UNIT NAME: COMMON DISEASES

Group Members:

Sauda Mariam Kondi Adm: dptt/j-1381/ic/23

Redempta Chebet - DPTT/J-1197/IC/23

Promiss Musyoki DPTT/MAR-1488/IC/23

Evelyne Wambui Dptt-Mar-1617-ic/23

Kevin Hinga DPPT/J-1392/IC/23

Kimani Margaret DPPT/J-1232/IC/23

QUESTION:
Discuss ten common non-communicable diseases, their causative agent, signs and
symptoms, Prevention and control, and their management
 OBESITY

Obesity is a chronic medical condition characterized by an excessive accumulation of body fat,

leading to a higher-than-healthy body weight. It is commonly assessed using the Body Mass Index
(BMI), with a BMI of 30 or higher typically considered obese.

Causative Agents:
 Diet: Consuming high-calorie, low-nutrient foods can contribute to obesity.
 Physical Inactivity: A sedentary lifestyle can lead to weight gain.
 Genetics: Genetic factors can influence an individual's susceptibility to obesity.
 Environmental Factors: Socioeconomic status, access to healthy foods, and cultural factors
can play a role.
 Emotional eating and stress can contribute.
Signs and Symptoms:

 Excessive body weight and high BMI.

 Increased fat accumulation, especially around the abdomen.
 Risk of associated health issues such as heart disease, diabetes, joint pain, and sleep apnea.
Prevention and Control:
 Dietary Modifications: Focus on a balanced diet with portion control and reduced intake of
processed and high-calorie foods.
 Regular Exercise: Incorporate physical activity into daily life to maintain a healthy weight.
 Behavioural Changes: Address emotional eating and stress management.
 Education: Promote nutritional awareness and healthy lifestyle choices.
Management:
 Dietary Counselling: Seek guidance from a registered dietitian for personalized nutrition
plans.
 Physical Activity: Regularly exercise, ideally combining cardio and strength training.
 Behavioural Therapy: Cognitive-behavioural therapy can help address emotional eating.
 Medications: Sometimes, doctors may prescribe medications to aid weight loss.
 Bariatric Surgery: For severe obesity, surgical options like gastric bypass may be considered.

It's important to note that obesity management should be tailored to an individual's specific needs and
can involve a multidisciplinary approach, including healthcare professionals such as dietitians,
psychologists, and physicians. Always consult a healthcare provider for personalized guidance on
obesity prevention and management.

Cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a group of conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels. It
includes coronary artery disease, heart failure, stroke, and hypertension (high blood pressure). CVD
can lead to serious health complications, including heart attacks and strokes.
Causative Agents:
• Risk Factors: Common risk factors for CVD include smoking, high blood pressure, high
cholesterol, obesity, diabetes, and a family history of heart disease.
• Unhealthy Lifestyle: Poor diet, lack of physical activity, and excessive alcohol consumption
can contribute to CVD.
• Genetics: Family history and genetic factors can increase the risk of developing CVD.
 Signs and Symptoms:
• Chest pain or discomfort (angina)
• Shortness of breath
• Fatigue
• Rapid or irregular heartbeat
• Dizziness or fainting
• Swelling in the legs, ankles, and feet (edema)
• Stroke symptoms, such as sudden numbness, weakness, or difficulty speaking
Prevention and Control:
• Healthy Lifestyle: Adopt a balanced diet, exercise regularly, and avoid smoking and excessive
alcohol consumption.
• Regular Checkups: Monitor blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and blood sugar regularly.
• Stress Management: Practice stress-reduction techniques like meditation and yoga.
• Medication: If a healthcare provider prescribes medications as directed for conditions like
hypertension or high cholesterol.
Management:

• Lifestyle Modifications: Continue healthy habits, including a heart-healthy diet and regular
exercise.
• Medication: Take prescribed medications as directed to manage conditions such as high blood
pressure or diabetes.
• Cardiac Rehabilitation: Participate in a structured program to improve heart health after a
cardiac event.
• Surgery: In some cases, surgical interventions like angioplasty or coronary artery bypass
grafting may be necessary.
• Education: Learn about CVD and work closely with healthcare professionals to manage the
condition.
Preventing and managing cardiovascular disease is crucial for long-term health. Individuals at risk or
diagnosed with CVD should work closely with healthcare providers to develop a personalized plan for
improved outcomes.

