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MODULE 1
MS WORD
Ms-word is a word processor & is a constituent of MS—office software. MS word
2010 is helpful to create & edit personal & business documents, such as letters,
reports, invoices, emails & books . by default, documents saved in word 2010 are
saved with the .docx extension

BACKSTAGE VIEW
The backstage view was introduced in word 2010. This acts as the central place
for managing our documents. It is similar to the office button menu from word
2007 or the file menu from earlier versions of word. However, instead of just a
menu, it is a fill page view, which makes it easier to work with. The backstage
view helps in creating new documents, saving & opening documents, printing &
sharing documents, and so on.

THE RIBBON
The ribbon is the panel at the top portion of the documents. It has 8 tabs : File,
Home, Insert, Layout, Reference, Mailings, Review & View ;that contain many new
& existing features of word

EACH OF THE TABS CONTAINS THE FOLLOWING TOOLS:

FILE: options available in MS office button of 2007 versions is now housed in file
tab. This includes create a new document, open an existing document, save or
save as , print etc.
HOME: Clipboard, Fonts, Paragraph, Styles, and Editing.
INSERT: Pages, Tables, Illustrations, Links, Header & Footer, Text, and Symbols
PAGE LAYOUT: Themes, Page Setup, Page Background, Paragraph, Arrange
REFERENCES: Table of Contents, Footnote, Citation & Bibliography, Captions,
Index, and Table of Authorities
MAILINGS: Create, Start Mail Merge, Write & Insert Fields, Preview Results, Finish
REVIEW: Proofing, Comments, Tracking, Changes, Compare, Protect
VIEW: Document Views, Show/Hide, Zoom, Window, Macros

QUICK ACCESS TOOLBAR

The Quick Access Toolbar is located above the ribbon. It contain common
commands such as save, undo & repeat commands. This is a convenient place for
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keeping the most frequently used commands in word. We can also add other
commands to make our work more convenient.

DOCUMENT AREA ( TEXT AREA)

This area is used for typing our text. The flashing vertical bar is called the insertion
point & it indicates the location where text will appear when typing.

CREATE A NEW DOCUMENT

(1) Click the file tab. Select new. It will display a list of templates.
(2) Double click on the blank document.it will be highlighted by default.
(3) A new, blank document appears in the word window. The document is now
ready for typing the text.
We can also use a shortcut using the Ctrl + N keys to open a blank document
anytime.

OPENING PRE-EXISTING DOCUMENT

We want to open an existing document & edit it partially or completely.
(1) click the file tab & select the open option. The open dialog box appears.
(2) select your document, then click open.
We can also open a document from the recent documents list if we opened that
document recently. For this, click on the file tab & select recent.

SAVING NEW DOCUMENT

After typing a text in our new document, we can save it to avoid losing work we
have done.
(1) Click the File tab & select the save as option.
(2) select a folder where we want to save the document, enter the file name to
our choice & select the save as option, by default it is the .docx format.
(3) finally, click on the save button & the document will be saved with the name
given name in the selected folder.

UNDO & REDO

The Undo feature is used to undo the previous action & the repeat or redo
feature is used to repeat the previous action.
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TO INSERT A HEADER OR FOOTERS

1) Select the insert tab.
2) click either the header or footer command. A drop-down menu will appear.
3) from the drop-down menu, select blank to insert a blank header or footer, or
choose one of the built-in options.
4) the design tab will appear on the ribbon, & the header or footer will appear in
the document.
5) type the desired information into the header or footer.
6) after finishing, click close header & footer in the design tab, or hit the Esc key.

HYPERLINKS
Hyperlinks, or links, allow the reader to click on text and go to another web site.
To create a hyperlink:
Select the text that will be the link
Click the insert tab of the ribbon
Click the hyperlink button on the links group
Type in the web address, or URL of the link
Click ok

CLIP ART
Microsoft word provides images that we can use, free of charge, called Clip Art.
Clip art can be a cartoon, a picture, a border & even an animation that moves on
the screen.
Adding Clip Art
To add Clip Art:
Click the insert tab
Click the clip art button
Search for the clip art using the search clip art dialog box
Click the clip art
To move the graphic click it and drag it to where you want it

Find and Replace

To find text or find and replace text :
Click the find and select button on the Editing group of the Home tab
Choose find or replace
Complete the Find What text box
Click on option for more search option
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MAIL MERGE

Mail merge is a useful tool with which we can easily produce multiple letters,
label, envelops, nametags & more using information stored in a list, database, or
spreadsheet. The mail merge file will hold special symbols, which will substitute
the name & address & other relevant information stored in the data file.
To use mail merge :
1) Open an existing word document, or create a new one.
2) click the mailing tab & click the start mail merge command.
3) select step by step mail merge wizard.
The mail merge task panel appears & will guide through the 6 steps to complete a
merge.
Procedure of Mail merging
Step 1 : Selecting document type
A task panel appears to the right of the document & is visible throughout the
entire mail merge procedure.
Select the letters button. At the bottom of the task panel click on Next: Starting
document.
Step 2 : Select the starting document
From the 3 choices in Select the starting document, Select Use the current
document and then click Next: Select recipients.
Step 3 : Select recipients
From the 3 choices in selecting recipients, select Type a new list and then click
Create.
Create a list by adding data in the New
Address List dialog box and clicking OK.
Save the list.
Note that now that a list has been created, the Mail Merge Wizard reverts to
Use an existing list and you have the option to edit the recipient list.
Selecting Edit recipient list opens up the Mail Merge Recipients dialog box,
where you can edit the list and select or unselect records. Click OK to accept the
list as is.
Click Next: Write your letter.
Step 4 : Write your letter.
Click Address block to add the recipients' addresses at the top of the document.
In the Insert Address Block dialog box, check or uncheck boxes and select
options on the left until the address appears the way you want it to.
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Note that you can use Match Fields to correct any problems. Clicking Match
Fields opens up the Match Fields dialog box, in which you can associate the fields
from your list with the fields required by the wizard.
Press Enter on your keyboard and click Greeting line... to enter a greeting.
In the Insert Greeting Line dialog box, choose the greeting line format by clicking
the drop-down arrows and selecting the options of your choice, and then click OK.
Note that the address block and greeting line are surrounded by chevrons (« »).
Write a short letter and click Next: Preview your letters.
Step 5: Preview your letters
Preview your letter and click Next: Complete the merge.
Step 6 : Complete the merge.
Select Next : Complete the merge & choose edit individual letters. Merge to new
document dialog box appears, Click all & click ok to create separate letter for each
recipient.
Saving the letters
The merged letters are all contained in one file. Save this file.

