sida aasiidhka beyteriga. Haddii ay aasiidhkaas sida kan beyteriga kujiraa oo kale haddii
uu kugu daato dhibaato ayuu kuu geynsankaraa

Qalab qarxa: sida beyteriga iwm haddii si khaldan loo adeegsado waxaa ka imaan kara
qarax.

SHAQADA XUBNAHA GABBAL-LAYDHKA

Off-grid Solar System Components:

For a typical off-grid solar system you need solar panels, charge controller, batteries and
an inverter.

Components needed for a grid-tied solar system

Every solar system needs similar components to start with. A grid-tied solar system
consists of the following components:

Solar Panels

DC-AC grid-tied solar inverter

Solar cables

Mounts

For this system to function well, you need a connection to the grid.

Components needed for an Off-Grid solar system

51
 52

An Off-Grid solar system is slightly more complicated and needs the following additional
components:

Charge Controller

Battery Bank

A Connected Load

Instead of a grid-tied solar inverter, you can use a standard power inverter or off-grid
solar inverter to power your AC appliances. For this system to work, you need a load
connected to the batteries.

Optional components Off-Grid solar system

Depending upon your needs, there may be other components that you require. These
include:

A backup Generator or a Backup Source of power

A Transfer Switch

AC Load Center

A DC Load Center

Off-Grid solar system components explained

The following Picture shows the typical Off-grid solar system somponents:

Off-grid solar system components

Off-grid solar system components

Here are the functions of each solar system component:

PV Panel: This is used to convert solar energy to electrical energy. Whenever sunlight
falls upon these panels, these generate electricity which feeds the batteries.

Charge Controller: A charge controller determines how much current should be injected
into the batteries for its most optimum performance. As it determines the efficiency of

52
 53

the entire solar system as well as the operating life of the batteries, it is a critical
component. The charge controller protects the battery bank from overcharging.

Battery Bank: There may be periods when there is no sunlight. Evenings, nights and
cloudy days are examples of such situations beyond our control. In order to provide
electricity during these periods, excess energy, during day, is stored in these battery
banks and is used to power loads whenever required.

DC-AC Inverter: A DC-AC solar inverter (or just a ‘solar inverter’) is a power electronics
device which is used to convert Direct Current to Alternating Current. The electricity
generated by Solar Systems is DC in nature while most of our household loads require
AC power. This conversion takes place in real time with a very minimal time gap
(nowadays inverter efficiency goes up to 98%). DC loads can be directly fed from the
solar system and do not require an Inverter.

Connected Load: Load ensures that the electrical circuit is complete, and the electricity
can flow through.

Backup Generator: Even though a backup generator is not always required, it is a good
device to add as it increases reliability as well as redundancy. By installing it, you are
making sure that you are not solely dependent upon solar for your power requirements.
Modern generators can be configured to start automatically when the solar array and
/or battery bank doesn’t provide sufficient power.

Transfer Switch: Whenever a backup generator is installed, a transfer switch must be

installed. A transfer switch helps you to switch between two sources of power. For
example if the solar system is backed up by a diesel generator, a transfer switch helps
you to choose the source of electricity. Transfer switches can be automatic or manual.

AC Load Center: An AC Load Centre is somewhat like a panel board with all appropriate
switches, fuses and circuit breakers that help maintain required AC voltage and current
to corresponding loads.

DC Load Center: A DC Load Centre is similar and also includes all appropriate switches,
fuses and circuit breakers that help maintain required DC voltage and current to
corresponding loads.

53
54

54
55

55