CNI

Question: What are the Main perspectives on colonialism?

I. Introduction
• Outline all the perspectives.

II. Liberal Perspective

• Life, liberty, individual rights, etc.
• Capitalist expansion
• Totality and unified structure
• Drain of wealth as natural
• Critics: poverty and unbritish rule, Raj to Swaraj

III. Marxist Perspective

• Colonial state = Bourgeoisie state
• Contradiction and Conflict
• Economic and social needs determined buy dominant social classes
• Colonies: Suppliers of raw materials, specialised in manufacturing
• Surplus utilised by imperial centre.
• Colonialization resulted in underdevelopment and deformation of
economy.

IV. Post Colonialism

• Critical and academic study of colonial legacy
• Critical analysis of history, culture and literature
• Questioned the broad generalisation.
• Oppose the uniform umbrella labels: third world, global south, etc.
• Demonstrated the cultural heterogeneity.

V. Critically analyse all three perspectives.

VI. Conclusion
 Question. Approaches to study Nationalism

I. Introduction

II. What is Nationalism?

• Historical Background, loyalty to king as nationalism, impossible to
pinpoint its emergence, may emerged along with Westphalia state.
• Evolution of Nationalism
• Organic whole, Collective identity, Single Economy, Geographical
territory, socio-culture and political, sacred symbols, etc.

III. Nationalist Approach

• Nationalism in India, 17th century onwards, History of formation as a
nation
• Pre British-India, Unique, differently structured and traditional
• Different languages and religions, dominated by Hindus.
• British India, social and political reforms, emergence of nationalism at
high pace
• Nation in making

IV. Imperialist Approach

• Prerequisites of Nation (E.H Carr)
• British Historian – India as One Nation bcoz of establishment of
colony.
• Indians were educated by British in democratic liberal way.
• Civilised British regimes, modernising and influence lead to National
Consciousness.
• R.P Dutt; Not required any Alien domination to implant the seed of
democratic revolution.

V. Marxist Approach
• Indian Nationalists Movement = Movement of Bourgeois
• Colonialism resulted in mass poverty, exploitative destruction of rural
economy.
• Some goods aspects also there like destruction of feudal system,
abolishing caste and class hierarchy etc.
• Centralisation of Administration (communication and transport)
actually benefitted the colonial regimes not the nation.
• Dadabhai naoroji : Poverty and Unbritish rule in India
• R.C Dutt: Economic History of India
• Rise of Indian Bourgeoisie to a Dominant position.

VI. Subaltern Approach

• Position of poor peasants, women and tribals
• Society divided into elites and subaltern
• Contradictory interests between these two groups
 • Indian Nation Congress was cover for the battle of power.
• Passive revolution, molecular transformation
• People’s viewpoint

VII. Conclusion.
Question. Government of India Act 1935

I. Introduction

II. Background
• GOI Act 1919
• Simon Commission
• Round table conferences
• Communal Awards

III. Features of GOI Act 1935

1. All India Federation
• 11 provinces, 6 chief commissioner province and princely
States
• Princely states: Own will of power
• Equality of power in provinces

2. Dyarchy at Centre
• Dual rule abolished (in province), established at centre.
• Provinces: complete independence
• Some federal subject; Accountable to federal government.
• Some areas under control of governor general
• In reality no one had power to stop dictatorship of governor
general.

3. Distribution of Power
• 3 list; federal,Preliminary and concurrent
• Subjects were assigned to minister, accountable to legislature.
• Governor general as most powerful entity

4. Federal Court
• Settle dispute between central and union
• Hear appeals against decision given by high court
• Authority to advise the governor general
• Interpret Constitution

5. Communal electorates
• Separate electorates
• 33% seats in British India for Muslims

6. Supremacy of British Parliament

7. Abolition of Indian Council
8. Change In Size and Nature of Legislature

IV. Drawbacks
• Lenthy and Complicated
 • Lacked a preamble
• Limited autonomy to provinces
• Dictatorship of Governor general
• Policy of divide and rule; Separate Electorate
• Lack of popular support

VIII. Conclusion
Question: What is the colonial ideology of civilising mission

I. Introduction

II. Colonial Ideology as Civilising mission

• Civilize the backward as self incurred duty

• Sun never sets in British
• Political justification of colonialism and military intervention
• Modernisation and Westernisation
• Justified social, cultural and educational reforms
• Evangelicals
• Superstition and social illusions of indians
• Teaching western ethics to world.

III. Missionaries
• Why needed?
• Charles Grant (1792)
• Charter act of 1813

IV. Utilitarians
• Moral philosophy of pleasure and pain
• Greater pleasure for greater nos.
• James mill, Bentick, Dalhousie

V. Utilitarians and Liberals

VI. Understanding Orientalism

• Edward said
• European idea of orient
• Warren Hastings
• Conquered people ruled by their laws
• Oriental despotism

VII. Critique of Britishers justification as civilising mission

VIII. Conclusion
Question. Give a brief account of Land Reforms in British India.

I. Introduction

II. Permanent Settlement Act

• Charles Cornwallis, 1793
• Cornwallis Code
• Permanently fixed
• Zamindars as owners of and collectors of tax
• Encourage farmers to grow and flourish (acc. To British)
• Drawbacks of permanent settlement

III. Ryotwari system

• Thomas Munro , 1820
• Madras, Bombay, Assam, Coorg
• Intermediaries are being abolished
• Peasants and cultivators are owners
• High rates, open to being increased
• Drawbacks of Ryotwari system.

