Unit4 100 Q

Questions
Q1.
A cosmic ray, consisting of a fast-moving proton, collides with a proton within the nucleus of an atom in
the upper atmosphere. Three particles, a proton, a neutron and a pion result from the collision.
Write a particle equation for this collision.

(2)
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(Total for question = 2 marks)
Q2.
Which of the following particles is an example of a fundamental particle?
A nucleus
B neutrino
C pion
D proton
(Total for question = 1 mark)
Q3.
Answer the question with a cross in the box you think is correct . If you change your mind
about an answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .
The graph shows how the potential V varies with distance d in an electric field.
Which of the following shows the corresponding variation in electric field strength E?
Q4.
A particle has a mass of 1 u and a charge of −1.6 × 10−19 C.
Which of the following could be the particle?
A antiproton
B electron
C neutron
D positron
Q5.
A point object has a charge +Q.
Which of the following diagrams shows equipotential lines differing by a constant potential difference, and
electric field lines around the object?
Q6.
*The diagram shows a 'shaker torch'. When the torch is shaken, a strong magnet moves forwards and
backwards through a copper coil, powering a light-emitting diode (LED).
Each time the magnet moves through the coil a current pulse is generated. The coil is connected to a
capacitor via a diode, as shown.
Explain how the shaker torch is able to light the LED.

(6)
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Q7.
Electrical transmission systems are used to transmit electrical power from place to place. Transformers
are used to change potential differences (p.d.) and power transmission cables are used to transmit power.
The diagram shows a step-up transformer.
A step-up transformer is used to convert a lower p.d. to a higher p.d. An alternating p.d. is applied to the
primary coil.
Explain how a higher p.d. is produced across the secondary coil.

(4)
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Q8.
The diagram shows the carriage of a rollercoaster about to enter a vertical loop of diameter 17.0 m. The
carriage is initially at rest at a height Δh above the bottom of the loop.
(i) So that a passenger remains in contact with their seat at the top of the ride, show that the
minimum speed of the car at the top of the loop is 9.1 m s−1.
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(ii) Calculate the minimum value of Δh that will enable the passenger to remain in contact with their
seat at the top of the loop.
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Δh = ...........................................................
Q9.
The diagram shows the carriage of a rollercoaster about to enter a vertical loop of diameter 17.0 m. The
carriage is initially at rest at a height Δh above the bottom of the loop.
During one particular ride, the speed of a car at the bottom of the loop was 22.5 m s−1.
(i) Calculate the acceleration of the passenger at the bottom of the loop as a multiple of g, the
acceleration due to gravity.
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Acceleration = ...........................................................
(ii) The maximum safe acceleration recommended for passengers is 4g. Most loop-the-loop
rollercoasters do not have a circular loop. Instead, the radius of curvature of the loop varies.
Explain why making the radius of the loop vary in this way enables the acceleration at the bottom of
the loop to be less than 4g.
(2)
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Q10.
When alpha particles are directed at a thin gold foil it is found that most of the alpha particles go straight
through undeflected. However a very small number are scattered through angles greater than 90°.
Which of the following is not a valid conclusion?
A The atom is mainly empty space.
B The nucleus must be positively charged.
C The nucleus must contain most of the mass of the atom.
D There is a large charge concentration in the centre of the atom.
Q11.
The diagram shows a model used to demonstrate alpha particle scattering. A ball bearing is set rolling on
a wooden track. The track is positioned so that the ball bearing rolls onto a metal sheet with a curved
surface known as a 'hill'.
The diagram shows a vertical cross-section through the hill. The surface is curved so that the height of a
point h on the curved surface is inversely proportional to the distance r from the centre of the hill.
A plan view of the arrangement is shown.
The wooden track is moved to different positions and the ball bearing is released.
Describe the results of the alpha particle scattering experiment and how these can be demonstrated by
moving the wooden track to different positions.
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Q12.
Alpha particle scattering investigations were first carried out in the early part of the 20th century.
An alpha particle with initial kinetic energy 8.8 × 10−13J approaches a nucleus of a gold atom.
Which of the following is an equation for the closest distance r, in metres, between the alpha particle and
the nucleus?
Q13.
The solid line shows the path of an alpha particle as it passes close to a nucleus.
Another alpha particle approaches the nucleus with the same initial kinetic energy.
Which dashed path is possible for this alpha particle?
Q14.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Rutherford carried out large-angle alpha particle scattering
experiments using gold ( Au) foil.
The vast majority of the alpha particles went straight through the foil whilst a few were deflected straight
back.
Describe how the model of the atom changed, as a consequence of these experiments.
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Q15.
Early in the twentieth century physicists observed the scattering of alpha particles after they had
passed through a thin gold foil. This scattering experiment provided evidence for the structure of the
atom.
(a) State why it is necessary to remove the air from the apparatus that is used for this experiment.
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(b) From the results of such an experiment give two conclusions that can be deduced about the nucleus
of an atom.
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Conclusion 1
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Conclusion 2
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(c) The diagram shows three α-particles, all with the same kinetic energy. The path followed by one of the
particles is shown.
Add to the diagram to show the paths followed by the other two particles.
(3)
Q16.
&A simple loudspeaker consists of a cone, a coil of wire and a magnet. The cone and coil are attached to
each other and are free to move. An alternating current in the coil causes the cone to oscillate. The
loudspeaker is mounted in a wooden box. A cross-section through the loudspeaker is shown.
A student made the following observations:
 when an alternating potential difference (p.d.) is applied to the coil, the cone oscillates
 the frequency of oscillation is the same as the frequency of the p.d.
 at particular frequencies, the box vibrates with a large amplitude.
Explain these observations.

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Q17.
A device called a clutch can be used to connect a motor to a load. The diagram shows a design called an
eddy current clutch.
Several magnets are embedded in the plastic disc and it is rotated by the motor.
The motor rotates at 500 revolutions per minute.
Calculate the angular speed ω of the motor.

