Solar Power Smart Irrigation System

Abstract:
Now a days we know that farmers facing the problem of load shedding to their farm. It’s very
difficult to those farmers who having the large areas and not having the proper utilization of
water due to lack of electricity. The objective of irrigation system is to keep measure on Soil
content and the aim of automatic irrigation control system is to minimize the efforts of the
human operator (gardener) in irrigation activities. This control system is built around Arduino
programmed using embedded C language. Also using Blynk application the pump will be
controlled. By using this method can easily know the data without wasting of time and energy.
INTRODUCTION
In this digital world we need every possible thing around us to be automatic which reduces
human effort .There are increasing electronic circuits that make todays life easier and simple.
Nowadays , energy crisis and water crisis are the big problems faced by everyone. So, there is
a need to conserve energy and water . Electricity is additionally added to the most essential
needs throughout everybody's life. The increasing demand for energy, the constant decline in
existing sources of fossil fuels and the growing alarm regarding environment pollution, have
pushed mankind to discover new non-conventional, renewable energy resources such as solar,
wind energy, etc. for the production of electrical energy.

The aim of this is to make solar based irrigation system to irrigate the field automatically.
Imagine how helpful it will be when you are busy in doing your next task and your field is
being irrigated automatically at low cost .

Introduction to embedded system:

An embedded system is described as combo of each programming and hardware. An

extensively helpful importance of embedded structures is that they are gadgets used to control,
show screen or help the errand of apparatus, hardware or plant. Embedded mirrors the way
that they are a fundamental bit of the system. At the option ludicrous an all around useful PC
may be connected to control the pastime of a major complex. An embedded structure is a
system which will finish a predefined decided endeavor is the introduced structure and is even
portrayed as mix of both programming and hardware. A comprehensively valuable importance
of embedded systems is that they are contraptions used to control, screen or help the errand of
apparatus, equipment or plant. Introduced mirrors how they are a fundamental bit of the
structure. At the other remarkable a generally valuable PC may be used to control the action of
a far reaching complex getting ready plant, and its embodiment will act naturally clear.

The extremely most straightforward inserted frameworks are equipped for performing
just a solitary capacity or set of capacities to meet a solitary foreordained reason. In more mind
boggling frameworks an application program that empowers the implanted framework to be
utilized for a specific reason in a particular application decides the working of the installed
framework. The capacity to have programs implies that the same implanted framework can be
utilized for a wide range of purposes. Now and again a chip might be planned such that
application programming for a specific reason can be added to the fundamental programming
in a moment procedure, after which it isn't conceivable to roll out further improvements. The
applications programming on such processors is now and again alluded to as firmware.

The least difficult gadgets comprise of a solitary microchip (frequently called a chip),
which may itself be bundled with different chips in a cross breed framework or Application
Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). Its information originates from a finder or sensor and its
yield goes to a switch or activator which (for instance) may begin or stop the task of a machine
or, by working a valve, may control the stream of fuel to a motor.

Embedded systems are set up in cell phones, digital cameras microwave ovens,
answering machines, home security system, washing machines, lighting system, fax machines,
copiers, printer, and scanners, cash registers, alarm system, automated teller machinces, and
many other devices.

It consists of microprocessor, RAM and flash memory etc. programming in embedded

system is not that easier like PC programming. It seems to be like programming in 15 years
ago PCs. The hardware for the system is normally decided to make the gadget as low-priced as
could be expected under the circumstances. Using an additional dollar and unit so as to make
things simpler to the program may cost millions. When compared with buying a new device
for a gadget design procuring a software engineer for an additional month is inexpensive. This
implies the software engineer must make do with moderate processors and low memory, while
in the meantime doing combating a requirement for effectiveness not seen in most PC
application. The following is a rundown of issues particular to the embedded filed.
TOOLS

Embedded advancement makes up a little portion of aggregate encoding or

programming. There’s likewise an expansive number of embedded architectures, not at all like
the PC world where 1 instruction set rules, and the UNIX world where there’s just 3 or 4 real
ones This implies that the tools are more extravagant. It likewise implies that they’re bringing
down emphasized and less created. On a most embedded system design ,sooner or later you
will quite often discover a complier bug or something to that affect

As we won’t generally run particular programs on our embedded processor, we can’t

run generally a debugger on it. In this case the debugging devices are an alternate issue. This
make altering your system troublesome. Unique hardware’s for, example, JTAG ports can
conquer this issue to some degree. On the other hand, on the off chance that you stop on a
breakpoint when your framework is controlling true fittings,(for example, an engine or
motor),lasting supplies harm can happen. Subsequently, individuals doing installed
programming rapidly get to be experts at utilizing serial IO channels and mistake message
style debugging.

RESOURCES

The programs are needed to be written effectively as the embedded system regularly
have the least expensive processors that can do the job to spare expense. This implies that your
programs need to be composed as productively as could be allowed. At the point when
managing substantial data sets, problems like memory cache misses that not at all issue in PC
programming can harm you .fortunately, this will never occur time after time utilize sensibly
proficient algorithms to begin, and upgrade just when vital. Debuggers don’t’ function
admirably.

The algorithms designed by the software engineers need to be memory efficient (not at
all like in PC programs, you will oftentimes relinquish processor time for memory, instead of
the converse), since the for the same expense investment funds reasons, embedded system
normally have the slightest memory they can escape with. So memory is additional an issue. It
likewise implies you can’t bear to leak memory. Embedded applications by and large utilize
deterministic memory procedures and maintain a strategic distance from the default ‘new’ and
‘malloc’ works, so breaks can be discovered and killed all the more effectively. Different
resource programmers or software engineers expect may not in any case exist.

NEED FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

In recent days the novel products brought in the market are using the embedded
computers in different ways. The employments of installed frameworks are practically
boundless, in light of the fact that consistently new items are acquaint with the market that
uses implanted PC in novel methods for late, gadgets like chip, microcontrollers and FPGA
chips have wound up considerably less costly. A smarter idea is to buy a nonexclusive chip
and compose claim show programming or program for put into a training a novel control

Creating uniquely designed chip to handle a specific undertaking a specific

understanding or set of assignments expenses significantly more of an opportunity and cash.
Numerous embedded machines even accompany broad libraries, with a goal that composition
of your own particular programming turns into an extremely unimportant errand in reality.
From a usage perspective, there is a real distinction between a computer and embedded
systems. Inserted embedded systems are frequently needed to give Real-Time reaction. The
fundamental components that make embedded frameworks remarkable are its reliability and
simplicity in debugging

EXPLAINATION FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Software architecture

There are a few distinctions sorts of programming structural planning in as relatable

point utilization.

 Simple control loop:

In this plan, the product just has a loop this plan. The loop calls subroutines, each of
which deals pieces of the hardware or programming.

 Interrupt control loop:

 Some embedded systems are preventively intruding on controlled. This implies that
undertakings carried out by the systems are activated by various types of occasions. In the
presence of predefined timer an interrupt may occur or by a serial port controller accepting a
byte. When the event handlers are simple and short these sorts of systems are utilized if event
handlers need low latency.

 Micro kernels and Exo kernels

A logical setup from real-time operating systems is a micro kernel. The normal plan is that the
logical setup from real-time operating systems is a microkernel. The normal plan is that the
working framework kernel allots memory and switches the CPU to diverse strings of
execution. Client mode methodologies actualize real capacitance for example, file systems,
and interface.

Real-time embedded systems

Embedded systems which are utilized to perform particular undertaken or operation in

particular time period those frame works are known as real-time embedded systems. The
embedded systems are of two types.

 Hard Real-time implanted frameworks:

These implanted frameworks take after a flat out dead line time period i.e., if the
tasking is not done in a specific time period then there is a reason for harm to the whole
system.

Example: Consider a framework in which we need to open a valve inside 30milli

seconds. On the off chance that this valve is not opened in 30 ms this may cause harm to the
whole supplies. So in such cases we utilize implanted frameworks for doing programmed
operations.

 Soft Real-time implanted frameworks:

These embedded frameworks take after a relative dead line time period i.e., if the task
is not done in a specific time that won’t result in harm to the supplies
 Since these early applications in the 1960s, embedded systems have come down in price. In
1978 National Engineering Manufacturers Association released the standard for a programmable m

By the mid-1980s, many of the previously external system components had been
integrated into the same chip as the processor, resulting in integrated circuits called
microcontrollers, and widespread use of embedded systems became feasible.

APPLICATION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:

Consumer appliances: A number of embedded systems are used at home which

consists of microwave, ovens, remote control, DVD players and cameras and so on.

Office automation: Systems like fax machine, modem and printer and so on are used
for office purposes

Industrial automation: Now-a-days more number of industries is using embedded

systems for process control. In industries we design the embedded systems to perform a
particular operation like monitoring temperature, voltage, current and so on later based on
these monitored levels we perform control to other devices, we can also send information to a
centralized monitoring station.

In significant manufacturing where human being there is let alone there we can employ
robots which are programmed to do a particular function.

Computer networking: Embedded systems are used as bridges routers and son.

Tele communication: Cell phones, web cameras and so on.