MACROS
Macros are advanced features that can speed up editing or formatting you may
perform often in a Word document. They record sequences of menu selections
that you choose so that a series of actions can be completed in one step

Recording a Macro
To record a Macro:
Click the view tab on the ribbon
Click macros
Click record macros
Enter a name (without spaces)
Click whether you want it assigned to a button (on the Quick Access Toolbar) or
the keyboard (a sequence of keys)
To assign the macro a button on the
Quick Access Toolbar:
o Click Button
o Under the Customize Quick Access Toolbar, select the document for which
you want the Macro available
o Under Choose Commands: Click the Macro that you are recording
o Click Add
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o Click OK to begin Recording the Macro

o Perform the actions you want recorded in the Macro
o Click on Macros
o Click on Stop Recording Macros
to assign a macro button to a keyboard
shortcut:
o Click Keyboard
o In the Press New Shortcut Key box, type the key sequence that you want and
click Assign
o Click Close to begin recording the Macro
o Perform the actions you want recorded in the Macro
o Click on Macros
o Click on Stop Recording Macros

RUNNING A MACRO
Running a macro depends on whether it’s been added to the Quick Access
Toolbar or if it’s been given a Keyboard Shortcut.
To run a macro from the Quick Access Toolbar, simply click the Macro Icon
To run a macro from the keyboardshortcut, simply press the keys that you have
programmed to run the Macro.

TEMPLATES
It is a predesigned document that can be used to create documents quickly
without bothering about formatting. In templates, many of the formatting is
predesigned such as margin size, font style & spacing. Templates are helpful to
create a more professional & visually appealing document.

SELECTING TEXT
Selecting a text is essential for editing a word document. Various operations such
as delete the selected text, copy it, move it, apply formatting to it etc. can be
performed on a selected text. The most common method of selecting a text is to
click & drag the mouse over the text we want to select.
Following are the Techniques for selecting text in different Situations,
To Select Single word, Double-click anywhere on the word
To Select Single sentence, Hold down ctrl key & click anywhere in the sentence.
To Select Whole paragraph, Triple-click within the paragraph.
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To select Several words or lines, Drag the mouse over the words, or hold down
SHIFT while using the arrow keys.
To Select Entire Document, Press CTRL +A

DIFFERENT FONT STYLES

We can bold, underline, or italicize the text in word document. We can also
combine these features.
Making text bold : we use bold text to give more emphasis on a word or sentence.
Making text italic : an italic text appears with a small inclination & we use the
italicized text to differentiate it from other text.
1) Select the word or sentence that font change to Bold Or Italic Or Underline.
2) Click the font Bold [B] or Font italic [I] or font Underline [U] button in the Home
tab font group, or Use ctrl+ B or ctrl + I or ctrl + U keys to make the effect on the
selected word or sentence.

DROP CAPS
It is a large letter that begins a paragraph & drops through several lines of text.
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MODULE - 2

MS EXCEL

Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet application used to process business & financial

transaction of various kinds. To carry out various tasks, MS Excel organizes each
one of its workbooks into worksheets. A workbook may contain just one
worksheet or it may consist of lot worksheets.

ELECTRONIC SPREADSHEET
A spreadsheet is an electronic document that stores various types of data. There
are vertical columns and horizontal rows. A cell is where the column and row
intersect. A cell can contain data and can be used in calculations of data within
the spreadsheet. An Excel spreadsheet can contain workbooks and worksheets.
The workbook is the holder for related worksheets.
Common definition of spreadsheet software is a computer program that sets out
a grid where users can analyze & organize numbers, financial data & other
information. Accounting, book keeping, financial analysis & statistical analysis are
the main uses of spreadsheet software.
FEATURES OF SPREADSHEET (BENEFITS/ADVANTAGES)
1) spreadsheets are must useful in business field.
2) It Can Be Used Used For The Purposes Such As Accounting, sales, inventory
control & financial analysis.
3) Spreadsheets are also used for many other non business problems.
4) In addition to routine jobs, spreadsheets are also used for financial analysis &
forecasting.
5) Long term strategy to be followed by a business concern can easily be
determined with the help of spreadsheets.

EXCEL CELL REFERENCES

When we create a formula, we will be referring it to a cell or range of cells. An

example of a single cell reference would be A1. An example of a range of cells
reference would be A1:A10.
In Excel there are 2 types of cell references, these are relative & absolute.
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Relative call references

It means that the calculations are done depending up on the relative position of
call addresses from the formula cell. The formula cell refers to that cell address
which contain a formula.
Absolute cell references
Situations arise in which the cell reference must remain the same when copied to
other cells. If formula in one cell is copied to other cells, formula will not change.
We can use an absolute reference to keep a row &/or column constant. It remain
the same as that of first cell. such a cell reference is called absolute cell reference.

WORKBOOK
File in MS Excel is called a workbook. A workbook is organized in various
worksheets. Thus a workbook is a collection of worksheets used in a single file.

WORKSHEET
A Workbook can be made of one or multiple worksheets. A work sheet is a table
like documents containing rows & columns that contain data & formulas.

SCENARIO MANAGEMENT
A scenario is a set of values that excel saves & can substitute automatically in cells
on a worksheet. We can create and save different groups of values on a
worksheet and then switch to any of these new scenarios to view different
results. The use of scenario manager in excel allows to have a certain set of inputs
& outputs for a ‘’scenario’’ & then view different scenarios of the outputs as the
inputs change. This information provided by this type of analysis is highly useful
for making decisions in business based on the different outcomes displayed by
scenario manager.