(2)
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ω = ...........................................................

Q18.
The Starflyer is a fairground ride which operates 60 m above the ground. As it begins to spin, the chairs in
which the riders sit move outwards.
Consider the chair and rider as a single object. By drawing a free-body force diagram and considering the
forces acting, explain the following observations.
The angle to the vertical of the supporting ropes depends on the speed of rotation, but does not depend
on the mass of the rider.
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Q19.
The Enterprise is an amusement park ride. Riders sit in cars that are made to rotate in a vertical circle.
The ride starts by moving in a horizontal circle. The speed of rotation increases, and the frame tilts until
the ride is rotating vertically as shown.
The photograph below shows riders at the top of the vertical circle. The riders are in contact with their
seats at all times during the ride.
The diagram shows the weight W of a rider and the push P from the seat on the rider at the top and
bottom of the circular path.
* The rider moves from the bottom to the top of the circular path.
Explain how the apparent weight experienced by the rider would change.
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Q20.
The apparatus shown in the diagram can be used to demonstrate that a force acts on a current-carrying
conductor when the conductor is in a magnetic field.
The apparatus is placed in a magnetic field. When the switch is closed, the copper rod rolls along the
aluminium rods.
(a) Add to the diagram to indicate the direction of the current in the copper rod.
(1)
(b) State the direction of the magnetic field that will make the copper rod move to the right.
(2)
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Q21.
The diagram shows the tracks from an event at a point P in a bubble chamber. A magnetic field is
directed into the page.
The tracks cannot show the production of a proton-antiproton pair with equal kinetic energies because
A the curvature is perpendicular to the magnetic field.
B the tracks curve in different directions.
C the tracks have different curvatures.
D there is no track before point P.
(Total for Question = 1 mark)
Q22.
A student set up the apparatus shown. A length of rigid wire was held horizontally by a clamp in a uniform
magnetic field of flux density B.
The circuit connected to the rigid wire is also shown.
With the switch open, the balance was set to zero. When the switch was closed a current I in the circuit
was recorded by the ammeter and the reading on the balance increased.
The length l of wire in the magnetic field was 15.5 cm. When the current in the circuit was 4.55 A, the
reading on the balance increased by 5.65 g.
Calculate the magnetic flux density B in the region of the rigid wire.
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B = ...........................................................

Q23.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Rutherford carried out large-angle alpha particle scattering
experiments using gold ( Au) foil.
The vast majority of the alpha particles went straight through the foil whilst a few were deflected straight
back.
In one experiment the alpha particles had an initial energy of 7.7 MeV.
Calculate the distance of closest approach of the alpha particles to the nucleus of a gold atom. Assume
that the gold nucleus remains at rest.
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Distance of closest approach = ...........................................................
Q24.
Astronomers observing stars at the centre of our galaxy have suggested that many of them are orbiting a
supermassive black hole. The mass of this black hole is 9.2 × 1036 kg.
Calculate the orbital period for a star in a circular orbit at a distance of 1.9 × 1014 m from a black hole of
this mass.
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Orbital period = ...........................................................
Q25.
The neutral lambda Λ0 particle is a baryon of mass 1116 MeV/c2 and contains one strange quark.
The table shows quarks and their relative charge.
Calculate the mass of the Λ0 particle in kg.

(3)
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Mass of Λ0 particle = ........................................................... kg
Q26.
* A magnet is attached to the end of a spring as shown in the diagram.

The magnet is displaced vertically and released so that it oscillates.
The average vertical component of the magnetic flux density through the coil varies at a maximum rate of
0.035 T s−1.
Calculate the maximum current in the copper ring.
radius of copper ring = 5.0 cm

resistance of copper ring = 6.7 × 10−5 Ω
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Maximum current = ...........................................................
Q27.
A defibrillator is an electrical device designed to deliver a brief electrical signal to restore a normal rhythm
to the heart. Electrodes are attached to the chest of a patient and a charged capacitor is discharged
through the chest cavity.
In one defibrillator a 56 μF capacitor is charged by a potential difference of 2500 V.

During the discharge of the capacitor the resistance between the electrodes is 45 Ω.
Show that the time taken for 99% of the discharge to take place is about 12 ms and hence calculate the
average current delivered by the defibrillator during this period.
(6)
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Average current = ...........................................................
Q28.
A student is investigating how the potential difference across a capacitor varies with time as the capacitor
is charging.
He uses a 100 μF capacitor, a 5.0 V d.c. supply, a resistor, a voltmeter and a switch.
(a) (i) Draw a diagram of the circuit he should use.

(2)
(ii) Suggest why a voltage sensor connected to a data logger might be a suitable instrument for
measuring the potential difference across the capacitor in this investigation.
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(b) Calculate the maximum charge stored on the capacitor.

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Charge = ...........................................................
(c) The graph shows how the potential difference across the capacitor varies with time as the capacitor is
charging.
(i) Estimate the average charging current over the first 10 ms.
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Average charging current = ...........................................................
(ii) Use the graph to estimate the initial rate of increase of potential difference across the capacitor and
hence find the initial charging current.
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Initial charging current = ...........................................................
(iii) Use the value of the initial charging current to find the resistance of the resistor.
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Resistance = ...........................................................
(Total for Question = 12 marks)
Q29.
A capacitor is charged by a battery as shown in the circuit diagram.