Cancer

Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
in the body. These cells can form tumors or interfere with the normal functioning of organs and
tissues.
Causative Agents:
• Cancer can be caused by various factors, including:
• Genetic Mutations: Changes in the DNA sequence that can be inherited or occur
spontaneously.
• Environmental Factors:
• Tobacco: Smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke can lead to lung and other cancers.
• Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation: Excessive sun exposure can cause skin cancer.
• Chemical Carcinogens: Exposure to asbestos, certain chemicals, and pollutants.
• Radiation: Prolonged exposure to ionizing radiation, such as X-rays or radioactive materials.
• Infections: Some viruses and bacteria can increase cancer risk, like HPV (cervical cancer) and
H. Pylori (stomach cancer).
• Lifestyle Choices: Unhealthy habits like a poor diet, lack of physical activity, excessive
alcohol consumption, and obesity.
• Hormonal Factors: Hormone imbalances can contribute to breast, ovarian, and prostate
cancers.
• Age: The risk of cancer generally increases with age.
• Family History: A family history of certain cancers may increase personal risk
.
 Signs and symptoms

Cancer symptoms vary depending on the type and stage of cancer. Common signs include

Unexplained weight loss.

1. Fatigue.
2. Changes in the skin or moles.
3. Persistent coughing or hoarseness.
4. Lumps or swelling.
5. Specific cancers may have unique symptoms; for instance, breast cancer may present as a
breast lump, and colorectal cancer can cause changes in bowel habits.
6. Prevention and Control:
7. Lifestyle Modifications: Adopt a healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet, regular exercise, and
avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol.
8. Vaccinations: Some vaccines, like those for HPV and hepatitis B, can prevent infections
linked to certain cancers.
9. Screening: Regular cancer screenings, such as mammograms, Pap smears, and colonoscopies,
can detect cancer at early, more treatable stages.
10. Sun Protection: Reduce sun exposure and use sunscreen to prevent skin cancer.
11. Environmental Awareness: Minimize exposure to known carcinogens in the workplace and
daily life.
Management:

Cancer treatment depends on the type, stage, and location of the cancer. Common treatment options
include:
Surgery: Removal of tumors or affected tissue.
Chemotherapy: Use of drugs to kill cancer cells or stop their growth.
Radiation Therapy: Use of high-energy rays to target and destroy cancer cells.
Immunotherapy: Boosting the body's immune system to fight cancer.
Targeted Therapy: Drugs that target specific molecules involved in cancer growth.
1. Hormone Therapy: Used for hormone-sensitive cancers like breast and prostate cancer.
Treatment plans are individualized and may involve a combination of these therapies.
Supportive care, including pain management and emotional support, is often part of cancer
management.
Type 2 Diabetes:

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood sugar levels resulting
from insulin resistance (the body's inability to use insulin effectively) and insufficient insulin
production by the pancreas.
Causative Agents:
• Genetic Factors: Family history and genetics play a significant role.
• Lifestyle Choices: Obesity, physical inactivity, and poor dietary habits are major contributors.
• Age: Risk increases with age.
• Ethnicity: Some ethnic groups are at higher risk.

Signs and Symptoms:

• Increased thirst (Polydipsia)

• Frequent urination (Polyuria)
• Excessive hunger (Polyphagia)
• Fatigue
• Blurred vision
• Slow wound healing
• Tingling or numbness in extremities (Neuropathy)
• Recurrent infections
• Unexplained weight loss (in some cases)
• Dark patches of skin, often around the neck and armpits (Acanthosis nigricans)

Prevention and Control:

• Maintain a Healthy Weight: Achieve and maintain a healthy body weight.

• Balanced Diet: Consume a balanced diet focusing on whole grains, fruits, vegetables, lean
proteins, and limited sugar and saturated fats.
• Regular Physical Activity: Engage in regular exercise to improve insulin sensitivity.
• Blood Sugar Monitoring: Regularly monitor blood sugar levels, especially if at risk.
• Avoid Smoking and Excessive Alcohol: These can exacerbate diabetes complications.
• Stress Management: Practice stress-reduction techniques.
• Hydration: Stay well-hydrated.
• Medication Compliance: If prescribed medication, take it as directed.