TO CREATE A SCENARIO IN EXCEL :

1) On the Ribbon's Data tab, click What If Analysis
2) Click Scenario Manager
3) In the Scenario Manager, click the Add button
4) Type name for the Scenario. For this example, use Marketing.
5) Press the Tab key, to move to the Changing cells box
6) On the worksheet, select cells B1
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7) Hold the Ctrl key, and select cells B3:B4

Note: There is a limit of 32 changing cells
8) Press the Tab key, to move to the Comment box
9) (optional) Enter a comment that describes the scenario.
10) Click the OK button
11) The Scenario Values dialog box opens, with a box for each changing cell.,
modify values if you want
12) Click the OK button, to return to the Scenario Manager.
13) Click the Close button, to return to the worksheet
And create another scenario (case 2) with this same procedure.
After saving a scenario, it becomes available in the list of scenarios
To see the result of a scenario, select the scenario & click on the show button.
Excel will change the values in the cells accordingly.

FORMULA BAR
Formula bar is used to write formula or create formula.

FILTERING
Filtering data refers to displaying only the rows that meet certain conditions. It
hides other rows which we do not want to be displayed
• Click the columns that contain the data you wish to filter
on the data tab, click on sort & filter
• click filter button
• click the arrow at the bottom of the name cell
• click the text filter
• Click the words you wish to filter
• To clear the filter click the sort & filter button
• Click clear

CHARTS IN SPREADSHEET
Excel offers many types of charts including : column, Line, pie, bar, area, scatter &
more. To view the charts available click the insert tab on the ribbon.
Create a chart
1) select the cells that contain the data for creating chart.
2) click insert tab on the ribbon.
3) click the type of chart we want to create
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COLUMN CHARTS
A column chart can render a very effective result when analyzing data of the same
category on a defined scale. The column chart emphasize high & low values &
helps to compare items.

THE LINE CHART

It is used to analyze ups and down of tendency in arrange of values. We can
define it with one series of values where we will judge the evolution of an item
over a period. When used with more than one series, this chart can very effective
to compare values of the same category over the same period.
To create a line chart, select the values in the category that will be involved.
Select the line chart from chart type and proceed.

PIE CHARTS
It is usually used to look at what makes up a whole something. If we had a pie
chart of where we spend our money we could look at the percentages of rupees
spent on food ( or any other category). Regular pie charts have only one series of
data, so we should use only one column of data.
To create pie chart, select the heading variables, then select the range of values
that representation the proportions based on the previously selected variables.

MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS
Spreadsheets have many mathematical functions built into them.
Basic math operations are :
1) Addition
2) Subtraction
3) Multiplication
4) Division

AUTOSUM
The SUM function is the most basic & probably the most popular function used in
MS Excel. It is used to sum the contents of two or more cells & display the result
in another cell.
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FUNCTIONS
MS Excel has a set of prewritten formulas called functions. Function perform
specific calculations in a particular order based on the specified values, called
arguments.
Functions differ from regular formulas. In functions, we give the value & not the
operators, such as +,-, * or /. A function is typed in the following format.
=Function name (arguments)
Equals (=) :- a formula in excel always starts with an equal sign (=).
Function name :- This is the name denoting a particular mathematical, logical or
statistical function. SUM is the function name for addition, MAX & MIN are
functions names for the largest & smallest results from a range of numbers.
Argument :- Arguments supply the information for the function to calculate, such
as range of cell reference

INSERT FUNCTIONS :-
1) Open the Worksheet to learn inserting functions.
2) Select the cell where we want to insert the function
3) click the formulas tab on the ribbon, then select the insert function command.
4) the insert function dialog box will appear
5) type a few keywords describing the calculation you want the function to
perform, then click Go.
6) review the results to find the desired function, then click OK.
7) the function arguments dialog box will appear. Select the value1 : field, then
enter or select the desired cells.
8) click OK
9) The function will be calculated.

SUM FUNCTION
It is a standard built-in function in excel that performs the basic mathematical
operation of addition. The SUM function is used to add the contents of various
cells provided they all located in the same row or column. The sum function
automatically calculates the sum of the values in a range of cell addresses.
=SUM (first value, second value, etc)
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PRODUCT FUNCTION
The Excel PRODUCT function calculates the product (multiplication) of a supplied
set of numerical values.
= PRODUCT (num1, num2,...num_n)

SQRT FUNCTION
The excel SQRT function calculates the square root of a supplied number.
= SQRT (number)

ROMAN
The excel ROMAN function converts an Arabic number to ROMAN number.
= ROMAN ( num,[type])

ROUND
The excel round function rounds a supplied number up or down, to a specified
number of decimal places.
= RPUND ( num, num_digits)

STATISTICAL FUNCTIONS
AVERAGE Function
The AVERAGE Function displays the average or mean value of selected cells. It
takes the sum of the cells involved, divides the result by the number of cells
involved, & displays the result.
= AVERAGE ( num1, num2 ,...)

MIN FUNCTION
MIN Function is used to find the lowest number in a series of numbers.
=MIN(num1,[num2],...)

MAX FUNCTION
It is used to find the highest number in a series of numbers.
= MAX(num1,[num2],...)
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COUNT
It is used to count the number of cell addresses containing the data.
=COUNT(num1,[num2],..)

MEDIAN
Median function calculates the median of the given numbers. The median is the
number in the middle of a set of numbers that is half the numbers have values
that are greater than the median and half have values that are lower than the
median.
= MEDIAN(num1,num2,...)

MODE
The mode function calculates the statistical mode. Mode is the most frequently
occurring value of a series of number. if there are two or more most frequently
occurring values in the supplied Data, the function shows the lowest of these
values.
= MODE(num1,[num2],..)

MODE SNGL
The Excel MODE.SNGL function returns a statistical mode of a list of supplied
numbers. if there are two or more most frequently occurring values in the
supplied Data, the function returns the lowest of these values.
= MODE.SNGL (num1,[num2],...)

MODE.MULT
The Excel MODE.MULT function returns a vertical array of the statistical modes
within a list of supplied numbers.
=MODE.MULT(num1,[num2],...)

AVEDEV FUNCTION
AVEDEV calculates the average deviation of a supplied set of values from their
mean. AVEDEV is a measure of the variability in a data set.
=AVEDEV(num1,[num2],...[number_n])

STDEV FUNCTION
The Excel STDEV Function calculates the sample standard deviation of a supplied
set of values. The standard deviation is a measure of how widely values are
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dispersed from the average value or the mean. It is defined as the square root of
the mean of the squares of the deviations all values of a series from their
Arithmetic mean.
= STDEV(num1,num2,...)