(a) Calculate the e.m.f. of the battery and the energy stored in the charged capacitor.
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E.m.f. = ...........................................................
Energy = ...........................................................
(b) The capacitor is disconnected from the battery and discharged through a 20 MΩ resistor.
Calculate the time taken for 80% of the charge on the capacitor to discharge through the resistor.
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Time taken = ...........................................................
(c) Use an equation to explain whether the time taken for the capacitor to lose half its energy is greater
or less than the time taken to lose half its charge.
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(d) A student carries out an experiment to record data so that she can plot a graph of potential difference
against time as the capacitor discharges.
State two advantages of using a datalogger rather than a voltmeter and stopwatch to record this data.
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Q30.
A particular experiment requires a very large current to be provided for a short time.
(a) An average current of 2.0 × 103 A is to be supplied to a coil of wire for a time of 1.4 × 10−3 s. The
resistance of the coil is 0.50 Ω.
(i) Show that the charge that flows through the coil during this time is about 3 C.
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(ii) The circuit shows how a capacitor could be charged and then discharged through the coil to provide
the current.
The circuit contains a capacitor of capacitance 600 μF. This capacitor is suitable to provide the current for
1.4 × 10−3 s.
Explain why the capacitor is suitable.

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(b) It can be assumed that the 600 μF capacitor completely discharges in 1.4 × 10−3 s.
(i) Calculate the potential difference of the power supply.

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Potential difference = ...........................................................
(ii) Calculate the average power delivered to the coil in this time.
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Average power = ...........................................................

Q31.
In recent years there has been a development of ultracapacitors which have much higher capacitance
than traditional capacitors. Capacitors store energy due to charge in an electric field whereas batteries
store energy due to a chemical reaction. There are several applications where ultracapacitors have an
advantage over batteries; for example storing energy from rapidly fluctuating supplies or delivering charge
very quickly.
(a) A typical ultracapacitor has a capacitance of 1500 F and a maximum operating potential difference of
2.6 V.
(i) Show that the charge on this capacitor when fully charged is about 4000 C.
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(ii) Complete the graph on the axes below to show how the potential difference varies with charge for
this capacitor.
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(iii) Calculate the energy stored in this capacitor when fully charged.
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Energy = ...........................................................
(b) The graph below shows how the current varies with time as the capacitor is discharged through a
circuit.
(i) Describe and explain the shape of the graph.

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(ii) Calculate the resistance of the circuit.

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Resistance = ...........................................................
(c) There is a limit to the amount of charge an ultracapacitor can hold but it can deliver the charge very
quickly. A battery can deliver much more charge but only at a slower rate. For electric powered vehicles it
is suggested that using a combination of batteries and ultracapacitors would give the best performance.
Suggest, with reasons, which stages of a journey would be more suited to ultracapacitors and which
would be more suited to batteries.
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Q32.
A centrifuge is a machine which rotates.
The United States' space agency, NASA, uses a centrifuge to test whether equipment will operate when
experiencing large forces. The equipment to be tested is attached to the end of the frame of the
centrifuge, which rotates around a vertical axis at its centre.
(i) Show that the angular velocity of the centrifuge is about 5 rad s−1.
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(ii) Explain how the centrifuge applies large forces to the equipment under test.
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(iii) The NASA website says the centrifuge can be used to test whether the equipment can withstand
accelerations of up to about 25g.
Deduce whether this claim is correct.
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Q33.
The International Space Station (ISS) orbits the Earth with a constant speed v. The orbit is circular and of
radius r.
(i) The ISS completes one orbit in 92 minutes.
Calculate the centripetal acceleration of the ISS.
r = 6800 km
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Centripetal acceleration = ...........................................................
(ii) Astronauts in the ISS are often described as being "weightless".

Discuss whether the astronauts are "weightless" when they are orbiting the Earth in the ISS.
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Q34.
A student was investigating the forces involved in circular motion.
He placed a small coin on a horizontal turntable as shown. The turntable was connected to a driver unit
so that it could be rotated at a constant rate.
The student repeated the procedure with different values of r.
Explain how the value of ω at which the coin started to slide varied as r increased.
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Q35.
The London Eye consists of a large vertical circle with 32 equally-spaced passenger cabins attached to
it. The wheel rotates so that each cabin has a constant speed of 0.26 m s−1 and moves around a circle
of radius 61 m.
(a) Calculate the time taken for each cabin to make one complete revolution.
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Time = ..............................................................
(b) Calculate the centripetal force acting on each cabin.
mass of cabin = 9.7 × 103 kg

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Centripetal force = ..............................................................
(c) (i) The diagram shows just the circle and the cabins. Draw arrows to show the direction of the
centripetal force acting on a person in a cabin when the person is at each of positions A, B and C.
(3)
*(ii) As the person in a cabin moves around the circle, the normal contact force between the person and
the cabin varies.
State the position at which this force will be a maximum and the position at which it will be a minimum.
Explain your answers.
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Q36.
A pendulum consists of a bob of mass m and a string of length x.
The diagram shows the pendulum swinging through the arc of a circle. At the bottom of its swing the
tension in the string is T and the velocity of the bob is v.
Which of the following is correct for the bob at the bottom of the swing?
A T= − mg
B T= + mg
C T = mg −
D T=
Q37.
Hump back bridges are sometimes found in country areas. The road surface is curved, describing an arc
of a circle. If cars cross the bridge at too high a speed there is a danger they will lose contact with the
road surface.
The responsibility for setting speed limits on many roads on which hump back bridges are found rests
with the local traffic authority. One local traffic authority has suggested that a speed limit of 25 mph is
appropriate for a hump back bridge with radius of curvature 10 m.
Assess the suitability of a speed limit of 25 mph for this bridge.
10 mph = 4.5 m s−1

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Q38.
Charged particles are travelling at a speed v, at right angles to a magnetic field of flux density B. Each
particle has a mass m and a charge Q.
Which of the following changes would cause a decrease in the radius of the circular path of the particles?
A an increase in B
B an increase in m
C an increase in v
D a decrease in Q
Q39.
In the sport of curling, two teams of 'curlers' take turns sliding polished granite stones across an ice
surface towards a circular target marked on the ice.
* Stone B is stationary. Stone A travels towards the target and makes a direct hit on stone B as shown.
Both stones have mass m.
The collision is elastic. Just before the collision stone A has a velocity v. After the collision stone B moves
off with velocity v.
Discuss how the relevant conservation laws apply to this collision.