LITERATURE SURVEY

Karan Kansara, Vishal Zaveri, Shreyans Shah, SandipDelwadkar and KaushalJani

In Sensor based Automated Irrigation System with IOT mentioned about using sensor based
irrigation in which the irrigation will take place whenever there is a change in temperature and
humidity of the surroundings. The flow of water is managed by solenoid valve. The opening
and closing of valve is done when a signal is send through microcontroller. The water to the
root of plant is done drop by drop using rain gun and when the moisture level again become
normal then sensor senses it and send a signal to microcontroller and the value is then closed.
The two mobile are connected using GSM. The GSM and microcontroller are connected using
MAX232. When moisture of the soil become low moisture sensor sense it and send signal to
microcontroller, then the microcontroller gives the signal to mobile and it activate the buzzer.
This buzzer indicates that valve needs to be opened by pressing the button in the called
function signals are sent back to microcontroller. Microcontroller used can increase System
Life and lower the power Consumption. There system is just limited to the automation of
irrigation system and lacks in extra ordinary features.

Joaquin Gutierrez, Juan Francisco Villa-Medina, and Alejandra Nieto-Garibay, Miguel

Angel Porta-Gandara

In Automated Irrigation System Using a Wireless Sensor Network and GPRS Module
mentioned about using automatic irrigation system in which irrigation will take place by
wireless sensor units (WSUs) and a wireless information unit (WIU), linked by radio
transceivers that allowed the transfer of soil moisture and temperature data, implementing a
WSN that uses ZigBee technology. It takes a measure of temperature and moisture using
sensor and controlled by microcontroller. The WIU has also a GPRS module to transmit the
data to a web server via the public mobile network. The information can be remotely
monitored online through a graphical application through Internet access devices. This
irrigation system allows cultivation in places with water scarcity thereby improving
sustainability and it is feasible system. But due to Zigbee protocol this system becomes more
costly.

VandanaDubey, NileshDubey and ShaileshsinghChouchan

In Wireless Sensor Network based Remote Irrigation Control System and Automation using
DTMF code mentioned about using automated irrigation system for proper yield and handled
remotely for farmer safety. Wireless sensor network and Embedded based technique of DTMF
(Dual Tone Multiple Frequency) signaling to control water flow for sectored, sprinkler or drip
section irrigation. Circuit switching instead of packet switching used by SMS controlled
devices available currently in the market. The farmer can use his cell phone or landline phone
for the purpose of starting and controlling the irrigation and the pesticide spraying, just by
dialing and sending the DTMF commands over the GSM network. This system will be very
economical in terms of the hardware cost, power consumption and call charges. Farmers have
to control (on/off) the valves time to time (even at night) which increases the running cost
because every time we have to make a call to on or off the valves and it is also very
inconvenient. Farmers are unable to know the status of power supply at the field.

G.Nisha and J.Megala

In Wireless Sensor Network Based Automated Irrigation and Crop Field Monitoring System
mentioned about using wireless sensor network based automated irrigation system for
optimize water use for agricultural purpose. The system consists of distributed wireless sensor
network of soil moisture, and temperature sensors placed in the crop field. To handle the
sensor information Zig bee protocol used and control the water quantity programming using an
algorithm with threshold values of the sensors to a microcontroller for irrigation system. The
system continuously displays the abnormal condition of the land (soil moisture, temperature
level). Using a GSM modem with GPRS facility feature provides the information to fanners
and interface with PIC 18F77 A microcontroller. The Irrigation system is automatic and
manual mode. This system increase the crop fields, improve the crop quality, increase the
energy and reduce the non-point source pollution.Due to PIC microcontroller the length of the
program will be big because of using RISC (35 instructions).

Kavianand G, Nivas V M, Kiruthika R and Lalitha S

In Smart drip irrigation system for sustainable agriculture mentioned about using fully
automated drip irrigation system which is controlled and monitored by using ARM9
processor.PH content and the nitrogen content of the soil are frequently monitored. For the
purpose of monitoring and controlling, GSM module is implemented. The system is used to
turn the valves ON or OFF automatically as per the water requirement of the plants. The
system informs user about any abnormal conditions like less moisture content and temperature
rise, even concentration of CO2 via SMS through the GSM module. The moisture sensor
output will help to determine whether to irrigate the land or not depending upon the moisture
content. Along with moisture sensor the temperature sensor output can also be taken into
consideration while irrigating the land. If the moisture content of soil is very low and the
temperature is very high then there is need of irrigation for plants, but the time for which
irrigation will be provided is different for different temperature range. Small amount of water
is lost through deep percolation if the proper amount is applied.ARM processor is that it is not
binary compatible with x86. This means you not going to be running windows any time soon.
There are several Unixoperating systems that can run on ARM however, such as Linux and
BSD.

Archana and Priya

Proposed a paper in which the humidity and soil moisture sensors are placed in the root zone
of the plant. Based on the sensed values the microcontroller is used to control the supply of
water to the field.This system doesn’t intimate the farmer about the field status.
Sonali D.Gainwar and Dinesh V.Rojatkar (2015) proposed a paper in which soil parameters
such as pH, humidity, moisture and temperature are measured for getting high yield from soil.
This system is fully automated which turns the motor pump ON/OFF as per the level of
moisture in the soil. The current field status is not intimated to the farmer.
V. R. Balaji and M. Sudha
Proposed a paper in which the system derives power from sunlight though photo-voltaic
cells.This system doesn’t depend on electricity. The soil moisture sensor has been used and
based on the sensed values PIC microcontroller is used to
ON/OFF the motor pump. Weather forecasting is not included in this system.
R.Subalakshmi
Proposed a paper to make irrigation system simpler, the complexities involved in irrigation is
tackled with automation system using microcontroller and GSM. Based on the sensed values
from soil moisture, temperature and humidity sensors, the GSM sends message to the farmer
when these parameters exceed the threshold value set in the program. The nutrient content in
the soil is not determined by this system.
Karan kansara
Proposed an automated irrigation system where the humidity and temperature sensors are used
to sense the soil conditions and based on that microcontroller will control the water flow.
Farmer will be intimated through GSM. This system doesn’t monitor the nutrient content in
the soil.
Prof C.H.Chavan and P.V.Karnade
Proposed a smart wireless sensor network for monitoring environmental parameters using
Zigbee. These nodes send data wirelessly to a central server, which collects data, stores it and
allows it to be analyzed then displayed as needed and also be sent to the client mobile.
Weather forecasting and nutrient content is not determined in this system.
G.Parameswaran and K.Sivaprasath (2016) proposed a smart drip irrigation system using IOT
in which humidity, temperature and pH sensors are used. Irrigation status is updated to the
server or local host using personal computer. The farmer can’t access about the field condition
without internet.
S.Reshma and B.A.Sarath
Proposed an IOT based automatic irrigation system using wireless sensor networks in which
various sensors are used to measure the soil parameters. This system provides a web interface
to the user to monitor and control the system remotely. Weather monitoring is not done in this
system.
Joaquin Gutierrez
Proposed a gateway unit which handles sensor information, triggers actuators, and transmits
data to webapplication. It is powered by photovoltaic panelsand has duplex communication
link based oncellular internet interface that allows for datainspection and irrigation scheduling
to beprogrammed through web page.
Yunseop Kim
Proposed a paper in which the field conditions were site-specificallymonitored by six in-field
sensor stationsdistributed across the field. The GPS andwireless communication has been used
tointimate the farmer. Without internet the farmercannot access the information about the
current field status.

EXISTING SYSTEM
In the case of traditional irrigation system irrigation is done manually by farmers. Since, the
water is irrigated directly in the land, plants under go high stress from variation in soil
moisture, therefore plant appearance is reduced. The absence of automatic controlling of the
system result in improper water control system. The major reason for these limitations is the
growth of population which is increasing at a faster rate. At present there is emerging global
water crisis where managing scarcity of water has become a serious job. This growth can be
seen in countries which have shortage of water resources and are economically poor. So this is
the serious problem in Traditional Irrigation System.
Limitations of existing system:
 Physical work of farmer to control drip irrigation
 Wastage of water
 Wastage of time
PROPOSED SYSTEM
In the Proposed System the user has sufficiently used the technology in the agricultural sector;
here in this system we are using the Moisture Sensor to identify the moisture content in soil
moisture,temperature and humidity. The Data of the Sensors is directly displayed on the LCD;
with this user can easily can have the Moisture Conditions The motor can be ON or OFF by
this user can know the conditions in the field. The energy is drawn from the light given by the
sun and it is stored in solar panel and is given to 12v battery. The power supply is taken from
the battery is given to power supply board.
 Block Diagram:

Solar panel Battery Power Supply

GSM

DHT11 Sensor Pumping

Relay Motor

Arduino

Soil Moisture LCD

Sensor
 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
ARDUINO

The Arduino microcontroller is an easy to use yet powerful single board computer that has
gained considerable traction in the hobby and professional market. The Arduino is open-
source, which means hardware is reasonably priced and development software is free. This
guide is for students in ME 2011, or students anywhere who are confronting the Arduino for
the first time. For advanced Arduino users, prowl the web; there are lots of resources.
This is what the Arduino board looks like.
The Arduino programming language is a simplified version of C/C++. If you know C,
programming the Arduino will be familiar. If you do not know C, no need to worry as only a
few commands are needed to perform useful functions.