CORREL FUNCTION
The correlation coefficient tells how strongly two variables are related to each
other. We can use the CORREL function to find correlation coefficient between
two variables. A correlation coefficient of +1 indicates a perfect positive
correlation.
= CORREL(array1,array2)

FORECAST
The Excel forecast function predicts a future point on a linear trend line fitted to a
supplied set of X &Y Values. The Excel forecast function calculate the new y values
from the simple equation for a straight line
Straight line equation .., y = a +bx
=FORECAST(x value known, y value known_x_values)

FINANCIAL FUNCTIONS
FV FUNCTION
The Excel FV Function is financial function that calculates the future value of an
investment. FV Function is used to get the future value of investment assuming
periodic, constant payments with a constant interest rate.
=FV(rate, nper, pmt.[pv],[type])

PV FUNCTION
PV calculates the present value of an investment. The present value is the total
amount that a series of future payments is worth now. It refers to an amount of
money invest today to get to an amount of money needed in the future.
=PV ( raye, nper, pmt, [fv],[type])

NPV FUNCTION
the function NPV calculates the net present value of an investment based on a
series of periodic cash flows and discount rate.
= NPV(rate, value1, value 2,...)
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IRR
IRR in excel stands for internal rate of return. the interval rate of return is the rate
of interest received for the investment done. IRR in excel consists off the payment
done represented by the negative values & the income generated denoted by
positive values that occurs at a regular time interval.
= IRR( values, guess)

PMT FUNCTION
PMT calculate the periodic payment for a loan based on constant payment and a
constant interest rate.
= PMT (rate, nper, pv, fv, type)

IPMT
The Excel IPMT function can be used to calculate the interest portion of a given
loan payment in a given payment period.
=IPMT( rate, per, nper, pv, fv, typr)

NPER
The NPER function calculates the number of periods required to pay off a loan, for
a specified constant period payment and constant interest rate. = NPER(
rate,pmt,pv,[fv],[rate])

DB FUNCTION
The DB Function calculates the depreciation of an asset using the fixed declining
balance method, for each period of the assets lifetime.
= DB(cost,salvage,life,period,[month])

SLN FUNCTION
The Excel SLN Function calculates the straight line depreciation of an asset for one
period. Straight line depreciation is most simple method of calculating the
depreciation of an asset. This method simply subtracts a fixed amount from the
value of an asset during each period of the assets lifetime.
= SLN ( cost,salvage,life)

SYD FUNCTION
The Excel SYD Function calculates the sum -of-years digits depreciation for a
specified period in the lifetime of an asset.
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= SYD ( cost, salvage,life, per)

DATABASE FUNCTION
Database takes the form of a large worksheet table of data. Each row in the table
stores an individual record & each column in the table stores a different field for
each record.
= Function_name ( database, field, criteria)

DAVERAGE
The Excel Daverage function calculates the average of values in a field (column) in
a database for selected records, that satisfy user- specified criteria.
= DAVERAGE( database, field, criteria)

DCOUNT
The Excel Dcount function returns the number of cells containing numeric values,
in a field (column) of a database for selected records only.
=DCOUNT (database,[field], criteria)

DMAX
The Dmax function finds the maximum value ( largest number ) in a field (column)
in a database for selected records only.
=DMAX( database, field, criteria)

DIMIN
The Dmin function finds the minimum value ( smallest number) in a field (column)
in a database for selected records only.
= DMIN(database,field,criteria)

DSUM
The Excel Dsum function calculates the Sum of a field (column) in a database for
selected records, that satisfy user-specified criteria
=DSUM( database, field, criteria)

LOGICAL FUNCTIONS
There are many built-in Excel logical functions. These functions include the
Boolean operators and conditional tests, which will be an essential part of many
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working spreadsheets. Excel 2010 uses seven logical functions - AND, FALSE, IF,
IFERROR, NOT, OR, and TRUE, which appear on the Logical command button's
drop-down menu on the Formulas tab of the Ribbon.

AND FUNCTION
The Excel AND function tests a number of supplied conditions and returns a result
of
TRUE if ALL of the conditions are TRUE
or
FALSE if ANY of the conditions are FALSE
=AND( logical test1, [logical_test2), ...)

THE IF FUNCTION
One of the most useful functions in Excel is the IF function. The IF function is
useful to
test a condition and have one value returned if the condition is TRUE and another
value returned if the condition is FALSE.
=IF(logical-test,value-if-true,value-if-false)
The first argument is the logical test-a condition which must evaluate to either
TRUE or FALSE. The second argument is the value Excel returns if the logical test
evaluates to TRUE, and the third argument is the value that Excel returns if the
logical test evaluates to FALSE.

OR FUNCTION
The OR function is a logical function to test multiple conditions at the Same time.
This function is used to compare any two statements or values.
= OR( logical_test1, [logical test2),...)

NOT FUNCTION
The Excel NOT function returns the opposite of a given logical or boolean value,
When given TRUE, NOT returns FALSE. When given FALSE, NOT returns TRUE.
=NOT(logical)

TRUE FUNCTION
The Excel True function returns the logical value TRUE. The function takes o
arguments and therefore the format is simply
=TRUE ( )
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FALSE FUNCTION
The Excel False function returns the logical value FALSE. The function takes no
arguments & therefore
= FALSE ( )

IFERROR FUNCTION
The Excel Iferror function tests if an initial supplied value (or expression) returns
an error, and if so, returns a second supplied argument; Otherwise the function
returns the initial value.
= IFERROR( value, value_if_error )

GOAL SEEK
The goal seek function is a part of Excel's what-if analysis tool set, that allows the
user to use the desired result of a formula to find the possible input value
necessary to achieve that result.
The Goal Seek feature in Excel uses a single variable to find a desired result. Goal
seek is a method to find a specific value of a cell by adjusting the value of another
cell. When this tool is applied, Excel varies the values in a cell that you specify
until a formula that is dependent on that cell returns the result you want.

AUTO FILL
Auto Fill is a unique feature of Microsoft Excel, It has the ability to fill out some
cells with Values that belong to a common series. To use the AutoFill, first select a
cell or the cells that define the series, Position our mouse on the lower right
corner of the selected cell or cells, and then drag in the appropriate direction.