(6)
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Q40.
* Particle accelerators accelerate particles to very high speeds before collisions occur.
New particles are created during the collisions.
Two particles of the same type can undergo two kinds of collision.
Fixed target: a high speed particle hits a stationary particle.
Colliding beams: two particles travelling at high speeds, in opposite directions, collide head-on.
By considering the conservation of energy and momentum, explain which type of collision is able to
create a new particle with the largest mass.
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Q41.
Which of the following statements is always true for an inelastic collision?
A Both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.
B Neither momentum nor kinetic energy is conserved.

C Kinetic energy is not conserved.
D Momentum is not conserved.
Q42.
A proton has a mass of 1.67 × 10−27 kg.
Which of the following shows the conversion of this mass to GeV/c2 ?

Q43.
A student carries out an experiment to investigate the force acting between two charged objects. A
lightweight negatively-charged ball is freely suspended from the ceiling by an insulating thread. The ball is
repelled by a negatively-charged sphere that is placed near it on an insulated support.
The angle of deflection is θ and r is the distance between the centres of the ball and the sphere.
(a) (i) Draw a free-body force diagram for the suspended ball.
(2)
(ii) The weight of the suspended ball is W.

Show that the force of repulsion F on the suspended ball is given by
F = W tan θ
(2)
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(b) (i) The student can increase the magnitude of the force by moving the sphere towards the
suspended ball.
She takes pairs of measurements of r and θ and calculates the magnitude of the force F. She then plots a
graph of F against r.
Use readings from the graph to demonstrate that the relationship between F and r obeys an inverse
square law.
(4)
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(ii) The charge on the sphere is 100 times greater than the charge on the ball.
Calculate the charge on the ball.
(3)
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Charge = ...........................................................

Q44.
* The diagram shows the basic structure of a cyclotron.
With reference to the magnetic field and the alternating potential difference explain how the cyclotron
produces a beam of high speed particles.
(4)
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Q45.
A defibrillator is a machine that is used to correct an irregular heartbeat or to start the heart of someone
who is in cardiac arrest.
The defibrillator passes a large current through the heart for a short time.
The machine includes a high voltage supply which is used to charge a capacitor. Two defibrillation
'paddles' are placed on the chest of the patient and the capacitor is discharged through the patient.
(a) The 150 μF capacitor is first connected across the 1200 V supply
Calculate the charge on the capacitor.

(2)
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Charge = ..............................................................
(b) Calculate the energy stored in the capacitor.
(2)
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Energy stored = ..............................................................
(c) When the capacitor discharges there is an initial current of 14 A in the chest of the patient.
(i) Show that the electrical resistance of the body tissue between the paddles is about 90 Ω
(1)
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(ii) Calculate the time it will take for three quarters of the charge on the capacitor to discharge through the
patient.
(3)
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Time = ..............................................................
(iii) Body resistance varies from person to person. If the body resistance was lower, the initial current
would be greater.
State how this lower body resistance affects the charge passed through the body from the defibrillator.
(1)
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Q46.
Electric fields are caused by both point charges and by parallel plates with a potential difference across
them.
Describe the difference between the electric field caused by a point charge and the electric field between
parallel plates. Your answer should include a diagram of each type of field and reference to electric field
strength.
(5)
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Q47.
The photograph shows the containers of two radioactive sources kept in a school.
The isotope Ra 226 undergoes a series of decays until it produces the stable isotope Pb 206.
Determine the number of α particles and β particles emitted during this process to complete the nuclear
equation.
(3)
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Q48.
Some mobile phones have a capacitor touch screen made up of a sheet of glass with a thin metallic
coating. The screen is charged and when it is touched some of the charge is transferred to the user. This
causes a drop in electrical potential at the point where the screen is touched.
A capacitor is charged by connecting it across a battery and then discharged through a resistor. In the
case of the touch screen the user provides a discharge resistance of about 900 Ω.
Explain how the capacitor discharges.

(3)
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Q49.
In an experiment to determine the charge on an electron, negatively charged oil drops are allowed to fall
between two parallel metal plates separated by a distance d.
A potential difference (p.d.) is applied across the plates. The diagram shows one oil drop between the
plates.
When the p.d. is 0 V the oil drop accelerates to terminal velocity. The p.d. is increased. It is observed that
at a particular p.d. V the oil drop stops falling and remains stationary between the plates.
* Explain the motion of the oil drop in terms of the forces acting on it as the p.d. is increased from 0 to V.
(6)
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Q50.
The properties of capacitors make them useful in timing circuits.
The following circuit is used to provide an input Y to an integrated circuit.

When the potential at Y is 8.0 V, the switch S2 is closed.
(i) Calculate the time taken for the potential at Y to decrease to 2.0 V.
(3)
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Time taken = ...........................................................
(ii) Calculate the energy stored on the capacitor when the potential at Y is 2.0 V.
(2)
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Energy stored = ...........................................................

Q51.
Select the row of the table which correctly identifies the quantities conserved in an inelastic collision.
Q52.
Some flowers are negatively charged and surrounded by an electric field. This helps to attract bees.
The diagram shows lines of equipotential surrounding a flower.
(i) Determine the electric field strength at X.

(3)
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Electric field strength at X = ...........................................................
(ii) Draw the electric field line between point A and point B on the diagram.
(2)
(iii) An equation for electric potential V is
This applies to a radial field.

Deduce whether the electric field in the region directly above the flower is radial.
You should take values from the diagram. A graphical method is not required.
(3)
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Q53.
(a) Explain what is meant by the term electric field strength.

(2)
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(b) (i) Two point charges Q1 and Q2 are placed 20 cm apart. Q1 has a charge of +3.0 μC and Q2 has a
charge of +6.5 μC.
At point P, a distance 8.1 cm from Q1, the electric field strength is approximately zero.
Demonstrate by calculation that this statement is correct.
(3)
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(ii) A charge of +4.5 μC is placed at point P.