Management:

1. Lifestyle Changes: Emphasize diet and exercise to control blood sugar and manage weight.
2. Medications: Some may require oral medications or insulin therapy.
3. Blood Sugar Monitoring: Regularly check blood sugar levels.
4. Healthcare Team: Collaborate with healthcare providers for personalized care.
5. Complication Management: Address and manage complications such as heart disease, kidney
problems, or neuropathy.

Individuals with type 2 diabetes should work closely with healthcare professionals to create a tailored
management plan. Early diagnosis and proactive management are crucial to prevent complications
and maintain a good quality of life.

. Chronic respiratory disease

Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are long-term medical conditions that affect the air
can be caused or aggravated by various factors, including:
Tobacco Smoke: Smoking is a primary cause of CRDs, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) and lung cancer.
 Air Pollution: Exposure to indoor and outdoor air pollutants, including fine particulate matter,
chemicals, and industrial emissions.
 Allergens: Allergies to substances like pollen, dust mites, mold, and pet dander can trigger
conditions like asthma.
 Occupational Exposures: Certain jobs, like construction or mining, may involve exposure to
lung irritants and toxins.
 Respiratory Infections: Frequent or severe respiratory infections can contribute to CRDs.
 Genetics: Some individuals may have genetic predispositions to specific CRDs.Age: The risk
of CRDs generally increases with age.
 Unhealthy Lifestyle: Poor nutrition, lack of exercise, and obesity can contribute to CRDs

Signs and Symptoms:

Symptoms of CRDs can vary depending on the specific condition but often include:
• Persistent cough.
• Shortness of breath, especially during physical activity.
• Wheezing or whistling sound when breathing.
• Increased production of mucus.
• Chest tightness or discomfort.
• Fatigue and reduced exercise tolerance are also common.

Prevention and Control:

• Smoking Cessation: Quitting smoking is crucial in preventing and managing CRDs.

• Air Quality Improvement: Reducing indoor and outdoor air pollutants exposure through
ventilation and air filtration.
• Allergen Control: Managing allergies through environmental modifications and allergen
avoidance.
• Occupational Safety: Using protective equipment in high-risk workplaces.
• Vaccinations: Vaccinating against influenza and pneumonia can prevent complications in
some CRD cases.
• Regular Exercise: Maintaining physical fitness and lung health.
• Medication Adherence: Following prescribed medications and treatment plans for individuals
with CRDs like asthma or COPD.
Management:
• Management of CRDs varies by condition but may include:
• Medications: Bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and other drugs to manage symptoms and
reduce inflammation.
• Pulmonary Rehabilitation: Exercise programs and education to improve lung function and
quality of life.
• Oxygen Therapy: Supplemental oxygen for individuals with severe CRDs.
• Lifestyle Changes: Weight management, breathing exercises, and dietary adjustments.
• Surgical Interventions: In some cases, lung transplantation or lung volume reduction surgery
may

Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease is a chronic brain condition that gradually deteriorates cognitive functions,
including memory, thinking, and behavior.

Causative Agents:
Alzheimer’s disease primarily results from complex interactions between genetic, environmental, and
lifestyle factors. There is no single causative agent like a microorganism or pathogen. However, risk
factors may include genetics (specific genes like APOE4), age, family history, and certain medical
conditions.

Signs and Symptoms:

Common signs and symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease include:

• Memory loss, especially recent events.

• Confusion and disorientation.
• Difficulty in problem-solving and decision-making.
• Language problems, such as finding the right words.
• Mood swings, irritability, or personality changes.
• Loss of initiative and interest in activities.
• Challenges in performing everyday tasks.
• Impaired spatial awareness and motor functions in later stages.
 Prevention and Control:

While there is no surefire way to prevent Alzheimer’s disease, some strategies may reduce the risk or
delay its onset:
• Healthy Lifestyle: Regularly exercise, eat a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables,
manage cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., hypertension), and get enough sleep.
• Mental Stimulation: Stay mentally active through activities like reading, puzzles, or learning
new skills.
• Social Engagement: Maintain an active social life to promote cognitive health.
• Heart-Healthy Diet: Consume a diet low in saturated fats and antioxidants, such as the
Mediterranean diet.
• Control Chronic Conditions: Manage conditions like diabetes, obesity, and hypertension,
which are linked to an increased risk of Alzheimer’s.