SORTING
Sorting is the process of arranging data in a particular order.
The options for sorting data include:
1) Sort in ascending order- A to Z alphabetically or smallest to largest for number
data.
2) Sort in descending order - Z to A alphabetically or largest to smallest for
number data.
3) Sort numbers-smallest to largest or largest to smallest.
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4) Dates and times- oldest to newest and newest to oldest in one or more
columns.
5) Custom sort- includes sorting by the cell background color or the font color of
the data.

MACROS (Excel)
A macro is a piece of programming code that runs in Excel environment and helps
automate routine tasks. They allow the automation of repetitive tasks such as
printing, formatting, configuring, or otherwise manipulating data in Excel. With a
macro, routine steps in Excel can replay using a single button.
• Record a Macro
Follow these steps to record a macro:
1) Click on "Record Macro" on the Developer tab.
2) The Record Macro dialog box appears. Type a name for the macro in the
"Macro name" box.
3) Assign a Shortcut Key (Optional)
4) From the Store Macro In drop-down list, select where you want to store the
macro.
5) Type a description of the macro in the Description text box (Optional). 6) Click
OK Start Recording-Click OK to start recording
7) Start Typing-Perform the actions that you want to record.
8) Stop Recording-When you are done click "Stop Recording" in the "Code Group"
On the "Developer Tab". The macro has now been created.
• Running a Macro
1. On the Developer tab, Click Macros.
2. In the Macro name box, select the Macro that you want to run and Click Run.
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MODULE - 3
MS Powerpoint
One of the popular presentation graphics is MS-PowerPoint. PowerPoint is the
most popular presentation program which allows users to create, edit and show
beautiful presentations with the help of slides. The user can combine the text,
graphics and multimedia to support a presentation With the help of this
presentation program we can create presentations for seminars, schools, web
pages and business meetings. It is used to prepare beautiful colour slides There
can be many slides in a PowerPoint presentation A slide is nothing but an
electronic page in a presentation.

FEATURES OF POWERPOINT
Visual Impact: PowerPoint presentation provides much visual impact to the
audience. PowerPoint allows using images, audio and video to have a greater
visual impact.
Content Sharing: Content sharing is another feature of PowerPoint presentation.
If someone misses a presentation, they can view it online at a time that is
convenient for them.
Collaboration: PowerPoint allows us to work with other people in a collaborative
manner. This is especially useful in office settings where teamwork is very
essential. Many people can collaborate on and contribute to a presentation
Flexibility: PowerPoint can be used in a number of different effective ways to
communicate with the audience. Slides are completely customizable to fit our
needs.

Blank Presentation
A blank presentation has a white background and black text without any
additional design elements. By default, the presentation only contains a title slide.
You can click on the text boxes and type in your own text. To add a slide, click on
the option for a New Slide and select the type of slide you want.

Create a New Blank Presentation

1) Click the file tab. This takes you to backstage view.
2) Select New.
3) Select blank presentation under available templates & themes.
4) Click Create. A new blank presentation appears in the power point window.
`22

Open an existing presentation

1) Click the file tab. This takes you to backstage view.
2) Select OPEN. The open dialog box appears.
3) select the desired presentation, then click open.

Save a presentation
1) Click the file tab, then click save as.
2) in the file name, type a name of your power point presentation, & then click
save.

Autocontent Wizard & Templates

The Autocontent wizard is available only in old versions of powerpoint & not
found in MS Powerppoint 2007 onwards. Instead, we can create a presentation
quickly & easily by using templates. TEMPLATE is a file or set of files that contains
information about the theme, layout, & other elements of a finished
presentation.

Create New Slides

1) Click the home tab.
2) Click the new slide button in the slides group. The office theme dialog box
appears & displays several layout templates.
3) Click the layout you want.
4) To add text, click inside the placeholder & type.

ADDING SLIDES
To Add an additional slide to a presentation, Do one of the following :
Right-Click the Slide layout. A menu appears , click layout & then click the layout
you want., OR
Choose the home tab, click the new slide button, & then select the slide layout
you want.

CUT & PASTE A SLIDE

1) On the Slides tab in the left panel, select the slide you want to copy.
2) Click the Copy command on the Home tab, You can also right-click your
selection
and choose Copy.
`23

3) In the left panel, click just below a slide-or between two slides-to choose the
location where you want the copy to appear. A horizontal insertion point will
mark the location.
4) Click the Paste command on the Home tab. You can also right-click and choose
Paste. The copied slide will appear.

Duplicate Selected Slides

First of all select the slides we want to duplicate in the slide panel. To select
multiple slides, hold down the control key while clicking on additional slides, or to
select all slides in a range: click on the first slide and then hold down shift while
clicking on the last slide.
When the slides selected to duplicate click Home > Slides > New Slide > Duplicate
selected slides. The selected slides will be copied and pasted after the last
selected slide.

DELETE A SLIDE
1) Select the slide you want to delete.
2) Press the Delete or Backspace key on your keyboard.

MOVE A SLIDE
1) Select the slide you want to move.
2) Click, hold, and drag your mouse to a new location. A horizontal insertion point
will mark the location.
3) Release the mouse button. The slide will appear in the new location.

ADDING NOTES TO SLIDES

PowerPoint gives the ability to add notes to slides which will help for an easy
presentation. This is often called speaker notes. We can enter and view speaker
notes using the Notes panel or the Notes Page view.
To use the Notes panel:
1) Locate the Notes pane at the bottom of the screen, directly below the Slide
panel.
2) Click and drag the edge of the pane to make it larger or smaller.
3) Type your notes in the notes panel.
`24

INSERT TEXT IN A SLIDE

When layout for a slide is selected, we will see boxes that contain dummy text
which
read something like "Click to'Add Title" or "Click to Add Text". When we click in
the box, the dummy text will disappear, the cursor will become a blinking line (|),
and here we can begin to type the text.
1) Click the placeholder or text box where you want to insert text.
2) The insertion point appears.
3) Type directly into the placeholder or text box.