State the magnitude of the force acting on this charge.
(1)
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(iii) The + 4.5 μC charge is moved from point P to a point half way between Q1 and Q2.
Explain qualitatively why energy would be needed for this movement.
(2)
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Q54.
13 The diagram shows two parallel metal plates with a potential difference (p.d.) of 100 V across them.
Three equipotential lines are shown.
Draw lines to represent the electric field in the shaded area.

(4)
Q55.
The diagram shows an end view of a simple electrical generator. A rectangular coil of wire is rotated in a
uniform magnetic field of magnetic flux density 3.0 × 10−2 T. The axis of rotation is at right angles to the
field direction.
(a) The coil has 200 turns and an area of 2.0 × 10−4 m2.
Calculate the magnetic flux linkage for the coil when θ = 0°.
(2)
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Flux linkage = ...........................................................
(b) The coil is rotated at a constant rate of 2 revolutions per second.
(i) Calculate the average e.m.f. induced in the time taken for the coil to rotate from θ = 0° to θ = 90°
(3)
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Average e.m.f. = ...........................................................
(ii) The graph shows how the induced e.m.f. varies over one cycle of rotation of the coil.
Explain why the magnitude of the e.m.f. is smallest and greatest at the values of θ shown in the graph.
(3)
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(iii) State and explain how the graph would differ if the coil rotated at a slower rate.
(2)
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(c) Vehicles such as electric cars are driven by electric motors. These vehicles use regenerative braking
to reduce the speed of the vehicle. The motor is operated as a generator during braking and the output
from the generator is used to recharge the batteries of the car.
(i) Explain how using the motor as a generator slows the car down.
(2)
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(ii) In practice, these vehicles also use friction braking as well as regenerative braking. This is because
regenerative braking on its own will not fully stop a car. Suggest why.
(2)
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Q56.
The photograph shows a digital clamp meter or 'amp-clamp'. This can be used to measure the current in
the live wire coming from the mains supply without breaking the circuit.
The 'jaws' of the clamp are opened, placed around the wire carrying the current and then closed. Inside
the 'jaws' is an iron core with a coil of wire wrapped around it.
*(a) Explain how an e.m.f. would be produced in the coil of wire inside the amp-clamp when the 'jaws' are
placed around a wire carrying an alternating current.
(4)
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(b) State why the amp-clamp cannot be used with a steady direct current.
(1)
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(c) The amp-clamp cannot be used with a cable that is used to plug a domestic appliance like a lamp into
the mains supply.
Explain why not.
(2)
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(d) (i) Explain why the amp-clamp can be used to determine the magnitude of different alternating
currents with the same frequency.
(2)
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(ii) The amp-clamp may not be reliable when comparing alternating currents of different frequencies.
Suggest why not.

(2)
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Q57.
(a) State Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.

(2)
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*(b) A magnet is attached to the end of a spring as shown in the diagram.
The magnet is displaced vertically and released so that it oscillates.

Explain why this produces an alternating current in the copper ring.
(4)
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Q58.
A teacher carries out a demonstration to illustrate the laws of electromagnetic induction.

She uses three tubes of identical dimensions. One is made of plastic, one copper and one copper with a
slit cut into its length.
(a) The teacher releases a magnet from rest at the top of the plastic tube and it takes 0.45 s to fall
through the tube.
Calculate the average acceleration of the magnet as it falls through the tube.
length of tube = 0.75 m
(2)
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Average acceleration = ...........................................................
*(b) The teacher suggests that the magnet would take longer to fall through the copper tube as a
consequence of the laws of electromagnetic induction.
Assess the validity of this suggestion.
(6)
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(c) Before the teacher releases the magnet through the copper tube with a slit along its length, she asks
the class to consider how the time taken will compare with the time for the other copper tube. The class
predicts that the time will be the same.
Explain, using electromagnetic induction, whether this prediction is correct.
(3)
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(d) The times for the magnets to fall through the tubes were measured manually using an electronic
timer.
Explain how suitable this is as a means of recording these times.
(2)
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Q59.
A high energy proton collides with a stationary proton and a π0 particle is produced.
The equation for the reaction is
p + p → p + p + π0
(i) Explain why the proton must have a high energy in order for this reaction to occur.
(2)
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(ii) The rest mass of the π0 is of the rest mass of a proton.
In this reaction the total kinetic energy of the particles decreases.
Calculate the minimum decrease in kinetic energy if the reaction is to occur.
rest mass of proton = 938 GeV/c2
(2)
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Minimum decrease in kinetic energy = ...........................................................

Q60.
A student is investigating electromagnetic induction using a U-shaped magnet. The magnetic flux density
between the poles of the magnet is 74 mT. The magnetic field outside the region of the poles is negligible.
She places a stiff copper wire between the poles of the magnet as shown in the diagram.
The wire is connected to an ammeter of resistance 0.25 Ω
(a) The rectangular poles measure 6.0 cm × 2.4 cm.

Show that the magnetic flux between the poles of the magnet is about 1 × 10−4 Wb.
(3)
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(b) The student holds the wire as shown in the diagram and moves it vertically upwards at a constant
speed of 1.2 m s−1
Calculate the e.m.f. induced in the wire when it is moving.
(3)
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Induced e.m.f. = ...........................................................
(c) According to Lenz's law, a force will act on the wire to oppose the motion of the wire.
Calculate the magnitude of the force that opposes the motion and comment on this value.
(4)
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Magnitude of force = ...........................................................
Comment
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Q61.
A capacitor of 50 μF is charged to a potential difference of 12 V.
The energy stored on the charged capacitor in joules is given by
A 0.5 × 50 × 10−6 × 122
D 0.5 × (50 × 10−6)2 × 12
Q62.
A series of experiments was carried out in the 1970s to investigate the structure of protons using the linac
at Stanford, USA.
* Explain how an electron is accelerated in a linac.