Arduino Hardware

The power of the Arduino is not its ability to crunch code, but rather its ability to interact with
the outside world through its input-output (I/O) pins. The Arduino has 14 digital I/O pins
labeled 0 to 13 that can be used to turn motors and lights on and off and read the state of
switches.

Each digital pin can sink or source about 40 mA of current. This is more than adequate for
interfacing to most devices, but does mean that interface circuits are needed to control devices
other than simple LED's. In other words, you cannot run a motor directly using the current
available from an Arduino pin, but rather must have the pin drive an interface circuit that in
turn drives the motor. A later section of this document shows how to interface to a small
motor.

To interact with the outside world, the program sets digital pins to a high or low value using C
code instructions, which corresponds to +5 V or 0 V at the pin. The pin is connected to
external interface electronics and then to the device being switched on and off. The sequence
of events is shown in this figure.
 To determine the state of switches and other sensors, the Arduino is able to read the
voltage value applied to its pins as a binary number. The interface circuitry translates the
sensor signal into a 0 or +5 V signal applied to the digital I/O pin. Through a program
command, the Ardiomp interrogates the state of the pin. If the pin is at 0 V, the program will
read it as a 0 or LOW. If it is at +5 V, the program will read it as a 1 or HIGH. If more than +5
V is applied, you may blow out your board, so be careful. The sequence of events to read a pin
is shown in this figure.
Interacting with the world has two sides. First, the designer must create electronic interface
circuits that allow motors and other devices to be controlled by a low (1-10 mA) current signal
that switches between 0 and 5 V, and other circuits that convert sensor readings into a
switched 0 or 5 V signal. Second, the designer must write a program using the set of Arduino
commands that set and read the I/O pins. Examples of both can be found in the Arduino
resources section of the ME2011 web site.

Atmega328p features:

 High Performance, Low Power AVR® 8-Bit Microcontroller

 Advanced RISC Architecture

– 131 Powerful Instructions

– Most Single Clock Cycle Execution

 – 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers

– Fully Static Operation

– Up to 20 MIPS Throughput at 20 MHz

– On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier

 High Endurance Non-volatile Memory Segments

– 4/8/16/32K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash progam memory

(ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P)

– 256/512/512/1K Bytes EEPROM (ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P)

– 512/1K/1K/2K Bytes Internal SRAM (ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P)

– Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM

– Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C(1)

– Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits In-System Programming by
On-chip Boot Program True Read-While-Write Operation

– Programming Lock for Software Security

 Peripheral Features

– Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler and Compare Mode

– One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture
Mode

– Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator

– Six PWM Channels – 8-channel 10-bit ADC in TQFP and QFN/MLF package
Temperature Measurement – 6-channel 10-bit ADC in PDIP Package Temperature
Measurement

– Programmable Serial USART

 – Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface

– Byte-oriented 2-wire Serial Interface (Philips I2 C compatible)

– Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator

– On-chip Analog Comparator

– Interrupt and Wake-up on Pin Change

 Special Microcontroller Features

– Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection

– Internal Calibrated Oscillator

– External and Internal Interrupt Sources

– Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, Standby,
and Extended Standby

 I/O and Packages

– 23 Programmable I/O Lines

– 28-pin PDIP, 32-lead TQFP, 28-pad QFN/MLF and 32-pad QFN/MLF

 Operating Voltage:

– 1.8 - 5.5V for ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P

 Temperature Range:

– -40°C to 85°C

 Speed Grade:

– 0 - 20 MHz @ 1.8 - 5.5V

 Low Power Consumption at 1 MHz, 1.8V, 25°C for ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P:

– Active Mode: 0.2 mA

 – Power-down Mode: 0.1 µA

– Power-save Mode: 0.75 µA (Including 32 kHz RTC)

PIN CONFIGURATIONS
Pin Descriptions
VCC: Digital supply voltage.

GND: Ground.

Port B (PB7:0) XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2: Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port

with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have
symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B
pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The
Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not
running. Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB6 can be used as input to the
inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. Depending on
the clock selection fuse settings, PB7 can be used as output from the inverting Oscillator
amplifier. If the Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator is used as chip clock source, PB7..6 is used
as TOSC2..1 input for the Asynchronous Timer/Counter2 if the AS2 bit in ASSR is set. The
various special features of Port B are elaborated in ”Alternate Functions of Port B” on page 76
and ”System Clock and Clock Options” on page 26.

Port C (PC5:0): Port C is a 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The PC5..0 output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with
both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will
source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.

PC6/RESET: If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O pin. Note that the
electrical characteristics of PC6 differ from those of the other pins of Port C. If the RSTDISBL
Fuse is unprogrammed, PC6 is used as a Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer than
the minimum pulse length will generate a Reset, even if the clock is not running. The
minimum pulse length is given in Table 28-3 on page 308. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to
generate a Reset. The various special features of Port C are elaborated in ”Alternate Functions
of Port C” on page 79.

Port D (PD7:0): Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with
both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will
source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. The various special features of Port
D are elaborated in “Alternate Functions of Port D” on page 82.

AVCC: AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter, PC3:0, and ADC7:6. It should
be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be
connected to VCC through a low-pass filter. Note that PC6..4 use digital supply voltage, VCC.

AREF: AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter

ADC7:6 (TQFP and QFN/MLF Package Only): In the TQFP and QFN/MLF package,
ADC7:6 serve as analog inputs to the A/D converter. These pins are powered from the analog
supply and serve as 10-bit ADC channels.

OVERVIEW

The ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller

based on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single
clock cycle, the ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS
per MHz allowing the system designed to optimize power consumption versus processing
speed.

The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working
registers. All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU),
allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one
clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up
to ten times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers.

BLOCK DIAGRAM
The ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P provides the following features: 4/8/16/32K bytes of In
System Programmable Flash with Read-While-Write capabilities, 256/512/512/1K bytes
EEPROM, 512/1K/1K/2K bytes SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose
working registers, three flexible Timer/Counters with compare modes, internal and external
interrupts, a serial programmable USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire Serial Interface, an SPI
serial port, a 6-channel 10-bit ADC (8 channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages), a
programmable Watchdog Timer with internal Oscillator, and five software selectable power
saving modes. The Idle mode stops the CPU while allowing the SRAM, Timer/Counters,
USART, 2-wire Serial Interface, SPI port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The
Power-down mode saves the register contents but freezes the Oscillator, disabling all other
chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset. In Power-save mode, the
asynchronous timer continues to run, allowing the user to maintain a timer base while the rest
of the device is sleeping. The ADC Noise Reduction mode stops the CPU and all I/O modules
except asynchronous timer and ADC, to minimize switching noise during ADC conversions.
In Standby mode, the crystal/resonator Oscillator is running while the rest of the device is
sleeping. This allows very fast start-up combined with low power consumption.

The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density non-volatile memory technology. The
On-chip ISP Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed In-System through an SPI
serial interface, by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer, or by an On-chip Boot
program running on the AVR core. The Boot program can use any interface to download the
application program in the Application Flash memory. Software in the Boot Flash section will
continue to run while the Application Flash section is updated, providing true Read-While-
Write operation. By combining an 8-bit RISC CPU with In-System Self-Programmable Flash
on a monolithic chip, the Atmel ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P is a powerful
microcontroller that provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded
control applications. The ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P AVR is supported with a full suite
of program and system development tools including: C Compilers, Macro Assemblers,
Program Debugger/Simulators, In-Circuit Emulators, and Evaluation kits.

Comparison Between ATmega48PA, ATmega88PA, ATmega168PA and ATmega328P

The ATmega48PA, ATmega88PA, ATmega168PA and ATmega328P differ only in memory

sizes, boot loader support, and interrupt vector sizes. Table 2-1 summarizes the different
memory and interrupt vector sizes for the three devices.
ATmega88PA, ATmega168PA and ATmega328P support a real Read-While-Write Self-
Programming mechanism. There is a separate Boot Loader Section, and the SPM instruction
can only execute from there. In ATmega48PA, there is no Read-While-Write support and no
separate Boot Loader Section. The SPM instruction can execute from the entire Flash.

POWER:

The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply.
The power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB) power can come either from
an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a
2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted
in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector. The board can operate on an
external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply
less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage
regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts. The
power pins are as follows:

 VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as
opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can supply
voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.

 5V.This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be
supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector (5V), or the
VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the
regulator, and can damage your board. We don't advise it.

 3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50
mA.

 GND. Ground pins.

Memory:

The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It also has 2 KB of SRAM
and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library).
Input and Output

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(),
digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or
receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of
20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These
pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.

 External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low
value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for
details.

 PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function.

 SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication
using the SPI library.

 LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value,
the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.

The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of
resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though
is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the
analogReference() function. Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality:

 TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wire
library.

There are a couple of other pins on the board:

 AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().

 Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button
to shields which block the one on the board.
See also the mapping between Arduino pins and ATmega328 ports. The mapping for the
Atmega8, 168, and 328 is identical.

Communication

The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer,
another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial
communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on
the board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to
software on the computer. The '16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no
external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is required. The Arduino software
includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino
board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the
USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on
pins 0 and 1).