INSERT TEXTBOX IN A SLIDE

Text can be inserted into both placeholders and text boxes. A placeholder is a kind
of text box, but it is unique because it is part of the slide layout and often contains
formatting specific to the slide. inserting a extra text box allows us to include as
much text as we want in a slide.
• From the insert tab, click the Text Box command.
The cursor will turn into an upside down cross text box cursor
. Click the area on your slide where you want to add a text box. A text box will
appear with an insertion point inside.

INSERT SLIDE NUMBER

PowerPoint 2010 offer multiple ways in which we can insert current slide number
on the presentation slide, We can place it in Footer or Header or place it
anywhere according to the needs.
For inserting a slide number in slide, navigate to Insert tab and click Slide Number.
it will bring up header and footer dialog, enable slide number option. click apply
to all

WORD ART
Powerpoint provides the facility to add effects to the text inside of a text box,
which is known as Word art.

SMARTART
SmartArt is a way to improve the aesthetic presentation of information in slides. It
is useful to graphically representing textual data -- organization charts, flow
charts, Venn diagrams, pyramids, etc,
`25

ANIMATION IN POWER
PowerPoint provides a variety of animations. Animations are useful to enhance
the beauty of presentation. Animations can be used to make text or objects
appear on a slide, exit a slide, or emphasize the text or objects already on a slide.
We can even use motion paths to create a customized animation.
Types of Animations
There are different types of animation effects, but broadly they are organized into
four types.
1) Entrance: These control how the object enters the slide. For example, with the
Bounce animation, the object will drop onto the slide and then bounce several
times.
2) Emphasis: These animations occur while the object is on the slide and are often
triggered by a mouse click. For example, we can set an object to Spin when we
click the mouse.
3) Exit: These control how the object exits the slide. For example, with the Fade
animation, the object will simply fade away.
4) Motion Paths: These are similar to Emphasis effects, except the object moves
within the slide along a predetermined path, like a circle.

APPLY ANIMATION TO SLIDE

1) Select an object on any slide. This could be an image, chart, or block of text.
2) Click the animation tab.
3) Find the animation menu, which has star icons on it. Each one these represents
an animation effect.
4) Click on the desired animation effect.
5) The object will now have a small number next to it show that it has an
animation.

SLIDE MASTERS
Slide master are used to create consistent layouts throughout a presentation.
Using masters we can format titles, backgrounds, colours, dates, times & slide
numbers.

TRANSITIONS
Transitions are like the effects used in films to change from scene to scene.
Similarly, slide transitions are the effects that occur when you move from one
slide to the next during a presentation.
`26

CHANGE TEXT ALIGNMENT

• Select the text you want to modify.
• Select one of the 4 alignment options in the paragraph group.
1) Align Text Left
2) Center
3) Align Text Right
4) Justify

POWERPOINT VIEWS
Slide Sorter View: This displays all the slides as a matrix. In SSV, We can easily
add, delete or change order of slides.
Normal View Notes Page View Reading View Slide Show View Master
View
`27

MODULE - 4
INTERNET
The Internet is a massive network of networks, a networking infrastructure. It
connects millions of computers together globally, forming a network in which any
computer can communicate with any other computer as long as they are both
connected to the Internet.

HISTORY OF INTERNET
The internet is not a new phenomenon. It was created as a project for the us
department of defence. The initial goal of the project was to create a network
that enable the safe transmission of data between military computers at different
sites. In 1973 the US defense advanced research project agency (DARPA) initiated
a research program to investigate techniques and technologies for interlinking
packet networks of various kind. The objective of was to develop communication
protocols which allow network computers to communicate transparently across
multiple, linked packet networks. This was called the internetting project and the
system of networks which emerged from the research was known as the internet.
Its origin can be traced to an experimental network established with funding from
the advanced research project agency (ARPA) of the U.S. department of Defence,
to enable the scientists engaged on various military projects to communicate with
one another. Starting in 1965 with four sites in the US, it soon grew To 10 widely
dispersed sites including those in the UK and Norway. This network was called
ARPANEt. Electronic mail over the ARPANET was a great success. This has given
birth to the internet. The National Science Foundation (NSF) took over the
academic community network project in the mid 1980's after defence traffic was
moved away from the arpanet to milnet ( military network). The main turning
point in the history of internet in 1991, when NSF removed restriction & allowed
commercial traffic into internet.

FACILTIES AVAILABLE ON THE INTERNET

Internet provides several software tools to take maximum benefits from the net.
It is possible to communicate with people all around the world. Information on
various subjects can be accessed very easily. A user can navigate from one topic
to another and download any information required by him. business can be done
`28

and product can be advertised on the Internet. The following are some of the
services that can be exploited by an Internet user.
1) E-mail
2) FTP
3) Usenet
4) Telnet
5) Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
6) World Wide Web
E-MAIL
E-mail is an electronic message sent from one computer to another. Messages
can be prepared and sent reliably over communication networks from the
computer of the sender to be received at the computer of recipient. This facility
allows to exchange mail with millions of people all over the world at economical
Rates. Electronic messages are deliver to the recipient at his email address. Email
address is a series of characters that precisely identify the location of a person’s
electronic mailbox.
FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP)
This is another facility available in the Internet FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is the
simplest and most secure way to exchange files over the Internet. The most
common use for FTP is to download files from the Internet.
USENET
Usenet or 'User's Network' is not a computer network. In the physical sense, it is a
vast body of news group that are distributed all around the world by computers
called 'news servers'. These news servers exchange information so that each one
carries a copy of the most recent messages.
TELNET
This is another important facility available in internet. Telnet allows internet users
to access another computer linked to the internet.
INTERNET RELAY CHAT (IRC)
Internet Relay Chat is a real time internet based chat service, in which one can
find live' participants from the world over. It is a real time textual talk and
referred to as "CB" of internet. It is a multi user chat system that allows many
people to communicate simultaneously across the Internet.
WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW)
World Wide Web or simply web is one of the main reasons for the growing
popularity of the Internet. Information can be accessed on the internet through
`29

World Wide Web. Web is a system of organising, linking and providing access to
related internet files, resources and services.

CLIENT SERVER COMPUTING

A client/server system is "a networked computing model that distributes
processes between clients and servers, which supply the requested service." A
client/server network connects many computers, called clients, to a main
computer, called a server.