Management:

• Managing Alzheimer’s disease aims to improve the quality of life for affected individuals and
their caregivers. It involves:
• Medications: Cholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonists may be prescribed to
manage cognitive symptoms and slow progression.
• Behavioural Interventions: Non-pharmacological approaches, including cognitive behavioral
therapy, may help manage behavioral symptoms and improve mood.
• Supportive Care: Creating a safe and structured environment, providing emotional support,
and ensuring proper nutrition are crucial.
• Caregiver Support: Caregivers should seek support and respite care to manage the demands of
caring for someone with Alzheimer’s.
• Research and Clinical Trials: Participation in clinical trials may offer access to experimental
treatments and contribute to advancements in Alzheimer’s research.

It’s essential to work closely with healthcare professionals for proper diagnosis, treatment, and
ongoing care of individuals with Alzheimer’s disease. Early detection and intervention can
significantly improve the management of the

Hypertension

Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a medical condition where the force of blood
against the walls of the arteries is consistently too high. It is a significant risk factor for heart disease,
stroke, and other health problems.

Causative agents

• Genetics: A family history of hypertension can increase the risk.

• Age: Hypertension becomes more common as people age.
• Obesity: Excess body weight, especially around the waist, can lead to high blood pressure.
• Poor Diet: A diet high in salt, saturated fats, and low potassium can contribute.
• Lack of Physical Activity: Sedentary lifestyles can raise blood pressure.
• Smoking: Tobacco use can temporarily raise blood pressure and damage blood vessels.
• Excessive Alcohol Consumption: Heavy drinking can lead to hypertension.
• Irregular heartbeat Chronic stress can contribute to high blood pressure.
• Chronic Kidney Disease: Kidney problems can affect blood pressure regulation.
• Sleep Apnoea: Breathing problems during sleep can lead to hypertension.
 Signs and symptoms

• Headaches
• Fatigue
• Dizziness
• Blurred vision
• Shortness of breath
• Chest pain
• Irregular heartbeat

Prevention and control strategies

• Maintain a healthy weight.

• Adopt a balanced diet low in salt and saturated fats rich in fruits and vegetables.
• Engage in regular physical activity.
• Limit alcohol intake.
• Manage stress through relaxation techniques.
• Avoid smoking and secondhand smoke.
• Monitor blood pressure regularly, especially if at risk.

Management of hypertension

• Lifestyle modifications as mentioned above.

• Medications a healthcare professional prescribes, such as diuretics, ACE inhibitors, or beta-
blockers.
• Regular monitoring of blood pressure.
• Ongoing follow-up with a healthcare provider to adjust treatment as needed.

It’s essential to consult a healthcare provider for a personalized approach to managing hypertension,
as individual cases may vary.

.Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a medical condition characterized by the weakening of bones, making them fragile
and more prone to fractures. Here's a breakdown of your requested information:
Causative Agents: Osteoporosis is primarily caused by age-related factors and hormonal changes, but
there can be contributing factors such as:

• Hormonal changes (particularly in postmenopausal women)

• Genetics (family history)
• Lack of physical activity
• Low body weight or BMI
• Smoking
• Excessive alcohol consumption
• Inadequate intake of calcium and vitamin D
• Certain medications (e.g., long-term corticosteroid use)
• Medical conditions (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, celiac disease)
 Signs and Symptoms:

• Loss of height over time

• Back pain caused by fractures in the spine
• Stooped posture or curvature of the spine
• Bone fractures that occur more easily than expected
• Gradual decrease in overall height
• Weakening grip strength

Prevention and Control:

• Adequate calcium and vitamin D intake through diet or supplements.

• Regular weight-bearing exercises, like walking or weightlifting.
• Avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.
• Fall prevention strategies to minimize the risk of fractures.
• Medications, as prescribed by a healthcare professional for those at high risk

Management:

• Medications to slow bone loss and reduce fracture risk (e.g., bisphosphonates, hormone
therapy).
• Physical therapy to improve posture and strength.
• Lifestyle modifications, including a balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D.
• Monitoring bone density through DXA scans.
• Fall prevention strategies and safety measures in the home.