A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's digital
pins. The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino
software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for
details. For SPI communication, use the SPI library.

Programming

The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). Select
"Arduino Uno from the Tools > Board menu (according to the microcontroller on your board).
For details, see the reference and tutorials. The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes
preburned with a bootloader that allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an
external hardware programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol
(reference, C header files). You can also bypass the bootloader and program the
microcontroller through the ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header; see these
instructions for details. The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2 boards) firmware
source code is available . The ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU bootloader, which can
be activated by:
 On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board (near the map of
Italy) and then resetting the 8U2.

 On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to ground,
making it easier to put into DFU mode.

You can then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS
X and Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use the ISP header with an external
programmer (overwriting the DFU bootloader). See this user-contributed tutorial for more
information.

Automatic (Software) Reset

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino
Uno is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected
computer. One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the ATmega8U2/16U2 is
connected to the reset line of the ATmega328 via a 100 nanofarad capacitor. When this line is
asserted (taken low), the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software
uses this capability to allow you to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the
Arduino environment.

This means that the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can
be well-coordinated with the start of the upload. This setup has other implications. When the
Uno is connected to either a computer running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a
connection is made to it from software (via USB). For the following halfsecond or so, the
bootloader is running on the Uno. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e.
anything besides an upload of new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the
board after a connection is opened.

If a sketch running on the board receives one-time configuration or other data when it
first starts, make sure that the software with which it communicates waits a second after
opening the connection and before sending this data. The Uno contains a trace that can be cut
to disable the auto-reset. The pads on either side of the trace can be soldered together to re-
enable it. It's labeled "RESET-EN". You may also be able to disable the auto-reset by
connecting a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line; see this forum thread for details.
USB Overcurrent Protection

The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB ports
from shorts and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal protection,
the fuse provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port,
the fuse will automatically break the connection until the short or overload is removed.

Physical Characteristics

The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches respectively,
with the USB connector and power jack extending beyond the former dimension. Four screw
holes allow the board to be attached to a surface or case. Note that the distance between digital
pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of the 100 mil spacing of the other pins.

Register File

 32 8-bit GP registers
 Part of SRAM memory space

Special Addressing Registers

 X, Y and Z registers
 16-bit registers made using registers 26 – 31

 Support indirect addressing

AVR Memory

 Program memory – Flash

 Data memory – SRAM

Addressing Modes

 Direct register addressing

  Direct I/O addressing

Direct data memory addressing

Direct data memory with displacement addressing

Indirect data memory addressing

Indirect data memory addressing with pre-decrement

Indirect data memory addressing with post-increment

Program memory addressing (constant data)

SRAM Read/Write Timing

Stack Pointer Register

 Special register in I/O space [3E, 3D]

 Enough bits to address data space
 Initialized to RAMEND (address of highest memory address)
 Instructions that use the stack pointer

Program Status Register (PSR)

Soil Moisture Sensor:
The soil moisture sensor is one kind of sensor used to gauge the volumetric content of water
within the soil. As the straight gravimetric dimension of soil moisture needs eliminating,
drying, as well as sample weighting. These sensors measure the volumetric water content not
directly with the help of some other rules of soil like dielectric constant, electrical resistance,
otherwise interaction with neutrons, and replacement of the moisture content.

The relation among the calculated property as well as moisture of soil should be adjusted &
may change based on ecological factors like temperature, type of soil, otherwise electric
conductivity. The microwave emission which is reflected can be influenced by the moisture of
soil as well as mainly used in agriculture and remote sensing within hydrology.

Soil Moisture Sensor Pin Configuration

The FC-28 soil moisture sensor includes 4-pins

 VCC pin is used for power

 A0 pin is an analog output
 D0 pin is a digital output
 GND pin is a Ground
This module also includes a potentiometer that will fix the threshold value, & the value can be
evaluated by the comparator-LM393. The LED will turn on/off based on the threshold value.
Working Principle

This sensor mainly utilizes capacitance to gauge the water content of the soil (dielectric
permittivity). The working of this sensor can be done by inserting this sensor into the earth and
the status of the water content in the soil can be reported in the form of a percent.

This sensor makes it perfect to execute experiments within science courses like environmental
science, agricultural science, biology, soil science, botany, and horticulture.

Specifications

The specification of this sensor includes the following.

 The required voltage for working is 5V

 The required current for working is <20mA
 Type of interface is analog
 The required working temperature of this sensor is 10°C~30°C
DHT11 SENSOR (TEMPERATURE/HUMIDITY):

The DHT11 is a basic, low-cost digital temperature and humidity sensor. It uses a capacitive
humidity sensor and a thermistor to measure the surrounding air, and spits out a digital signal
on the data pin (no analog input pins needed). It’s fairly simple to use, but requires careful
timing to grab data. The only real downside of this sensor is you can only get new data from it
once every 2 seconds.

Technical Specifications:

Measurement Humidity Temperature

Item Accuracy Resolution Package
Range Accuracy

DHT11 ±5％RH ±20C

20-90%RH 1 4 Pin Single
Row
0-500C

Typical Application:
Note: 3Pin – Null; MCU = Micro-computer Unite or single chip Computer
When the connecting cable is shorter than 20 metres, a 5K pull-up resistor is recommended;
When the connecting cable is longer than 20 metres, choose an appropriate pull-up resistor as
Needed.

Power and Pin

DHT11’s power supply is 3-5.5V DC. When power is supplied to the sensor, do not send any
instruction to the sensor in within one second in order to pass the unstable status. One
Capacitor valued 100nF can be added between VDD and GND for power filtering.
Relay:

What is a relay?

A relay is an electromagnetic switch that is used to turn on and turn off a circuit by a low power signal,
or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal.

Most of the high end industrial application devices have relays for their effective working.
Relays are simple switches which are operated both electrically and mechanically. Relays
consist of an electromagnet and also a set of contacts. The switching mechanism is carried out
with the help of the electromagnet. There are also other operating principles for its working.
But they differ according to their applications. Most of the devices have the application of
relays.

Pin Diagram:
Why is a relay used?

The main operation of a relay comes in places where only a low-power signal can be used to
control a circuit. It is also used in places where only one signal can be used to control a lot of
circuits. The application of relays started during the invention of telephones. They played an
important role in switching calls in telephone exchanges. They were also used in long distance
telegraphy. They were used to switch the signal coming from one source to another
destination. After the invention of computers they were also used to perform Boolean and
other logical operations. The high end applications of relays require high power to be driven
by electric motors and so on. Such relays are called contactors.

Relay Design

 There are only four main parts in a relay. They are

 Electromagnet

 Movable Armature

 Switch point contacts

 Spring

The figures given below show the actual design of a simple relay.

Relay Construction
It is an electro-magnetic relay with a wire coil, surrounded by an iron core. A path of very low
reluctance for the magnetic flux is provided for the movable armature and also the switch
point contacts.

The movable armature is connected to the yoke which is mechanically connected to the switch
point contacts. These parts are safely held with the help of a spring. The spring is used so as to
produce an air gap in the circuit when the relay becomes de-energized.

How relay works?

The relay function can be better understood by explaining the following diagram given below.

Relay Design

The diagram shows an inner section diagram of a relay. An iron core is surrounded by a
control coil. As shown, the power source is given to the electromagnet through a control
switch and through contacts to the load. When current starts flowing through the control coil,
the electromagnet starts energizing and thus intensifies the magnetic field. Thus the upper
contact arm starts to be attracted to the lower fixed arm and thus closes the contacts causing a
short circuit for the power to the load. On the other hand, if the relay was already de-energized
when the contacts were closed, then the contact move oppositely and make an open circuit.

As soon as the coil current is off, the movable armature will be returned by a force back to its
initial position. This force will be almost equal to half the strength of the magnetic force. This
force is mainly provided by two factors. They are the spring and also gravity.
 Relays are mainly made for two basic operations. One is low voltage application and the other
is high voltage. For low voltage applications, more preference will be given to reduce the
noise of the whole circuit. For high voltage applications, they are mainly designed to reduce a
phenomenon called arcing.

Relay Basics

The basics for all the relays are the same. Take a look at a 4 pin relay shown below. There are
two colors shown. The green color represents the control circuit and the red color represents
the load circuit. A small control coil is connected onto the control circuit. A switch is
connected to the load. This switch is controlled by the coil in the control circuit. Now let us
take the different steps that occur in a relay.

Relay operation
 Energized Relay (ON)

As shown in the circuit, the current flowing through the coils represented by pins 1 and 3
causes a magnetic field to be aroused. This magnetic field causes the closing of the pins 2 and
4. Thus the switch plays an important role in the relay working. As it is a part of the load
circuit, it is used to control an electrical circuit that is connected to it. Thus, when the electrical
relay in energized the current flow will be through the pins 2 and 4.
 Energized Relay (ON)
 De – Energized Relay (OFF)

As soon as the current flow stops through pins 1 and 3, the relay switch opens and thus the
open circuit prevents the current flow through pins 2 and 4. Thus the relay becomes de-
energized and thus in off position.

De-Energized Relay (OFF)

 In simple, when a voltage is applied to pin 1, the electromagnet activates,
causing a magnetic field to be developed, which goes on to close the pins 2
and 4 causing a closed circuit. When there is no voltage on pin 1, there will
be no electromagnetic force and thus no magnetic field. Thus the switches
remain open.

