Material Nonlinearities and Geometric Nonlinearities (Change in Response Due To Large Deformations)

University of Alberta ANSYS Tutorials - NonLinear Analysis Page 1 of 7
This tutorial was created using ANSYS 7.0 The purpose of this tutorial is to outline the steps required to
do a simple nonlinear analysis of the beam shown below.
There are several causes for nonlinear behaviour such as Changing Status (ex. contact elements),
Material Nonlinearities and Geometric Nonlinearities (change in response due to large deformations).
This tutorial will deal specifically with Geometric Nonlinearities .
To solve this problem, the load will added incrementally. After each increment, the stiffness matrix will
be adjusted before increasing the load.
The solution will be compared to the equivalent solution using a linear response.
1. Give example a Title

Utility Menu > File > Change Title ...
2. Create Keypoints
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS
We are going to define 2 keypoints (the beam vertices) for this structure to create a beam
with a length of 5 inches:
Keypoint Coordinates (x,y)

1 (0,0)
2 (5,0)
3. Define Lines
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > Straight Line
Create a line between Keypoint 1 and Keypoint 2.
4. Define Element Types

Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete...
file://D:\ankur\cad\ansya\ANSYST~1\University%20of%20Alberta%20ANSYS%20Tutoria... 8/7/2007
For this problem we will use the BEAM3 (Beam 2D elastic) element. This element has 3
degrees of freedom (translation along the X and Y axis's, and rotation about the Z axis).
With only 3 degrees of freedom, the BEAM3 element can only be used in 2D analysis.
5. Define Real Constants

Preprocessor > Real Constants... > Add...
In the 'Real Constants for BEAM3' window, enter the following geometric properties:
i. Cross-sectional area AREA: 0.03125
ii. Area Moment of Inertia IZZ: 4.069e-5
iii. Total beam height HEIGHT: 0.125
This defines an element with a solid rectangular cross section 0.25 x 0.125 inches.
6. Define Element Material Properties

Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic
In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel:
i. Young's modulus EX: 30e6
ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3
If you are wondering why a 'Linear' model was chosen when this is a non-linear example, it
is because this example is for non-linear geometry, not non-linear material properties. If we
were considering a block of wood, for example, we would have to consider non-linear
material properties.
7. Define Mesh Size

Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Lines > All Lines...
For this example we will specify an element edge length of 0.1 " (50 element divisions
along the line).
8. Mesh the frame

Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Lines > click 'Pick All'
LMESH,ALL
1. Define Analysis Type

Solution > New Analysis > Static
ANTYPE,0
2. Set Solution Controls
Select Solution > Analysis Type > Sol'n Control...
The following image will appear:
Ensure the following selections are made (as shown above)
A. Ensure Large Static Displacements are permitted (this will include the effects of large
deflection in the results)
B. Ensure Automatic time stepping is on. Automatic time stepping allows ANSYS to
determine appropriate sizes to break the load steps into. Decreasing the step size
usually ensures better accuracy, however, this takes time. The Automatic Time Step
feature will determine an appropriate balance. This feature also activates the ANSYS
bisection feature which will allow recovery if convergence fails.
C. Enter 5 as the number of substeps. This will set the initial substep to 1/5 th of the total
load.
The following example explains this: Assume that the applied load is 100 lb*in. If the
Automatic Time Stepping was off, there would be 5 load steps (each increasing by
1/5 th of the total load):
20 lb*in
40 lb*in
60 lb*in
80 lb*in
100 lb*in
Now, with the Automatic Time Stepping is on, the first step size will still be 20 lb*in.
However, the remaining substeps will be determined based on the response of the
material due to the previous load increment.
D. Enter a maximum number of substeps of 1000. This stops the program if the solution
does not converge after 1000 steps.
E. Enter a minimum number of substeps of 1.
F. Ensure all solution items are writen to a results file.
NOTE
There are several options which have not been changed from their default values. For more
information about these commands, type help followed by the command into the command
line.
Function Command Comments

Load Step KBC Loads are either linearly interpolated (ramped) from the one
substep to another (ie - the load will increase from 10 lbs to
20 lbs in a linear fashion) or they are step functions (ie. the
load steps directly from 10 lbs to 20 lbs). By default, the
load is ramped. You may wish to use the stepped loading
for rate-dependent behaviour or transient load steps.
Output OUTRES This command controls the solution data written to the
database. By default, all of the solution items are written at
the end of each load step. You may select only a specific
iten (ie Nodal DOF solution) to decrease processing time.
Stress SSTIF This command activates stress stiffness effects in nonlinear
Stiffness analyses. When large static deformations are permitted (as
they are in this case), stress stiffening is automatically
included. For some special nonlinear cases, this can cause
divergence because some elements do not provide a
complete consistent tangent.
Newton NROPT By default, the program will automatically choose the
Raphson Newton-Raphson options. Options include the full Newton-
Raphson, the modified Newton-Raphson, the previously
computed matrix, and the full Newton-Raphson with
unsymmetric matrices of elements.
Convergence CNVTOL By default, the program checks the out-of-balance load for
Values any active DOF.
3. Apply Constraints
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoints
Fix Keypoint 1 (ie all DOFs constrained).
4. Apply Loads
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Keypoints
Place a -100 lb*in moment in the MZ direction at the right end of the beam (Keypoint 2)
5. Solve the System

Solution > Solve > Current LS
SOLVE
The following will appear on your screan for NonLinear Analyses
This shows the convergence of the solution.
1. View the deformed shape

General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed Shape... > Def + undeformed
PLDISP,1
2. View the deflection contour plot

General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solu... > DOF solution, UY
PLNSOL,U,Y,0,1
3. List Horizontal Displacement

If this example is performed as a linear model there will be no nodal deflection in the
horizontal direction due to the small deflections assumptions. However, this is not realistic
for large deflections. Modeling the system non-linearly, these horizontal deflections are
calculated by ANSYS.
General Postproc > List Results > Nodal Solution...> DOF solution, UX
Other results can be obtained as shown in previous linear static analyses.
The above example was solved using a mixture of the Graphical User Interface (or GUI) and the
command language interface of ANSYS. This problem has also been solved using the ANSYS
command language interface that you may want to browse. Open the .HTML version, copy and paste the
code into Notepad or a similar text editor and save it to your computer. Now go to 'File > Read input
from...' and select the file. A .PDF version is also available for printing.

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University of Alberta ANSYS Tutorials - NonLinear Analysis Page 1 of 7

1. Give example a Title

Keypoint Coordinates (x,y)

Create a line between Keypoint 1 and Keypoint 2.

4. Define Element Types

5. Define Real Constants

6. Define Element Material Properties

7. Define Mesh Size

8. Mesh the frame

1. Define Analysis Type

2. Set Solution Controls

Select Solution > Analysis Type > Sol'n Control...

The following image will appear:

Ensure the following selections are made (as shown above)

E. Enter a minimum number of substeps of 1.

F. Ensure all solution items are writen to a results file.

Function Command Comments

Fix Keypoint 1 (ie all DOFs constrained).

5. Solve the System

The following will appear on your screan for NonLinear Analyses

This shows the convergence of the solution.

1. View the deformed shape

2. View the deflection contour plot

3. List Horizontal Displacement

Other results can be obtained as shown in previous linear static analyses.

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