IV. Mahalwari System

• Halt Mackemier, 1822 ; Reviewed by Bentick, 1833
• Elements of both PSA and Ryotwari
• Divided into Mahals
• Ownership rights to peasants, each farmer share
• Tax collection by village headman
• 66% of the rental revenue
• 30 years
• Drawbacks of mahalwari system

V. Consequences of Land Reforms (positive and negative)

• Old jajmani system, barter exchange and self-reliance
• Farmers resorted to grow cash crops, food insecurity.
• Rural indebtedness
• 7% owners of 75% of land
• Communal character lost
• Emergence of new dominant class
• Prestige of village panchayats lost (in land related)
• Unified national economy
• Establishment of mass transport
• Large scale social and cultural exchange, end of isolation

VI. Conclusion
Question. Cause and consequence of 1857 Revolt.

I. Introduction

II. First war of Independence

• 10 May 1857, Meerut Cantonment
• Confined mostly to north and central India
• Sepoy mutiny, Nationalist movement
• Punjab: backed the Company.

III. Legitimacy and Leadership

• 11 May 1857
• “City of Delhi had not yet woken up”.
• Red fort through Raj ghat gate
• Shahenshan-e-hindustan

IV. Major Causes of 1857 Revolt

1. Caste Sanctity
• Religious rituals, rules of caste or religion
• Need of facilities according to dictates of caste and religion
• Overseas duty, who refused to overseas were hanged
• Forced food and drinks.

2. Religious Sanctity
• Rumours regarding Enfield Rifles, Cartridges greased with beef
and pig fat.
• Dust of Bones of Cow and pig mixed in wheat flour.
• Conversion to christianity, christian evangelists

3. Discontent with Service Conditions

• Obliged to serve overseas or in less familiar regions.
• No extra payment for foreign services
• General service act 1856
• No pension for retires sepoys.
• Behaviour of British officials with Indian sepoys

V. Partial Success?
• No united voice politically, socially or culturally
• Soldiers across country not united
• Locals fought among each other.
• Not all accepted the leadership of Mughals.
• Isolation of South and west
• Some Indians elites supported britishers.

VI. Outcomes
• End of rule of East India Company
 • Transfer to British crown
• Reorganising the army
• Viceroy
• Spirit of nationalism emerged.

VII. Conclusion
Question. Social and Religious Reforms.

I. Introduction

II. Why Reforms?

• Gender inequality and Discrimination
• Backwardness and stagnation
• Cultural and social development
• Exposure of western education and ideas

III. Brahmo Samaj

• August 1828
• Ram Mohan Roy, father of Indian Renaissance, In-depth knowledge of
eastern and western philosophy
• Atmiya Sabha
• First Hindu Reform Movement
• Denounced the practice of idol worship, sacrifices, supremacy of
Brahmans.
• Discarded the faith in divine avtars/incarnation.
• Condemned the rigid caste system
• Age old taboos, Bamabodhini Patrika
• Rational thought and liberal ideas of justice, equality and democracy.
• Decline after the death of Ram Mohan Roy in 1833

IV. Prarthana Samaj

• 1867, Dr. Atmaram Padurang, Maharashtra social reformer
• Pramahansa Sabha (1849), Functioning secretly.
• Monotheism
• Humanise, equalise and spiritualise.
• Salvation through kindness and tolerance.
• Oppose irrational religious practices and worship.
• Eradication of caste untouchability
• Upliftment of women
• Subodha Patrika

V. Satya Shodhak Samaj

• 1873, jyotirao Phule, belong to mali family
• Inspired from egalitarian philosophy and western liberal democracy.
• First person to launch liberation of caste oppressed.
• Denounced Vedas as sacrosanct, rejected chaturveda system.
• Established new social system
• First ever girls' school (1848)
• Eradication of social evils.
• Universal Religion
VI. Arya Samaj
• 10 April 1875, Dayanand Saraswati
• Society of ardent Champion of Vedic Hinduism
• Society of nobles = Arya Samaj
• Vedas as source of Ultimate knowledge
• Revivalist
• Oppose reincarnation and idol worship.

VII. Conclusion
Question. Role of Gandhi ji in freedom Struggle.

I. Introduction

II. Background of Gandhi (South Africa and satyagraha)

III. Why Non-Cooperation? / Events leading to Non-Cooperation

• Champaran Satyagraha
• Kheda Satyagraha
• Ahmadabad Mill workers
• Rowlett Act
• Jallianwala bagh massacre
• Khilafat Movement

IV. Non-Cooperation Movment

• Peaceful and non-violent
• Government officials asked to resign, soldiers to resign army, students
withdrew from institutions, etc.
• Foreign goods boycotted.
• Demand for Swaraj
• Chauri Chaura Incident

V. Civil Disobedience
• Simon Commission
• Nehru Report
• Salt Satyagraha
• Poorna Swaraj

VI. Quit India Movement

• Background
• Individual Satyagraha
• Cripps Mission
• Final call to quit India.

VII. Conclusion.