Pole and Throw

Relays have the exact working of a switch. So, the same concept is also applied. A relay is
said to switch one or more poles. Each pole has contacts that can be thrown in mainly three
ways. They are

 Normally Open Contact (NO): NO contact is also called a make contact. It closes the circuit
when the relay is activated. It disconnects the circuit when the relay is inactive.
 Normally Closed Contact (NC): NC contact is also known as break contact. This is opposite
to the NO contact. When the relay is activated, the circuit disconnects. When the relay is
deactivated, the circuit connects.
 Change-over (CO) / Double-throw (DT) Contacts: This type of contacts are used to control
two types of circuits. They are used to control a NO contact and also a NC contact with a
common terminal. According to their type they are called by the names break before
make and make before break contacts.

Relays can be used to control several circuits by just one signal. A relay switches one or more
poles, each of whose contacts can be thrown by energizing the coil.

Relays are also named with designations like

 Single Pole Single Throw (SPST): The SPST relay has a total of four terminals. Out of these
two terminals can be connected or disconnected. The other two terminals are needed for the
coil to be connected.
 Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT): The SPDT relay has a total of five terminals. Out of
these two are the coil terminals. A common terminal is also included which connects to either
of two others.
 Double Pole Single Throw (DPST): The DPST relay has a total of six terminals. These
terminals are further divided into two pairs. Thus they can act as two SPST which are actuated
by a single coil. Out of the six terminals two of them are coil terminals.
 Double Pole Double Throw (DPDT): The DPDT relay is the biggest of all. It has mainly
eight relay terminals. Out of these two rows are designed to be change over terminals. They
are designed to act as two SPDT relays which are actuated by a single coil.

Relay Applications

 A relay circuit is used to realize logic functions. They play a very important role in providing
safety critical logic.
 Relays are used to provide time delay functions. They are used to time the delay open and
delay close of contacts.
 Relays are used to control high voltage circuits with the help of low voltage signals. Similarly
they are used to control high current circuits with the help of low current signals.
 They are also used as protective relays. By this function all the faults during transmission and
reception can be detected and isolated.

Application of Overload Relay

Overload relay is an electro-mechanical device that is used to safeguard motors from

overloads and power failures. Overload relays are installed in motors to safeguard against
sudden current spikes that may damage the motor. An overload relay switch works in
characteristics with current over time and is different from circuit breakers and fuses, where a
sudden trip is made to turn off the motor. The most widely used overload relay is the thermal
overload relay where a bimetallic strip is used to turn off the motor. This strip is set to make
contact with a contactor by bending itself with rising temperatures due to excess current flow.
The contact between the strip and the contactor causes the contactor to de-energize and
restricts the power to the motor, and thus turns it off.
 Another type of overload motor is the electronic type which continuously watches the motor
current, whereas the thermal overload relay shuts off the motor depending on the rise of
temperature/heat of the strip.

All overload relays available to buy comes in different specifications, the most important of
them being the current ranges and response time. Most of them are designed to automatically
reset to work after the motor is turned back on.

Relay Selection

You must note some factors while selecting a particular relay. They are

 Protection Different protections like contact protection and coil protection must be noted.
Contact protection helps in reducing arcing in circuits using inductors. Â Coil protection helps
in reducing surge voltage produced during switching.
 Look for a standard relay with all regulatory approvals.
 Switching time Ask for high speed switching relays if you want one.
 Ratings There are current as well as voltage ratings. The current ratings vary from a few
amperes to about 3000 amperes. In case of voltage ratings, they vary from 300 Volt AC to 600
Volt AC. There are also high voltage relays of about 15,000 Volts.
 Type of contact used whether it is a NC or NO or closed contact.
 Select Make before Break or Break before Make contacts wisely.
 Isolation between coil circuit and contacts

LCD:

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is the innovation utilized in scratch pad shows and other littler
PCs. Like innovation for light-producing diode (LED) and gas-plasma, LCDs permit
presentations to be a lot more slender than innovation for cathode beam tube (CRT). LCDs
expend considerably less power than LED shows and gas shows since they work as opposed to
emanating it on the guideline of blocking light.
A LCD is either made with a uninvolved lattice or a showcase network for dynamic
framework show. Likewise alluded to as a meager film transistor (TFT) show is the dynamic
framework LCD. The uninvolved LCD lattice has a matrix of conductors at every crossing
point of the network with pixels. Two conductors on the lattice send a current to control the
light for any pixel. A functioning framework has a transistor situated at every pixel crossing
point, requiring less current to control the luminance of a pixel.

Some aloof network LCD's have double filtering, which implies they examine the matrix twice
with current in the meantime as the first innovation took one sweep. Dynamic lattice, be that
as it may, is as yet a higher innovation.

A 16x2 LCD show is an essential module that is generally utilized in various gadgets and
circuits. These modules more than seven sections and other multi fragment LEDs are liked.
The reasons being: LCDs are affordable; effectively programmable; have no restriction of
showing exceptional and even custom characters (not at all like in seven fragments),
movements, etc.

A 16x2 LCD implies 16 characters can be shown per line and 2 such lines exist. Each
character is shown in a lattice of 5x7 pixels in this LCD. There are two registers in this LCD,
in particular Command and Data.

The directions given to the LCD are put away by the order register. An order is a direction
given to LCD to play out a predefined assignment, for example, introducing it, clearing its
screen, setting the situation of the cursor, controlling presentation, and so forth. The
information register will store the information that will be shown on the LCD. The information
is the character's ASCII incentive to show on the LCD.

Data/Signals/Execution of LCD

Now that was all about the signals and the hardware. Let us come to data, signals and
execution.
Two types of signals are accepted by LCD, one is data and one is control. The LCD module
recognizes these signals from the RS pin status. By pulling the R / W pin high, data can now
also be read from the LCD display. Once the E pin has been pulsed, the LCD display reads
and executes data at the falling edge of the pulse, the same for the transmission case.

It takes 39-43μS for the LCD display to place a character or execute a command. It takes
1.53ms to 1.64ms except for clearing display and searching for cursor to the home position.

Any attempt to send data before this interval may result in failure in some devices to read data
or execute the current data. Some devices compensate for the speed by storing some temporary
registers with incoming data.

There are two RAMs for LCD displays, namely DDRAM and CGRAM. DDRAM registers the
position in which the character would be displayed in the ASCII chart. Each DDRAM byte
represents every single position on the display of the LCD.

The DDRAM information is read by the LCD controller and displayed on the LCD screen.
CGRAM enables users to define their personalized characters. Address space is reserved for
users for the first 16 ASCII characters.

Users can easily display their custom characters on the LCD screen after CGRAM has been set
up to display characters.

Images of LCD Display:-

LCD – Front View

 LCD – Back View

Pin Diagram:

Pin Description:
Pin
Function Name
No
1 Ground (0V) Ground
2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc
3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor VEE
Selects command register when low; and data register when
4 Register Select
high
5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the register Read/write
6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given Enable
7 8-bit data pins DB0
8 DB1
9 DB2
10 DB3
11 DB4
12 DB5
 13 DB6
14 DB7
15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+
16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-

RS (Register select)

A 16X2 LCD has two order and information registers. The determination of the register is
utilized to change starting with one register then onto the next. RS=0 for the register of
directions, while RS=1 for the register of information.

Command Register

The guidelines given to the LCD are put away by the direction register. An order is a direction
given to LCD to play out a predefined assignment, for example, instating it, clearing its screen,
setting the situation of the cursor, controlling showcase, and so on. Order preparing happens in
the direction register.

Data Register:

The information register will store the information that will be shown on the LCD. The
information is the character's ASCII incentive to show on the LCD. It goes to the information
register and is prepared there when we send information to the LCD. While choosing RS=1,
the information register.

Read and Write Mode of LCD:

As stated, the LCD itself comprises of an interface IC. This interface IC can be perused or
composed by the MCU. A large portion of the occasions we're simply going to keep in touch
with the IC since perusing will make it increasingly perplexing and situations like that are
exceptionally uncommon.Information such as cursor position, status completion interrupts,
etc. can be read if necessary.

LCD Commands:

There are some preset commands in the LCD that we need to send to the LCD via some
microcontroller. The following are some important command instructions:
 Sr. No. Hex Code Command to LCD instruction Register

1 01 Clear display screen

2 02 Return home

3 04 Decrement cursor (shift cursor to left)

4 06 Increment cursor (shift cursor to right)

5 05 Shift display right

6 07 Shift display left

7 08 Display off, cursor off

8 0A Display off, cursor on

9 0C Display on, cursor off

10 0E Display on, cursor blinking

11 0F Display on, cursor blinking

12 10 Shift cursor position to left

13 14 Shift cursor position to right

14 18 Shift the entire display to the left

15 1C Shift the entire display to the right

16 80 Force cursor to beginning ( 1st line)

17 C0 Force cursor to beginning ( 2nd line)

18 38 2 lines and 5×7 matrix

 Command codes for LCD

Block Diagram of LCD Display:-

Control and display commands

Instruct Instruction Code Instruction Execut
ion Code ion
R R/ D D D D D D D D Description time
S W B7 B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 B0

Read 1 1 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Read data from 1.53-

Data internal RAM 1.64ms
From
RAM

Write 1 0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Write data into 1.53-

data to internal RAM 1.64ms
RAM (DDRAM/CGR
AM)

Busy 0 1 BF A A A A A A A Busy flag (BF: 39 µs

flag & C6 C5 C4 C3 C2 C1 C0 1→ LCD Busy)
Address and contents of
address counter
 in bits AC6-
AC0.