Applications Of Client Server Computing

World Wide Web
E-mail
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Usenet
Telnet
Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
Network Management System (SNMP)
A network is a collection of devices that are connected and can communicate with
one another Over common transport or communication protocol. Simple network
management protocol (SNMP) is an internet standard protocol to manage
device's on IP networks.
Library (WAIS)
WAIS is one of the original search facilities developed to index and search a web
site. It employs client/server architecture. This is used for library applications. It
provides a collection of great resources, stories, ideas and articles. WAIS is an
internet search tool the has the capability of searching many databases at one
time.

ADVANTAGES OF CLIENT-SERVER TECHNOLOGY

1) Improves Network Performance: In a client/server environment, most of the
data is processed on the server and only the result is returned to the client. This
reduces the amount of network traffic between the server and the client
machine, which improves network performance.
2) Scalability: The main advantages of client/server technology are high
performance and scalability. Thousands of users can access the same database at
the same time, and the database can store billions of records.
`30

3) Easy Maintenance: Client-server architecture enables the responsibilities of a

system to be distributed amongst several individual computers. These individual
computers are accessed only through a network so it is easier to maintain and
repair or even relocate a server without affecting the clients.
4) Greater Security: Another benefit exists in that data is stored on servers which
generally have greater security than clients. Servers can also control user access
and resources.
5) Standardised Interfaces: The client-server architecture provides standardized,
abstract interfaces to establish communication between multiple modules
6) Easy Development: In the client-server architecture, a programmer can develop
presentation components without knowing the business application logic.

DISADVANTAGES OF CLIENT-SERVER TECHNOLOGY

1) The resources of the computers in the network can become overburdened as
they have to support not only the workstation user, but also the requests from
network users.
2) Client server network have a higher initial setup cost.

INTERNET ADMINISTRATION
The Internet is neither run nor owned by anyone. Every organisation that is
hooked into the internet is responsible for its computers. The main advantages
derived out of such a system are no membership fees, no censorship, no
government control etc. The disadvantage is that when something goes wrong,
there is no
central control to ask for assistance. However, a number of Internet Technical
Groups coordinate the working and maintenance of Internet. Some of them are:
1) The Internet Engineering Task Force IETF :- IETF coordinates the operation,
management, and evolution of the Internet. It has a prominent role in the
development of the Internet's communication protocols.
2) The Internet Research Task Force – IRTF IRTF is concerned with the long term
research problems and technical issues confronting the internet.
3) The Internet Architecture Board- IAB
They look after the technical and policy issues involving the evolution of
architecture of the Internet.
4) Internet Society : Internet Society is considered to be the parent organisation
of the IAB. It does not directly involve the control and maintenance of Internet,
but the society works to keep the whole system smooth.
`31

TECHNOLOGICAL FOUNDATION OF INTERNET

Computers are widely used in sending and receiving information. People and
organization need to exchange data and information electronically with one
another. Rapid advancement of technology in the field of communication led to
the creation of communication networks. All forms of telecommunications now
heavily depend on computers and computerized devices for sending and receiving
information. Many types of technology works behind
the internet Such as networking, communication technology, distributed
computing and internet protocols.

DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
A distributed computing system is basically a collection of processors
interconnected by a communication network in which each processor has its own
memory and other peripherals, and the communication between any two
processers of the system takes place by message passing over the communication
network.
Applications :- Automated Banking Systems Tracking Roaming Cellular
Telephones Air-Traffic Control Systems
Retail Point-of-Sale Terminals • Global Positioning Systems The World-Wide
Web •Research and development projects

NETWORK
A network can be defined as a group of stations such as computers, telephones or
other devices connected by communication facilities for exchanging information.

COMPUTER NETWORK
A computer network is an interconnected collection of autonomous computers.
They are the interconnection of independent computer systems.

INTERNET PROTOCOL
It is Set of standards or rules for exchanging information between computer
systems in network. This is also called a communication protocol.
`32

MODULE - 5
INTERNET PROTOCOL SUITE
A protocol stack or suite is a complete set of protocol layers that work together to
provide networking capabilities. A protocol suite is a collection of protocols that
are designed to work together. It is called a stack or suite because it is typically
designed as a hierarchy of layers, each supporting the one above it and using
those below it.
The Internet protocol suite is sometimes called the TCP/IP protocol suite, which
refers to the two most important protocols in it: the transmission control protocol
(TCP) and the Internet protocol (IP). These were also the first two protocols in the
suite to be developed. This suite has four layers each of which contains a number
of protocols. These layers include application layer, transport layer, internet layer
and data link layer.

NETWORK PROTOCOLS
IP (INTERNET PROTOCOL)
IP stands for Internet Protocol, An IP address, which is usually just called an IP, is a
series of numbers used to uniquely identify a computer/device on a network or
on the internet. The IP address basically indicates the location of a device on a
network: it is a unique identifier for devices.
FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL
The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used for the
transfer of computer files between a client and server on a computer network. It
is mainly used for transferring the web page files from their creator to the
computer that acts as a server for other computers on the internet.
HTTP
is the protocol used to transfer data over the web. It is part of the Internet
protocol suite and defines commands and services used for transmitting webpage
data.
TELNET
Telnet (TN) is a networking protocol and software program used to access remote
computers and terminals over the Internet or a TCP/IP computer network.
GOPHER
Gopher is a protocol. It was designed for distributing, searching, and retrieving
documents over the Internet. The gopher protocol has some things HTTP-based
clients do not have. It is based on menus. An item selected from a menu will
either open another menu, or a document.
`33

ICMP&UDP
ICMP is a control protocol, meaning that it designed to not carry application data,
but rather information about the status of the network itself. ... UDP, on the other
hand, is a connection-less protocol. Communication is datagram oriented, so the
integrity is guaranteed only on the single datagram.
SMT&PPOP3
SMTP protocol allows applications to transmit email messages over the Internet.
Basically, SMTP handles your outgoing mail. POP3 stands for Post Office Protocol
revision 3. This protocol handles the receiving of email messages from your mail
server. The Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) is a mail protocol used for
accessing email on a remote web server from a local client
IPV6
Internet Protocol version 6 is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol, the
communications protocol that provides an identification and location system for
computers on networks and routes traffic across the Internet.
WAIS
Wide Area Information Server (WAIS) is a client–server text searching system to
search index databases on remote computers.