(6)
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Q63.
The neutral lambda Λ0 particle is a baryon of mass 1116 MeV/c2 and contains one strange quark.
The table shows quarks and their relative charge.
Lambda particles were first detected in experiments which made use of cosmic rays entering the
atmosphere. Cosmic rays are mainly high-energy protons which have a mass less than that of a lambda
particle.
Explain why a cosmic ray could lead to the creation of a lambda particle.
(2)
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Q64.
A student investigated the behaviour of a spring under tension. The spring was hung vertically with a
mass holder attached.
The position of the bottom of the mass holder was recorded. The spring was stretched by adding masses
to the mass holder and the new positions were recorded. The extension of the spring each time was
calculated.
The student produced the following table.
* Identical bar magnets are suspended from identical springs, with the North pole of each magnet inside a
coil of wire as shown. The two coils are connected together with conducting leads.
Magnet A is displaced so that it oscillates vertically. The North pole of magnet A moves into and out of the
coil of wire with simple harmonic motion. As this motion continues, magnet B starts to oscillate. The
amplitude of oscillation of magnet B increases over time.
Explain why magnet B starts to oscillate with an increasing amplitude.

(6)
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Q65.
The following extract is taken from a quote by Rutherford, speaking about the scattering of alpha particles
by a thin gold foil.
(a) Rutherford compared the scattering of alpha particle through large angles to firing "a 15-inch shell at
a piece of tissue paper and it came back and hit you."
Explain, with reference to the properties of the alpha particle, why a relatively large force is needed to
deflect alpha particles through a large angle.
(2)
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(b) Before the alpha particle scattering experiment, scientists believed that the mass and charge of an
atom were uniformly distributed throughout the atom in a radius of about 1.4 × 10−10 m. Following the
scattering experiments, a model of the atom was developed in which there was a concentrated centre of
charge called the nucleus.
Assess the validity of this model of the atom given that the magnitude of the force required to scatter
these alpha particles by a large angle is about 2.0 N. You should include a calculation in your answer.
proton number of gold = 79
(5)
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Q66.
The diagram shows the inside of an electric toothbrush and a charger.
The charger contains a coil wrapped around an iron core. The coil is plugged into the mains a.c. supply.
The toothbrush also contains a coil that sits around the iron core when the toothbrush is placed on the
charger to recharge the battery of the toothbrush.
* Describe how the charger is able to charge the low-voltage battery.

(6)
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Q67.
The diagrams show the plan view and side view of a moving coil ammeter.
The coil within a very sensitive moving coil ammeter can be damaged when the ammeter is transported.
The two ends of the coil are connected together when the ammeter is transported. This reduces the
movement of the coil and makes it less likely to be damaged.
A student suggests that this is due to Faraday's law and Lenz's law.
Explain how these laws apply to this situation.

(4)
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Q68.
Tiny sensors in smartphones could be used to determine the position of the phone on the Earth's surface
by measuring the Earth's magnetic flux density.
A current I and a magnetic field of flux density B are applied to a slice of semiconductor as shown. The
slice has thickness t and depth d.
Electrons collect at the top edge of the slice and the bottom edge becomes positively charged. As a result
a potential difference known as a Hall voltage VHALL develops.
Electrons continue to collect at the top edge of the slice, until the force on a moving electron due to the
magnetic field is equal to the force on the electron due to the electric field.
Derive the following equation for VHALL:
where n is the number of charge carriers per unit volume of the semiconductor.
(4)
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Q69.
A footballer kicks a football from the penalty spot. A graph of force on the ball against time is drawn.
The area under the force-time graph represents
A acceleration
B change in kinetic energy
C change in momentum
D displacement
Q70.
Two parallel, conducting plates are connected to a battery. One plate is connected to the positive terminal
and the other plate to the negative terminal. The plate separation d is gradually increased while the plates
stay connected to the battery.
Select the graph that shows how the electric field strength E between the plates varies with separation d.

Q71.
The properties of capacitors make them useful in timing circuits.
The following circuit is used to provide an input Y to an integrated circuit.
Initially the capacitor is uncharged. The switch S1 is closed.
Sketch a graph to show how the potential at point Y varies with time.
(3)
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Q72.
Tiny sensors in smartphones could be used to determine the position of the phone on the Earth's surface
by measuring the Earth's magnetic flux density.
A current I and a magnetic field of flux density B are applied to a slice of semiconductor as shown. The
slice has thickness t and depth d.
Electrons collect at the top edge of the slice and the bottom edge becomes positively charged. As a result
a potential difference known as a Hall voltage VHALL develops.
Show that the units are the same on each side of the equation
(3)
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Q73.
A high-energy proton can interact with a photon to produce two particles.
Which of the following could be the two particles produced?
Q74.
Electrons are released from a heated metal filament.
This process is known as
A excitation.
B ionisation.
C photoelectric emission.
D thermionic emission.
Q75.
* Cameras usually have an inbuilt flash bulb that can be used to take photographs in poor light conditions.
As a photograph is taken, the bulb should be able to produce a bright flash of light for up to 4 ms.
A capacitor can be used along with a battery as a power supply for the flash bulb. The flow diagram
shows a possible arrangement.
Comment on the suitability of using this capacitor arrangement as a power supply rather than connecting
the bulb directly to the battery.
A typical flash bulb has a resistance of 6 Ω.

(6)
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Q76.
A coil of 300 turns each of area 1.5 × 10−4 m2 is placed in a magnetic field with its plane at right angles to
the field. The graph shows how the magnetic flux density B of the field varies with time t.
The e.m.f. induced in the coil during the first 5 ms is
A 5.4 × 10−1 V
B 4.5 × 10−2 V
C 1.8 × 10−3 V
D 5.4 × 10−4 V
Q77.
Select the row in the table that correctly identifies what happens in an inelastic collision.
Q78.
The diagram shows the tracks produced in a bubble chamber.