Set 0 0 1 A A A A A A A Set DDRAM 39 µs

DDRA C6 C5 C4 C3 C2 C1 C0 address in
M address
Address counter.

Set 0 0 0 1 A A A A A A Set CGRAM 39 µs

CGRA C5 C4 C3 C2 C1 C0 Address in
M address
Address counter.

Functio 0 0 0 0 1 DL N F X X Set interface 39 µs

n Set data length
(DL: 4bit/8bit),
Numbers of
display line (N:
1-line/2-line)
display font
type (F:0→
5×8 dots, F:1→
5×11 dots)

Cursor 0 0 0 0 0 1 S/ R/ X X Set cursor 39 µs

or C L moving and
Display display shift
Shift control bit, and
the direction
without
changing
DDRAM data

Display 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 D C B Set 39 µs
& Display(D),Cur
Cursor sor(C) and
On/Off cursor blink(b)
on/off control

Entry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 I/D SH Assign cursor 0µs

Mode moving
Set direction and
enable shift
 entire display.

Return 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 X Set DDRAM 43µs

Home Address to
“00H” from
AC and return
cursor to its
original
position if
shifted.

Clear 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Write “20H” to 43µs

Display DDRAM and
set DDRAM
Address to
“00H” from
AC

4-bit and 8-bit Mode of LCD:

The LCD can work in two striking modes, the 4-bit mode and the 8-bit mode. We send the
information snack through snack in 4 bit mode, first upper chomp, by then lower snack. For
those of you who don't have the foggiest idea what a goody is: a chomp is a four-piece
gathering, so a byte's lower four bits (D0-D3) are the lower snack, while a byte's upper four
bits (D4-D7) are the higher snack. This enables us to send 8 bit data. This connects with us to
send 8 bit data. Whereas in 8 bit mode we can send the 8-bit information truly in one stroke
since we utilize all the 8 information lines. You need to get it now; yes 8-bit mode is quicker
and immaculate than 4-bit mode. In any case, the fundamental shortcoming is that it needs 8
microcontroller-related information lines. This will result in our MCU coming up short on I/O
pins, so 4-bit mode is extensively utilized. To set these modes, no control pins are used.

DC Water Pump:

DC powered pumps use direct current from motor, battery, or solar power to move fluid in a
variety of ways. Motorized pumps typically operate on 6, 12, 24, or 32 volts of DC power.
Solar-powered DC pumps use photovoltaic (PV) panels with solar cells that produce direct
current when exposed to sunlight.

DC Pump Classification:
1. Brush DC water pump
2. Brushless DC magnetic drive isolated water pump
3. Brushless motor DC water pump

Working principle:
1. Working principle of brushed DC water pump：
Disadvantages: As long as the motor rotates the carbon brushes, they will wear out. When
the water pump runs to a certain level, the carbon brush wear gap will increase and the sound
will increase. After hundreds of hours of continuous operation, the carbon brushes will not be
able to change direction. Up.
Advantages: low price.

2. The working principle of brushless motor DC water pump：

The motor-type brushless DC pump is composed of a brushless DC motor and an
impeller. The shaft of the motor is connected to the impeller.
Disadvantages: There is a gap between the stator and the rotor of the water pump. After a
long time of use, the water will penetrate into the motor and the motor will easily burn out.
Advantages: The brushless DC motor has been standardized and mass-produced by
specialized manufacturers, with relatively low cost and high efficiency.

Relay:

What is a relay?

A relay is an electromagnetic switch that is used to turn on and turn off a circuit by a low power signal,
or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal.

Most of the high end industrial application devices have relays for their effective working.
Relays are simple switches which are operated both electrically and mechanically. Relays
consist of an electromagnet and also a set of contacts. The switching mechanism is carried out
with the help of the electromagnet. There are also other operating principles for its working.
But they differ according to their applications. Most of the devices have the application of
relays.

Pin Diagram:
Why is a relay used?

The main operation of a relay comes in places where only a low-power signal can be used to
control a circuit. It is also used in places where only one signal can be used to control a lot of
circuits. The application of relays started during the invention of telephones. They played an
important role in switching calls in telephone exchanges. They were also used in long distance
telegraphy. They were used to switch the signal coming from one source to another
destination. After the invention of computers they were also used to perform Boolean and
other logical operations. The high end applications of relays require high power to be driven
by electric motors and so on. Such relays are called contactors.

Relay Design

 There are only four main parts in a relay. They are

 Electromagnet

 Movable Armature

 Switch point contacts

 Spring

The figures given below show the actual design of a simple relay.
 Relay Construction

It is an electro-magnetic relay with a wire coil, surrounded by an iron core. A path of very low
reluctance for the magnetic flux is provided for the movable armature and also the switch
point contacts.

The movable armature is connected to the yoke which is mechanically connected to the switch
point contacts. These parts are safely held with the help of a spring. The spring is used so as to
produce an air gap in the circuit when the relay becomes de-energized.

How relay works?

The relay function can be better understood by explaining the following diagram given below.

Relay Design

The diagram shows an inner section diagram of a relay. An iron core is surrounded by a
control coil. As shown, the power source is given to the electromagnet through a control
switch and through contacts to the load. When current starts flowing through the control coil,
the electromagnet starts energizing and thus intensifies the magnetic field. Thus the upper
contact arm starts to be attracted to the lower fixed arm and thus closes the contacts causing a
short circuit for the power to the load. On the other hand, if the relay was already de-energized
when the contacts were closed, then the contact move oppositely and make an open circuit.

As soon as the coil current is off, the movable armature will be returned by a force back to its
initial position. This force will be almost equal to half the strength of the magnetic force. This
force is mainly provided by two factors. They are the spring and also gravity.

Relays are mainly made for two basic operations. One is low voltage application and the other
is high voltage. For low voltage applications, more preference will be given to reduce the
noise of the whole circuit. For high voltage applications, they are mainly designed to reduce a
phenomenon called arcing.

Relay Basics

The basics for all the relays are the same. Take a look at a 4 pin relay shown below. There are
two colors shown. The green color represents the control circuit and the red color represents
the load circuit. A small control coil is connected onto the control circuit. A switch is
connected to the load. This switch is controlled by the coil in the control circuit. Now let us
take the different steps that occur in a relay.
 Relay operation
 Energized Relay (ON)

As shown in the circuit, the current flowing through the coils represented by pins 1 and 3
causes a magnetic field to be aroused. This magnetic field causes the closing of the pins 2 and
4. Thus the switch plays an important role in the relay working. As it is a part of the load
circuit, it is used to control an electrical circuit that is connected to it. Thus, when the electrical
relay in energized the current flow will be through the pins 2 and 4.
 Energized Relay (ON)
 De – Energized Relay (OFF)

As soon as the current flow stops through pins 1 and 3, the relay switch opens and thus the
open circuit prevents the current flow through pins 2 and 4. Thus the relay becomes de-
energized and thus in off position.

De-Energized Relay (OFF)

In simple, when a voltage is applied to pin 1, the electromagnet activates,

causing a magnetic field to be developed, which goes on to close the pins 2 and 4
causing a closed circuit. When there is no voltage on pin 1, there will be no
electromagnetic force and thus no magnetic field. Thus the switches remain
open.

Pole and Throw

Relays have the exact working of a switch. So, the same concept is also applied. A relay is
said to switch one or more poles. Each pole has contacts that can be thrown in mainly three
ways. They are
 Normally Open Contact (NO): NO contact is also called a make contact. It closes the circuit
when the relay is activated. It disconnects the circuit when the relay is inactive.
 Normally Closed Contact (NC): NC contact is also known as break contact. This is opposite
to the NO contact. When the relay is activated, the circuit disconnects. When the relay is
deactivated, the circuit connects.
 Change-over (CO) / Double-throw (DT) Contacts: This type of contacts are used to control
two types of circuits. They are used to control a NO contact and also a NC contact with a
common terminal. According to their type they are called by the names break before
make and make before break contacts.

Relays can be used to control several circuits by just one signal. A relay switches one or more
poles, each of whose contacts can be thrown by energizing the coil.

Relays are also named with designations like

 Single Pole Single Throw (SPST): The SPST relay has a total of four terminals. Out of these
two terminals can be connected or disconnected. The other two terminals are needed for the
coil to be connected.
 Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT): The SPDT relay has a total of five terminals. Out of
these two are the coil terminals. A common terminal is also included which connects to either
of two others.
 Double Pole Single Throw (DPST): The DPST relay has a total of six terminals. These
terminals are further divided into two pairs. Thus they can act as two SPST which are actuated
by a single coil. Out of the six terminals two of them are coil terminals.
 Double Pole Double Throw (DPDT): The DPDT relay is the biggest of all. It has mainly
eight relay terminals. Out of these two rows are designed to be change over terminals. They
are designed to act as two SPDT relays which are actuated by a single coil.

