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    Fluid Mechanics - Chapter 4

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    abdallah amr
    This document discusses different methods for measuring pressure intensity, including using a piezometric tube, manometers, inclined manometers, and differential manometers. It explains how each tool works by relating the pressure to the height of liquid columns. Small pressure variations can be measured using a single column manometer.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Fluid Mechanics - Chapter 4

    Uploaded by

    abdallah amr
    11 views5 pages
    This document discusses different methods for measuring pressure intensity, including using a piezometric tube, manometers, inclined manometers, and differential manometers. It explains how each tool works by relating the pressure to the height of liquid columns. Small pressure variations can be measured using a single column manometer.

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    Fluid Mechanics- Chapter 4

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    This document discusses different methods for measuring pressure intensity, including using a piezometric tube, manometers, inclined manometers, and differential manometers. It explains how each tool works by relating the pressure to the height of liquid columns. Small pressure variations can be measured using a single column manometer.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    11 views5 pages

    Fluid Mechanics - Chapter 4

    Uploaded by

    abdallah amr
    This document discusses different methods for measuring pressure intensity, including using a piezometric tube, manometers, inclined manometers, and differential manometers. It explains how each tool works by relating the pressure to the height of liquid columns. Small pressure variations can be measured using a single column manometer.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 5

    1

    Prof. Dr. Anas El Molla


    Chapter IV
    Measurements of Pressure Intensity
    Pressure intensity is expressed either in absolute pressure
    (p absolute) or gauge pressure (p gauge) such that:
    p absolute = p gauge + p atmosphere
    p atmosphere = 76 cm of mercury = 34 ft of water
    = 14.7lb/□˝ = 10.33 m of water
    = 10.33 t/m² =1.033 kg/cm²
    [p = γ* h]
    The pressure intensity is measured by using a pie metric tube
    usually made of glass.
    Atm, pressure p gauge
    (Zero gauge)
    (-) p gauge
    p abs. p atm.
    Absolute zero
    (Complete vacuum)
    2

    Prof. Dr. Anas El Molla

    If we have a container in which the pressure intensity is (p) and if


    we insert a pie metric tube at any point across the container, the
    liquid will rise in the pie metric tube to a height (h) above the
    centerline of the container. Usually a colored liquid is used in the
    pie metric tube for visible readings, this liquid. If (γ′) is the
    specific weight of the indicating liquid and if the pressure
    intensity at point (1) is (p), the pressure intensity at point (2) = γ′
    ·h + p atm (p abs)
    Or p (2) = γ′ ·h (p gauge)
    • Since points (1) and (2) are on the same level and the fluid
    between them is continuous, then: -
    P (1) = p (2) = p
    P = γ′ ·h + p atm (Absolute)
    Or p = γ′ ·h (gauge)
    If the pressure intensity (p) is large, then a very long pie metric
    tube is needed, which is not suitable. For this case, a U-tube
    manometer filled with mercury or any other suitable indicating
    liquid is used.
    Principle of Manometer:

    The pressure intensity (p) is


    the same at any points on the
    same level on condition that
    the liquid between them is
    continuous
    • Condition of choosing the separation level.
    • Locates between different liquid.
    • Contains same liquid in the U-tube.
    3

    Prof. Dr. Anas El Molla

    • Pressure intensity at point (1)=pressure intensity at point (2)

    P (1) = p+ γ ·y = p 2 = γ′ ·h + p atm (Abs)


    P = γ′ ·h - γ ·y + p atm (Abs)
    Or p = γ′ ·h - γ ·y (Gauge)
    = γ (γ′ ·h/ γ - y) = γ (Gs ·h – y)
    If we want to measure the small variations of pressure, we use a
    single column manometer as shown in figure.

    When the pressure intensity in the container change from (p1) to


    (p2), the surface of separation will move by an amount ŷ and the
    indicating liquid in the column will move by a distance ĥ. Where, ŷ
    * A = ĥ * a → ŷ = ĥ * a/A
    From Fig (1): p at (1) = p at (2)
    P1 + γ ·y = γ′ ·h + p atm → (1)
    Also, from Fig (2), p at (3) = p at (4)
    P2 + γ (y + ĥ · a/A) = γ′ (h + ĥ + ĥ · a/A) + p atm → (2)
    From equation (1) and (2) (by subtraction)
    p2 - p1 = γ′ (h + ĥ + ĥ · a/A) - γ′ ·h - γ (y + ĥ · a/A) + γ · y

    = γ′ ·h + γ′ · ĥ + γ′ · ĥ · a/A - γ′ ·h - γ ·y - γ · ĥ ·a/A + γ · y
    = γ′ · ĥ + γ′ · ĥ · a/A - γ · ĥ ·a/A
    4

    Prof. Dr. Anas El Molla


    = ĥ (γ′ + γ′ ·a/A - γ · a/A)
    = ĥ * constant
    Δp = ĥ * constant
    This constant is known since γ′, γ, a and A are known and hence
    the change in (p) is measured by measuring (ĥ).
    • To measure very small (p), inclined
    manometers are used.

    p at (1) = p at (2)
    p + γ·y = γ′ · L sin θ + p atm (Abs)
    p = γ ′ · L si n θ - γ · y (gauge)
    • To measure difference in pressure intensity between two
    points, a differential manometer is used as follows:
    5

    Prof. Dr. Anas El Molla

    p at (3) = p at (4). (Manometer principle)


    p1 + γ (y+h) = p2 + γ·y + γ′ ·h
    (p1 - p2) = γ·y + γ′ ·h - γ·y - γ ·h = h (γ′- γ)
    Δp = h (γ′ - γ) = γ·h (γ′/γ – 1)
    Δp = γ ·h (Gs – 1) if [γ = γwater]
    If (γ′ < γ):-
    p at (1) = p at (2)
    p1 - γ (y+h) = p2 - γ·y - γ′ ·h
    (p1 - p2) = γ·y + γ·h - γ·y - γ′ ·h
    (p1 - p2) = h (γ - γ′)
    = γ · h (1 - γ′/ γ)
    (p1 - p2) / γ = h (1 - γ′/ γ)

    • Mechanical gauges: -

    Example
    [Bourdon gauges]

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