It's crucial to consult with a healthcare provider for a personalized assessment and guidance on
preventing, controlling, and managing osteoporosis.

Depression

Depression is a mental health disorder characterized by persistent sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of
interest or pleasure in activities. It can significantly impact a person's daily life and emotional and
physical well-being.

Causative Factors:

 Biological Factors: Genetics, family history of depression, and imbalances in brain chemicals.
 Psychological Factors: Trauma, stress, low self-esteem, and personality traits.
 Environmental Factors: Childhood adversity, life events like loss or trauma, and chronic
stress.
 Medical Conditions: Chronic illnesses, hormonal imbalances, and certain medications.
 Substance Abuse: Alcohol, drugs, and other substances can contribute to depression.
 Social Isolation: Lack of social support and loneliness.
 Gender: Women are more susceptible to depression than men.
 Age: Adolescents and elderly individuals are at higher risk.
 Personality Disorders: Some personality disorders, such as borderline personality disorder,
may increase the risk.
 Chronic Pain: Persistent pain can lead to depressive symptoms.
 Signs and Symptoms:

 Persistent sadness or low mood.

 Loss of interest or pleasure in activities.
 Fatigue and low energy.
 Sleep disturbances (insomnia or oversleeping).
 Changes in appetite or weight.
 Feelings of worthlessness or guilt.
 Difficulty concentrating or making decisions.
 Irritability and restlessness.
 Physical symptoms like aches and pains.
 Thoughts of death or suicide.

Prevention and Control:

 Seek professional help for early symptoms.

 Maintain a healthy lifestyle with regular exercise and a balanced diet.
 Manage stress through relaxation techniques and mindfulness.
 Build a strong social support network.
 Limit alcohol and drug use.
 Address underlying medical conditions.
 Recognize and manage triggers and stressors.
 Educate oneself and others about depression.
 Promote mental health awareness and reduce stigma.
 Encourage open communication about feelings and emotions.

Management:

 Psychotherapy (counseling or talk therapy).

 Medications like antidepressants.
 Lifestyle changes, including exercise and diet.
 Support groups and peer support.
 Stress management techniques.
 Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and other therapeutic approaches.
 Hospitalization in severe cases.
 Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for treatment-resistant depression.
 Ongoing monitoring and follow-up with mental health professionals.
 Family and social support in the recovery process.

It's important to note that depression is a complex condition, and its management should be tailored to
the individual's needs. Consulting with a mental health professional is crucial for accurate diagnosis
and appropriate treatment.

Chronic kidney disease

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a long-term, progressive condition where the kidneys gradually
lose their ability to properly filter waste and excess fluids from the blood. Here's the information you
requested:
Definition: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a medical condition characterized by the gradual loss of
kidney function over time, leading to impaired filtration of waste products and excess fluids from the
blood.
 Causative Agents
 Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
 Diabetes
 Smoking
 Obesity
 Family history of kidney disease
 Heart disease
 Age (risk increases with age)
 High cholesterol
 Certain medications (e.g., non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)
 Autoimmune diseases (e.g., lupus)

Signs and Symptoms:

 Fatigue and weakness
 Swelling (edema) of the legs, ankles, and feet
 Frequent urination, especially at night
 Blood in urine (hematuria)
 Foamy or bubbly urine
 Increased or decreased urine output
 Persistent itching
 Nausea and vomiting
 Loss of appetite
 Difficulty concentrating
Prevention and Control:

 Manage underlying conditions (e.g., control blood pressure and blood sugar for diabetes)
 Maintain a healthy diet low in salt, processed foods, and saturated fats.
 Stay physically active.
 Avoid smoking and limit alcohol consumption.
 Stay hydrated but avoid excessive fluid intake.
 Be cautious with over-the-counter pain medications.
 Regularly monitor kidney function if you have risk factors.
 Get screened for kidney disease if you have a family history.
 Control cholesterol levels.
 Manage stress.
Management:

 Lifestyle modifications (diet, exercise, quitting smoking)

 Medications to control blood pressure, manage diabetes, or treat complications.
 Dietary changes to limit protein, potassium, and phosphorus intake.
 Dialysis (hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis) in advanced stages.
 Kidney transplant in severe cases.
 Close monitoring and management by a healthcare team.