Relay Applications

 A relay circuit is used to realize logic functions. They play a very important role in providing
safety critical logic.
 Relays are used to provide time delay functions. They are used to time the delay open and
delay close of contacts.
 Relays are used to control high voltage circuits with the help of low voltage signals. Similarly
they are used to control high current circuits with the help of low current signals.
 They are also used as protective relays. By this function all the faults during transmission and
reception can be detected and isolated.

Application of Overload Relay

Overload relay is an electro-mechanical device that is used to safeguard motors from

overloads and power failures. Overload relays are installed in motors to safeguard against
sudden current spikes that may damage the motor. An overload relay switch works in
characteristics with current over time and is different from circuit breakers and fuses, where a
sudden trip is made to turn off the motor. The most widely used overload relay is the thermal
overload relay where a bimetallic strip is used to turn off the motor. This strip is set to make
contact with a contactor by bending itself with rising temperatures due to excess current flow.
The contact between the strip and the contactor causes the contactor to de-energize and
restricts the power to the motor, and thus turns it off.

Another type of overload motor is the electronic type which continuously watches the motor
current, whereas the thermal overload relay shuts off the motor depending on the rise of
temperature/heat of the strip.

All overload relays available to buy comes in different specifications, the most important of
them being the current ranges and response time. Most of them are designed to automatically
reset to work after the motor is turned back on.

Relay Selection

You must note some factors while selecting a particular relay. They are
 Protection Different protections like contact protection and coil protection must be noted.
Contact protection helps in reducing arcing in circuits using inductors. Â Coil protection helps
in reducing surge voltage produced during switching.
 Look for a standard relay with all regulatory approvals.
 Switching time Ask for high speed switching relays if you want one.
 Ratings There are current as well as voltage ratings. The current ratings vary from a few
amperes to about 3000 amperes. Â In case of voltage ratings, they vary from 300 Volt AC to
600 Volt AC. There are also high voltage relays of about 15,000 Volts.
 Type of contact used whether it is a NC or NO or closed contact.
 Select Make before Break or Break before Make contacts wisely.
 Isolation between coil circuit and contacts

GSM

GSM is a mobile communication modem; it is stands for global system for mobile
communication (GSM). The idea of GSM was developed at Bell Laboratories in 1970. It is
widely used mobile communication system in the world. GSM is an open and digital cellular
technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services operates at the 850MHz,
900MHz, 1800MHz and 1900MHz frequency bands.

GSM system was developed as a digital system using time division multiple access (TDMA)
technique for communication purpose. A GSM digitizes and reduces the data, then sends it
down through a channel with two different streams of client data, each in its own particular
time slot. The digital system has an ability to carry 64 kbps to 120 Mbps of data rates.

There are various cell sizes in a GSM system such as macro, micro, pico and umbrella cells. Each cell
varies as per the implementation domain. There are five different cell sizes in a GSM network macro,
micro, pico and umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies according to the implementation
environment.
Time Division Multiple Access

TDMA technique relies on assigning different time slots to each user on the same frequency. It
can easily adapt to data transmission and voice communication and can carry 64kbps to
120Mbps of data rate.

GSM Architecture

A GSM network consists of the following components:

 A Mobile Station: It is the mobile phone which consists of the transceiver, the display
and the processor and is controlled by a SIM card operating over the network.
 Base Station Subsystem: It acts as an interface between the mobile station and the
network subsystem. It consists of the Base Transceiver Station which contains the
radio transceivers and handles the protocols for communication with mobiles. It also
consists of the Base Station Controller which controls the Base Transceiver station and
acts as a interface between the mobile station and mobile switching centre.
 Network Subsystem: It provides the basic network connection to the mobile stations.
The basic part of the Network Subsystem is the Mobile Service Switching Centre
which provides access to different networks like ISDN, PSTN etc. It also consists of
the Home Location Register and the Visitor Location Register which provides the call
routing and roaming capabilities of GSM. It also contains the Equipment Identity
Register which maintains an account of all the mobile equipments wherein each mobile
is identified by its own IMEI number. IMEI stands for International Mobile Equipment
Identity.

Features of GSM Module:

 Improved spectrum efficiency

 International roaming
 Compatibility with integrated services digital network (ISDN)
 Support for new services.
 SIM phonebook management
 Fixed dialing number (FDN)
  Real time clock with alarm management
 High-quality speech
 Uses encryption to make phone calls more secure
 Short message service (SMS)

The security strategies standardized for the GSM system make it the most secure
telecommunications standard currently accessible. Although the confidentiality of a call and
secrecy of the GSM subscriber is just ensured on the radio channel, this is a major step in
achieving end-to- end security.

GSM Modem

A GSM modem is a device which can be either a mobile phone or a modem device which can
be used to make a computer or any other processor communicate over a network. A GSM
modem requires a SIM card to be operated and operates over a network range subscribed by
the network operator. It can be connected to a computer through serial, USB or Bluetooth
connection.

A GSM modem can also be a standard GSM mobile phone with the appropriate cable and
software driver to connect to a serial port or USB port on your computer. GSM modem is
usually preferable to a GSM mobile phone. The GSM modem has wide range of applications
in transaction terminals, supply chain management, security applications, weather stations and
GPRS mode remote data logging.
It requires a SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card just like mobile phones to activate
communication with the network. Also they have IMEI (International Mobile Equipment
Identity) number similar to mobile phones for their identification. A GSM/GPRS MODEM
can perform the following operations:
1. Receive, send or delete SMS messages in a SIM.
2. Read, add, search phonebook entries of the SIM.
3. Make, Receive, or reject a voice call.

The MODEM needs AT commands, for interacting with processor or controller, which are
communicated through serial communication. These commands are sent by the
controller/processor. The MODEM sends back a result after it receives a command. Different
AT commands supported by the MODEM can be sent by the processor/controller/computer to
interact with the GSM and GPRS cellular network.

GSM Architecture

The GSM architecture is divided into Radio Subsystem, Network and Switching Subsystem
and the Operation Subsystem. The radio sub system consists of the Mobile Station and Base
Station Subsystem.

The mobile station is generally the mobile phone which consists of a transceiver, display and a
processor. Each handheld or portable mobile station consists of a unique identity stored in a
module known as SIM (Subscriber Identity Chip). It is a small microchip which is inserted in
the mobile phone and contains the database regarding the mobile station.
Battery:
A rechargeable battery is an energy storage device that can be charged again after being
discharged by applying DC current to its terminals.

Rechargeable batteries allow for multiple usages from a cell, reducing waste and generally
providing a better long-term investment in terms of dollars spent for usable device time. This
is true even factoring in the higher purchase price of rechargeable and the requirement for a
charger.
A rechargeable battery is generally a more sensible and sustainable replacement to one-time
use batteries, which generate current through a chemical reaction in which a reactive anode is
consumed. The anode in a rechargeable battery gets consumed as well but at a slower rate,
allowing for many charges and discharges.

In use, rechargeable batteries are the same as conventional ones. However, after discharge the
batteries are placed in a charger or, in the case of built-in batteries, an AC/DC adapter is
connected.

While rechargeable batteries offer better long term cost and reduce waste, they do have a few
cons. Many types of rechargeable cells created for consumer devices, including AA and AAA,
C and D batteries, produce a lower voltage of 1.2v in contrast to the 1.5v of alkaline batteries.
Though this lower voltage doesn't prevent correct operation in properly-designed electronics,
it can mean a single charge does not last as long or offer the same power in a session. This is
not the case, however, with lithium polymer and lithium ion batteries.

Some types of batteries such as nickel cadmium and nickel-metal hydride can develop
a battery memory effect when only partially discharged, reducing performance of subsequent
charges and thus battery life in a given device.

Rechargeable batteries are used in many applications such as cars, all manner of consumer
electronics and even off-grid and supplemental facility power storage.

Solar panel:

Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate electricity. A

photovoltaic (PV) module is a packaged, connected assembly of typically 6x10 photovoltaic
solar cells. Photovoltaic modules constitute the photovoltaic array of a photovoltaic system
that generates and supplies solar electricity in commercial and residential applications.

The most common application of solar energy collection outside agriculture is solar water
heating systems.
Theory and construction
Photovoltaic modules use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate electricity through
the photovoltaic effect. The majority of modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or
thin-film cells. The structural (load carrying) member of a module can either be the top layer
or the back layer. Cells must also be protected from mechanical damage and moisture. Most
modules are rigid, but semi-flexible ones based on thin-film cells are also available. The cells
must be connected electrically in series, one to another.

A PV junction box is attached to the back of the solar panel and it is its output interface.
Externally, most of photovoltaic modules use MC4 connectors type to facilitate easy
weatherproof connections to the rest of the system. Also, USB power interface can be used.

Module electrical connections are made in series to achieve a desired output voltage or in
parallel to provide a desired current capability (amperes). The conducting wires that take the
current off the modules may contain silver, copper or other non-magnetic conductive transition
metals. Bypass diodes may be incorporated or used externally, in case of partial module
shading, to maximize the output of module sections still illuminated.

