Tyuhjtiuhj

Gen Bio 2 vice versa, due to enzymes not being able to eat through
zona pellucida
REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATING MECHANISMS
- in order for one population to become very different from 2. POST-ZYGOTIC ISOLATING MECHANISMS
another, they must be reproductively isolated, a. Zygotic mortality – even though the zygote is created, it
- this means that there will no longer be a free exchange of fails to develop to maturity
alleles between the two populations
- there are Prezygotic mechanisms that prevent mating or b. Hybrid inviability – even though the hybrid is born, it
fertilization and Postzygotic mechanisms that prevent does not live long or is not as healthy
development of a zygote c. Hybrid infertility – even though the hybrid is healthy
and vigourous, it is not able to reproduce
1. PREZYGOTIC MECHANISMS 3. SPECIATION
a. Ecological Isolation (Geographic/ Habitat) – two - when two populations become completely isolated and no
populations do not exchange alleles with each other because longer exchange alleles, they are said to have formed
they are in different geographic places or at different places separate species
within the same ecosystem.
Examples: a. Allopatric speciation
● cheetah and tiger do not meet because one is in Africa and - this is a situation in which the two populations are
one in Asia. geographically isolated prior to them becoming separate
● Asiatic lion and Bengal tiger are both in northern India, species
but lion is on savannah and tiger in forest - the population is isolated and then the changes occur due
to new environments.
b. Temporal Isolation (Allochronic) - two populations do
not exchange alleles because they are only available to b. Sympatric speciation
exchange alleles at different times of year or even of the day - this is a situation where the two populations remain in
Examples: physical contact with each other but still stop exchanging
● morning glory opens its flower at sunrise; alleles and become separate species
● cactus opens its flowers at sunset - although not separated, the population undergoes different
● purple finch mates in June so babies have access to lots of selection pressures and changes occur over time in allele
berry seeds frequencies.
● goldfinch mate in August so that babies have access to
c. Parapatric speciation (para — beside, patric — place;
lots of thistle seeds
'beside each other') — occurs when the groups that evolved
c. Behavioral isolation (Ethological) – two populations do to be separate species are geographic neighbors. Gene flow
not exchange alleles because they do not respond to each occurs but with great distances is reduced. There is also
other’s mating rituals abrupt change in the environment over a geographic border
and strong disruptive selection must also happen. Parapatric
Examples:
speciation could happen if a steep cline evolved into a
● male grey crickets rub legs at 25 times a second
hybrid zone and barriers to interbreeding then evolved.
● male black crickets at 45 times a second the females of
each species only responds to the sound made by the male of d. Reinforcement - is the enhancement of reproductive
that same species isolation by natural selection: forms are selected to mate
with their own, and not with the other, type. Sympatric
d. Mechanical Isolation – two populations do not exchange
speciation requires reinforcement to happen; parapatric
alleles because of some physical barrier that prevents this speciation usually requires it; allopatric speciation can take
Examples: place with or without reinforcement.
● many insects have modifications on their exoskeletons
such that the male and female parts are a perfect Divergent evolution occurs when a population of animals
'lock-and-key' fit or plants is split into two groups by a geographic barrier (for
● orchids are shaped so that only certain beetles can reach instance, a body of water or a migration to a new area),
the nectar and therefore pick up the pollen, that beetle will causing each group to develop different traits under their
the go to another orchid of the same type to deposit the respective selective pressures and natural selection.
pollen
Convergent evolution occurs when species occupy similar
e. Gametic isolation – two populations exchange sperm and ecological niches and adapt in similar ways in response to
eggs but chemical markers prevent the eggs from being similar selective pressures. Traits that arise through
fertilized by the 'wrong' sperm and so no alleles are convergent evolution are referred to as 'analogous
exchanged structures'. They are contrasted with 'homologous
Examples: structures', which have a common origin.
● wind blows the pollen of corn onto the flowers of
milkweed, but the pollen cannot grow down through the Binomial nomenclature - the system of nomenclature in
stigma because it does not possess the correct enzyme which two terms are used to denote a species of living
● clams and fish both shed eggs and sperm into the same organism, the first one indicating the genus and the second
water, but the clam sperm cannot penetrate the fish eggs and the specific epithet.

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Gen Bio 2 vice versa, due to enzymes not being able to eat through

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