At X an incoming charged particle interacts with a stationary proton.
Describe and explain what can be deduced about the interaction at X and subsequent events. You may
add to the diagram to help your answer.
(5)
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Q79.
Pions have a short half-life and decay into muons.

The diagram shows the tracks from the decay of a pion in a bubble chamber.
The pion decays into an anti-muon and muon neutrino.
The anti-muon then decays into a positron and an electron neutrino.
The magnetic field acts out of the page.
Use the diagram and the information given to explain what conclusions can be made about the particles
in this interaction.
(6)
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Q80.
(a) A magnetic field can be measured with a device called a Hall probe. The probe is connected to a
voltmeter. When the probe is placed at right angles to a magnetic field, a potential difference is recorded
on the voltmeter. The potential difference increases with increasing magnetic flux density.
A wire carries a constant current. A Hall probe is used to investigate how the magnetic flux density
produced by the wire varies with distance from the wire.
The potential difference V was recorded for a range of distances r.
(i) Criticise these results.

(2)
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(ii) It is suggested that V and r are related by the equation
where k is a constant.
(1) Determine by calculation whether this suggestion is valid.
(2)
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(2) A graph of is plotted against r.
State how the graph would indicate that the equation is correct.
(1)
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(b) The Hall probe can be replaced with a small coil of wire which is connected to a sensitive voltmeter.
The plane of the coil is at right angles to the magnetic field produced by the current-carrying wire.
(i) Explain, with reference to Faraday's law, why the voltmeter reading would be zero.
(2)
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(ii) State three different ways in which an e.m.f. could be induced in this coil.
(3)
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Q81.
A mass-spectrometer is an instrument that is used to measure the masses of molecules. Molecules of a

gas are ionised and travel through a vacuum in a narrow tube. The ions enter a region of uniform
magnetic flux density B where they are deflected in a semicircular path as shown.
(a) State why it is necessary for the molecules to be ionised.

(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) State the direction of the magnetic field.

(1)
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(c) The ions have a charge of +e and a speed of 1.20 × 105 m s−1. When B has a value of 0.673 T, the
ions are detected at a point where the diameter of the arc is 14.8 cm.
Calculate the mass of an ion.
(3)
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Mass of an ion = ...........................................................
(d) Ions with a smaller mass but the same charge and speed are also present in the beam.
On the diagram sketch the path of these ions.
(1)

Q82.
The photograph is an image of the paths of particles obtained from an early particle detector, the cloud
chamber.
Modern particle detectors such as the ones at CERN still work on the basic principle that charged
particles cause ionisation of the material through which they pass. These ionisations can be tracked and
recorded. Magnetic fields are used to deflect the particles so that their properties can be investigated.
(a) State what is meant by ionisation in this context.

(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) The diagram below shows the ionisation path of a particle when it is in the region of a uniform
magnetic field. The particle enters the field at X.
State how we know that the particle is negatively charged.

(1)
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.............................................................................................................................................
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(c) The diagram below shows an event occurring in the same magnetic field.
Point Z is where a high energy photon interaction occurs which causes two particles to be formed.
Describe, with reasons, what can be deduced about the photon and the two particles that are formed
in this interaction.
(5)
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Q83.
The graph shows how potential varies with distance from the centre of a charged sphere.
Air molecules will be ionised if the electric field strength exceeds 3 × 106 V m−1.
Deduce whether air molecules will be ionised at a distance of 30 cm from the centre of this sphere.
(4)
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Q84.
Mass spectrometry is a technique used to separate ions based on their charge to mass ratio.
The atoms in a sample are ionised and then accelerated and formed into a fine beam.
This beam is passed into a region of uniform magnetic field and the ions are deflected by different
amounts according to their mass.
Analysis of mass spectrometer data shows that chlorine exists in nature as two isotopes, chlorine-35 and
chlorine-37.
After passing through the velocity selector the ion beam enters a region of uniform magnetic flux density
0.35 T with the ions travelling at right angles to the field direction.
(i) Explain why the ions travel in a circular path.

(2)
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(ii) Calculate the radius of the circular path.

(2)
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Radius = ...........................................................
(iii) The diagram shows the path of the chlorine-35 ions in the field. Chlorine-37 ions enter the magnetic
field with the same velocity.
1. Add another line to the diagram to show the path of these chlorine-37 ions.
(1)
2. Explain any differences in the paths.
(2)
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Q85.
The bubble chamber photograph shows tracks made by a proton and a pion. The proton and pion were
both created by the decay of a lambda particle. No other particles were produced.
* Explain how observations and measurements from the photograph can be used to establish information
about the lambda particle.
(6)
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Q86.
The lambda particle consists of up, down and strange quarks.
Explain how the conservation of charge, baryon number and lepton number apply to the decay of the
lambda particle.
(3)
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Q87.
Write an equation to represent the decay of the lambda (Λ) particle.
(1)
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Q88.
The rest mass of the lambda particle is 1115 MeV / c2.
(i) Calculate this mass in kg.

(3)
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.............................................................................................................................................
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Mass = ........................................................... kg
(ii) The rest mass of a proton is 940 MeV / c2. The rest mass of a pion is 140 MeV / c2.
The kinetic energy of the lambda particle just before decay is 4.95 GeV.
Calculate the total kinetic energy of the proton and pion in MeV.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
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Total kinetic energy = ........................................................... MeV
Q89.
As a particle accelerates in a linear accelerator (linac), it passes through tubes that get progressively
longer.
Which of the following statements is the correct reason for making the tubes longer?
A The particles gain more energy within each tube.
B The frequency of the accelerating voltage increases.
C The accelerating particles spend the same time in each tube.
D The accelerating particles gain mass.