Some special solar PV modules include concentrators in which light is focused by lenses or
mirrors onto smaller cells. This enables the use of cells with a high cost per unit area (such as
gallium arsenide) in a cost-effective way.

Solar panels also use metal frames consisting of racking components, brackets, reflector
shapes, and troughs to better support the panel structure.

Technology:

Most solar modules are currently produced from crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells made of
multicrystalline and monocrystalline silicon. In 2013, crystalline silicon accounted for more
than 90 percent of worldwide PV production, while the rest of the overall market is made up
of thin-film technologies using cadmium telluride, CIGS and amorphous silicon[16]
Emerging, third generation solar technologies use advanced thin-film cells. They produce a
relatively high-efficiency conversion for the low cost compared to other solar technologies.
Also, high-cost, high-efficiency, and close-packed rectangular multi-junction (MJ) cells are
preferably used in solar panels on spacecraft, as they offer the highest ratio of generated power
per kilogram lifted into space. MJ-cells are compound semiconductors and made of gallium
arsenide (GaAs) and other semiconductor materials. Another emerging PV technology using
MJ-cells is concentrator photovoltaics ( CPV ).

Thin film

In rigid thin-film modules, the cell and the module are manufactured in the same production
line. The cell is created on a glass substrate or superstrate, and the electrical connections are
created in situ, a so-called "monolithic integration". The substrate or superstrate is laminated
with an encapsulant to a front or back sheet, usually another sheet of glass. The main cell
technologies in this category are CdTe, or a-Si, or a-Si+uc-Si tandem, or CIGS (or variant).
Amorphous silicon has a sunlight conversion rate of 6–12%

Flexible thin film cells and modules are created on the same production line by depositing the
photoactive layer and other necessary layers on a flexible substrate. If the substrate is an
insulator (e.g. polyester or polyimide film) then monolithic integration can be used. If it is a
conductor then another technique for electrical connection must be used. The cells are
assembled into modules by laminating them to a transparent colourless fluoropolymer on the
front side (typically ETFE or FEP) and a polymer suitable for bonding to the final substrate on
the other side.
 SOFTWARЕ DЕSCRIPTION

Arduino IDE:

Arduino IDE where IDE stands for Integrated Development Environment – An official
software introduced by Arduino.cc, that is mainly used for writing, compiling and uploading
the code in the Arduino Device. Almost all Arduino modules are compatible with this software
that is an open source and is readily available to install and start compiling the code on the go.

Introduction to Arduino IDE:

 Arduino IDE is an open source software that is mainly used for writing and compiling the
code into the Arduino Module.
 It is an official Arduino software, making code compilation too easy that even a common
person with no prior technical knowledge can get their feet wet with the learning process.

 It is easily available for operating systems like MAC, Windows, Linux and runs on the Java
Platform that comes with inbuilt functions and commands that play a vital role for
debugging, editing and compiling the code in the environment.

 A range of Arduino modules available including Arduino Uno, Arduino Mega, Arduino
Leonardo, Arduino Micro and many more.

 Each of them contains a microcontroller on the board that is actually programmed and
accepts the information in the form of code.

 The main code, also known as a sketch, created on the IDE platform will ultimately
generate a Hex File which is then transferred and uploaded in the controller on the board.

 The IDE environment mainly contains two basic parts: Editor and Compiler where former
is used for writing the required code and later is used for compiling and uploading the code
into the given Arduino Module.

 This environment supports both C and C++ languages.

How to install Arduino IDE:

You can download the Software from Arduino main website. As I said earlier, the software is
available for common operating systems like Linux, Windows, and MAX, so make sure you
are downloading the correct software version that is easily compatible with your operating
system.

 If you aim to download Windows app version, make sure you have Windows 8.1 or
Windows 10, as app version is not compatible with Windows 7 or older version of this
operating system.

The IDE environment is mainly distributed into three sections

 1. Menu Bar
 2. Text Editor
 3. Output Pane
As you download and open the IDE software, it will appear like an image below.

The bar appearing on the top is called Menu Bar that comes with five different options as
follow
 File – You can open a new window for writing the code or open an existing one. Following
table shows the number of further subdivisions the file option is categorized into.
As you go to the preference section and check the compilation section, the Output Pane will
show the code compilation as you click the upload button.

And at the end of compilation, it will show you the hex file it has generated for the recent
sketch that will send to the Arduino Board for the specific task you aim to achieve.
 Edit – Used for copying and pasting the code with further modification for font
 Sketch – For compiling and programming
 Tools – Mainly used for testing projects. The Programmer section in this panel is used for
burning a bootloader to the new microcontroller.
 Help – In case you are feeling skeptical about software, complete help is available from
getting started to troubleshooting.
The Six Buttons appearing under the Menu tab are connected with the running program as
follow.

 The check mark appearing in the circular button is used to verify the code. Click this once
you have written your code.

 The arrow key will upload and transfer the required code to the Arduino board.

 The dotted paper is used for creating a new file.

 The upward arrow is reserved for opening an existing Arduino project.

 The downward arrow is used to save the current running code.

 The button appearing on the top right corner is a Serial Monitor – A separate pop-up
window that acts as an independent terminal and plays a vital role for sending and receiving
the Serial Data. You can also go to the Tools panel and select Serial Monitor, or pressing
Ctrl+Shift+M all at once will open it instantly. The Serial Monitor will actually help to
 debug the written Sketches where you can get a hold of how your program is operating.
Your Arduino Module should be connected to your computer by USB cable in order to
activate the Serial Monitor.

 You need to select the baud rate of the Arduino Board you are using right now. For my
Arduino Uno Baud Rate is 9600, as you write the following code and click the Serial
Monitor, the output will show as the image below.

The main screen below the Menu bard is known as a simple text editor used for writing the
required code.
The bottom of the main screen is described as an Output Pane that mainly highlights the
compilation status of the running code: the memory used by the code, and errors occurred in
the program. You need to fix those errors before you intend to upload the hex file into your
Arduino Module.

More or less, Arduino C language works similar to the regular C language used for any
embedded system microcontroller, however, there are some dedicated libraries used for calling
and executing specific functions on the board.

Libraries:

Libraries are very useful for adding the extra functionality into the Arduino Module. There is a
list of libraries you can add by clicking the Sketch button in the menu bar and going to Include
Library.
As you click the Include Library and Add the respective library it will on the top of the sketch
with a #include sign. Suppose, I Include the EEPROM library, it will appear on the text editor
as

#include <EEPROM.h>.

Most of the libraries are preinstalled and come with the Arduino software. However, you can
also download them from the external sources.

Making pins Input and output:

The digitalRead and digitalWrite commands are used for addressing and making the Arduino
pins as an input and output respectively.
These commands are text sensitive i.e. you need to write them down the exact way they are
given like digitalWrite starting with small “d” and write with capital “W”. Writing it down
with Digitalwrite or digitalwrite won’t be calling or addressing any function.

How to select the board:

In order to upload the sketch, you need to select the relevant board you are using and the ports
for that operating system. As you click the Tools on the Menu, it will open like the figure
below.
 Just go to the “Board” section and select the board you aim to work on. Similarly, COM1,
COM2, COM4, COM5, COM7 or higher are reserved for the serial and USB board. You
can look for the USB serial device in the ports section of the Windows Device Manager.

Following figure shows the COM4 that I have used for my project, indicating the Arduino
Uno with COM4 port at the right bottom corner of the screen.
 After correct selection of both Board and Serial Port, click the verify and then upload
button appearing in the upper left corner of the six button section or you can go to the
Sketch section and press verify/compile and then upload.

 The sketch is written in the text editor and is then saved with the file extension .ino.

It is important to note that the recent Arduino Modules will reset automatically as you compile
and press the upload button the IDE software, however, older version may require the physical
reset on the board.

 Once you upload the code, TX and RX LEDs will blink on the board, indicating the desired
program is running successfully.

Note: The port selection criteria mentioned above is dedicated for Windows operating system
only, you can check this Guide if you are using MAC or Linux.

 The amazing thing about this software is that no prior arrangement or bulk of mess is
required to install this software, you will be writing your first program within 2 minutes
after the installation of the IDE environment.

BootLoader:

As you go to the Tools section, you will find a bootloader at the end. It is very helpful to burn
the code directly into the controller, setting you free from buying the external burner to burn
the required code.
When you buy the new Arduino Module, the bootloader is already installed inside the
controller. However, if you intend to buy a controller and put in the Arduino module, you need
to burn the bootloader again inside the controller by going to the Tools section and selecting
the burn bootloader.
 ADVANTAGES

 Provides a healthy, beautiful landscape

 Reduces water waste

 Saves money

 Provides convenience

APPLICATIONS

 At home

 Nurseries

 In Garden

CONCLUSION

In this project model considering alternate source of electric power, automatic control,
reliability and low cost. As the system is totally automatic, it will help the operator to properly
irrigate their fields. Also in this model the water level indicator is used to avoid the dry
running of motor which is helpful for safety of motor and saving of water. The proposed
methodology can be suitable alternative to overcome the necessity of electricity and the
irrigation system for our farmers.

REFERENCES

 Karan Kansara, Vishal Zaveri, Shreyans Shah, SandipDelwadkar and KaushalJani,

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