IP ADDRESS
IP Address is required to communicate with other computers in the net. One must
know the address of the computer to transfer files, send emails etc.
An IP (Internet Protocol) address is an identifier for a particular computer on a
particular network. A 32-bit binary number that uniquely and precisely identifies
the location of a particular computer on the Internet. Every computer that is
directly connected to the internet must have an IP address.
The IP Address has following characteristic,
1) IP Address Unique numbers.
2) No two computers can have the same IP number.
3) IP Address are also global & standardized.

DOMAIN NAME
A domain name is a name used to identify & locate computers connected to the
internet. No 2 organizations can have the same domain name. each domain name
is an English version of an IP Address.
`34

DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM (DNS)

IP addresses are hard to remember and easy to type incorrectly. Thus the Domain
Name System (DNS) was established because users prefer computer names to
numbers. It is far easier to remember someone's name than their telephone
number. The system that converts domain names into IP addresses is known as
the domain name system.

TYPES OF DOMAIN NAMES

Domain Names are generally divided into three categories i.e.
1. Top level domain (TLD) name
2. Second level domain (SLD) name and
3. Third level domain.
(1) TOP-LEVEL DOMAIN (TLD)
The top-level domains (TLDS) are the highest level of domain names of the
Internet. They form the DNS root zone of the hierarchical Domain Name System.
Every domain name ends in a top-level or first level domain label.
Top level domain name is divided into two categories, that is generic TLD and the
Country code TLD.
(a) Generic TLDS (gTLD's)
They are used by a particulars class of organization. It describes the type of the
organization that they represent. The generic ones currently in use include.
.com - Originally Stood for Commercial to
Indicate a site used for commercial
Purpose, but it has since become
The most well known top level domain, &
Is now used for any kind of site
.edu - used for educational institutions like
Universities.
.gov - Used for government sites
.mil - Used for US military sites
(b) Country Domain (ccTLD’s)
Each country in the world has its own top level internet domain with a unique
alphabetic designation. Country-code top level domains were created based on
the two- letter code set ( eg :- .us for USA, .in for India)
`35

Organisations in each country are responsible for managing the top level internet
domain, & then for allocating second level domains within that domain to people
& organisations with interests in that country.
(2) SECOND LEVEL DOMAINS
In addition to the top level domains, there are second level domain (SLD) names.
Second level domain (SLD) is a domain that is directly below a top level domain
(TLD)
(3) THIRD LEVEL DOMAINS
On the next level are third Level domains. Third Level internet domain names are
created by those that own second level domains. Third Level domains can be used
to set up individual domains for specific purposes, such as a domain for web
access and one for mail.

UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR-URL

Each web page has its own unique address called a Uniform Resource Locator
(URL). It is the global address of documents and other resources on the World
Wide Web. Web browsers make use of URL address to find web servers. When
you type the address of a web page into your browser, you are typing a URL. They
specify what kind of resource the item is, what server it can be found on, and its
name on that server.

INTERNET FOR GOVERNANCE

E-Governance or 'electronic governance' is basically the application of
Information technology and internet facilities to the processes of Government
functioning in order to bring about a spectacular change. This would generally
involve the use of IT and internet by government agencies for any or all of the
following reasons:
1. Exchange of information with citizens, businesses or other government
departments
2. Speedier and more efficient delivery of public services
3. Improving internal efficiency
4. Reducing costs / increasing revenue
5. Re-structuring of administrative processes and
6. Improving quality of services.
`36

BENEFITS OF E-GOVERNANCE
1) Better access to information and quality services for citizens
Internet would make available timely and reliable information on various aspects
of governance. In the initial phase, information would be made available with
respect to simple aspects of governance such as forms, laws, rules, procedures etc
later extending to detailed information including reports, public database,
decision making processes etc.
2) Simplicity, efficiency and accountability in the government
Application of to governance would lead to simplification of complicated
processes,
avoiding of unwanted processes, simplification in structures and changes in
statutes and regulations. The end result would be simplification of the functioning
of government, enhanced decision making abilities and increased efficiency
across government.
3) Expanded reach of governance
Rapid growth of communications technology and its adoption in governance
would help in bringing government machinery to the doorsteps of the citizens.

INTERNET FOR EDUCATION

Internet plays a very vital role in education. It is no doubt that in this modern era
everyone prefers Google for their queries, problems or doubts. Popular search
engines like Yahoo, Google, etc. are the topmost choice of people as these offer
an easy and instant reach to the vast amount of information in just a few seconds.
It contains a wealth of knowledge that can be searched at any time.
Internet provides the following facilities for education.
1) Informative Resources
Majority of the students consider internet as a tool for their studies. They will get
more information about any topics from the internet when compared to the
textbooks 2) Distance Learning
Many websites are available which offers online tuitions for the students.
Distance learning became more famous and attractive through internet. Most of
the colleges and Universities have come with online distance education.
3) Virtual Universities
Internet has also provided the opportunity to study online.
4) Project And Assignment Work
`37

Now a days internet helps students to explore more about their subjects. Many
students depend on internet to complete their school project and assignment
works.
5) Flexible Learning
Internet education thus also provide the individuals to balance their time
according to their own needs, as there is no fixed time to attend the lectures.
6) Beneficial To Teachers
The internet is an extra bonus for teachers looking for more information on
topics. It enables them to communicate effectively with parents and other
teachers via email.

INTERNET IN BUSINESS
1) 1) Access to databases
Internet is highly useful to a business to access complex databases.
2) Electronic Commerce
buying and selling products and services on internet is called Electronic
Commerce.
3) Electronic Mail
A major use of Internet in the field of business is for speedy communication.
Electronic mail is widely used by companies to communicate faster between
companies customers workers and outsiders.
4) Conferencing
companies are also making use of internet to contact both audio and video
conferencing to discuss important issues by executive locating at distant places.
6) World Wide Audience
The internet is a worldwide network allowing the business to reach people over
the world
7) Provide Product Information
Internet give customers direct access to information about your products
8) Provided easy access to customer service.
9) Recruit New Employees
Many companies provide current information about job opening and attract
talented people from places they could not reach otherwise.
10) Provide Online Service
Many products and services can be delivered over the internet
11) Eliminate The Middle Man
12) Entertainment Programs
`38