Q90.
A coil of wire is placed around the lower end of an iron rod. The coil is supplied with an alternating
current.
A thick aluminium ring is placed around the iron rod above the coil. The coil remains in the position
shown.
An alternating current is induced in the aluminium ring.
Explain, using Lenz's law, why the aluminium ring remains in the position shown.
(4)
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Q91.
The tubes of a linear accelerator (linac) get progressively longer down its length because
A the accelerating particles become relativistic.
B the frequency of the applied potential difference changes.
C the accelerating particles must spend the same time in each tube.
D the accelerating particles gain mass.
Q92.
A teacher demonstrates electromagnetic induction by dropping a bar magnet through a flat coil of wire
connected to a data logger.
The data from the data logger is used to produce a graph of induced e.m.f. across the coil against time.
*(a) Explain the shape of the graph and the relative values on both axes.
(6)
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*(b) The teacher then sets up another demonstration using a large U-shaped magnet and a very small coil
of wire which is again connected to a data logger.
The north pole is vertically above the south pole and the coil is moved along the line AB which is midway
between the poles. The magnetic field due to the U-shaped magnet has been drawn. The plane of the coil
is horizontal.
Sketch a graph to show how the e.m.f. induced across the coil varies as the coil moves from A to B at a
constant speed.
(4)
Q93.
The diagrams show the plan view and side view of a moving coil ammeter.
The fixed soft iron cylinder and magnets produce a uniform magnetic field of magnetic flux density B. The
coil is able to rotate within this magnetic field. The coil has width w and length l. There is a current I in the
coil in the direction shown in the side view diagram.
(i) Explain which way the coil will rotate.

(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Show that the moment M on the coil about the pivot, due to the magnetic field, is given by
M = BAIN
where
A is the cross-sectional area of the coil
N is the number of turns of wire on the coil.
(4)
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Q94.
At the end of the 19th century, J.J. Thompson used electric and magnetic fields to deflect beams of
charged particles. A photograph of his apparatus is shown.
Electrons were accelerated through a potential difference to produce a beam of high-energy electrons.
The beam was then deflected in perpendicular directions by the magnetic and electric fields. The final
position of the beam on the screen was determined by the charge and mass of the electrons.
An electron is travelling left to right and enters a region of uniform magnetic field as shown below. The
direction of the magnetic field is perpendicular to the direction of travel of the electron.
(i) The magnetic field deflects the electron in the direction up the page.
Explain the direction of the magnetic field that would produce this deflection.
(2)
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(ii) Explain why the electron would travel in a circular path if no other forces acted on it.
(2)
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Q95.
Which of the following is a unit of magnetic flux?
A N C−1
B T m−2
C Vs
D Wb m2
Q96.
A negatively charged pion decays into a muon and an antineutrino. The diagram shows tracks in a
particle detector formed in such an event.
The momentum of the pion just before it decays is 9.1 × 10−20 N s.
Determine the magnetic flux density of the magnetic field which acts in the detector and state its direction.
Scale of diagram 1 cm represents 10 cm
pion charge = −1.6 × 10−19 C

(4)
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Magnetic flux density = ...........................................................
Direction of magnetic field = ..................................................................................................

Q97.
A current of 1.50 A flows in a straight wire of length 0.450 m. The wire is placed in a uniform magnetic
field of flux density 2.00 × 10−3 T which acts perpendicular to the wire.
Under these conditions the magnetic force balances the weight of the wire.
Calculate the mass of the wire.
A 1.32 × 10−2 kg
B 1.35 × 10−3 kg
C 1.38 × 10−4 kg
D 1.35 × 10−4 kg
Q98.
Which row of the table summarises the mass and charge of an antineutron?
Q99.
The π− particle has a mass of 140 MeV / c2.
Which row of the table is correct for the antiparticle of a π− ?

Q100.
A muon (μ) is a lepton with a mass of 106 MeV/c2.
Calculate the mass of a muon in kg.

(3)
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Mass of muon = ........................................................... kg

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Questions

Write a particle equation for this collision.

(Total for question = 2 marks)

Which of the following particles is an example of a fundamental particle?

(Total for question = 1 mark)

A particle has a mass of 1 u and a charge of −1.6 × 10−19 C.

Which of the following could be the particle?

(Total for question = 1 mark)

A point object has a charge +Q.

(Total for question = 1 mark)

Explain how the shaker torch is able to light the LED.

(Total for question = 6 marks)

The diagram shows a step-up transformer.

Explain how a higher p.d. is produced across the secondary coil.

(Total for question = 4 marks)

(Total for question = 10 marks)

Which of the following is not a valid conclusion?

A The atom is mainly empty space.

B The nucleus must be positively charged.

C The nucleus must contain most of the mass of the atom.

D There is a large charge concentration in the centre of the atom.

(Total for question = 1 mark)

A plan view of the arrangement is shown.

(Total for question = 4 marks)

(Total for question = 1 mark)

Which dashed path is possible for this alpha particle?

(Total for question = 1 mark)

(Total for question = 4 marks)

(Total for question = 6 marks)

A student made the following observations:

Explain these observations.

(Total for question = 6 marks)

The motor rotates at 500 revolutions per minute.

Calculate the angular speed ω of the motor.

(Total for question = 2 marks)

(Total for question = 5 marks)

(Total for question = 6 marks)

(Total for question = 3 marks)

B the tracks curve in different directions.

C the tracks have different curvatures.

D there is no track before point P.

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

(Total for question = 3 marks)

Distance of closest approach = ...........................................................

(Total for question = 4 marks)

Orbital period = ...........................................................

(Total for question = 3 marks)

The table shows quarks and their relative charge.

Calculate the mass of the Λ0 particle in kg.

Mass of Λ0 particle = ........................................................... kg

(Total for question = 3 marks)

* A magnet is attached to the end of a spring as shown in the diagram.

radius of copper ring = 5.0 cm

Maximum current = ...........................................................

In one defibrillator a 56 μF capacitor is charged by a potential difference of 2500 V.

Average current = ...........................................................

(Total for question = 6 marks)

(a) (i) Draw a diagram of the circuit he should use.

(b) Calculate the maximum charge stored on the capacitor.