Q: What does flow control refer to in networking? A: Flow control ic a mechaniom used to manage the flow of data between devices in a network, preventing congection and encuring omooth data trancmiccion by regulating the rate of data transfer. Mention the categories of flow control. Q: What are the different categories of flow control? A: Flow control can be categorized into two main types: Congestion Control: Manages network congestion to prevent packet loce and ensure ficient data trancmiccion. Error Control: Detects and corrects errors in data transmission to ensure dataQ: What tasks does the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer handle in data. transmission? Az LLC formate Frames, performs error checking, coordinates data ow, and multiplexes logical connections into physical ones for efficient network use. Lil continue with the next cet of quections and ancwers. What ic Ethernet? Q: What ic the definition of Ethernet in networking? A: Ethernet ic a. widely used networking technology that def link layers of the OST model. It allows devices to coi (LAN) using protocole cuch as TCP/IP. Define flow control. Q: What does flow control refer A: Flow control ic a. mechanic network, preventing cintegrity and relia. What ie the function of stop-and-wait flow control? Q: What role does stop-and-wait flow control play in data transmigsion? A: Stop-and-wait fow control encurec data integrity by requiring the cent for an acknowledgment (ACK) from the receiver before cending the preventing data loce and ensuring accurate delivery. Mention the advantage and ditadvantage of stop-and-wait Q: What are the pros and cons of stop-and-wi A: Advantage: Encures reliable data tre loce. Disodvantage: Can lead to due to the waiting tiQ: What ic the purpose of the go-back-N ARQ protocol? A: The go-back-N ARQ protocol ic a type of automatic repeat request protocol that retrangmite multiple Frames after an error until the correct Frame ic received, improving data reliability in unreliable network environments. What ic selective reject ARQ? Q: How doce celective reject ARQ differ from other ARQ protocols? A: Selective reject ARQ, aleo known as selective repeat ARQ, retransmite only the damaged Frames instead of retrancmitting all framec from the point of error, reducing network overhead and improving efficiency. Define HDLC. Q: What does HDLC stand for, and what ic ite purpose? A: HDLC stande for High-Level Data Link Control, which ica data link layer protocol aced for reliable and efficient communication between network devices in point-to-point and multipoint networks. List the types of stations in HDLC. Q: What are the different types of stations defined in HDLC? A: HDLC defines three types of stations: primary ctation, secondary station, and combined station. These stations have different rolee and responsibilities in ectabliching and maintaining data link connections. What are the different communication modes in HDLC?Q: How does HDLC support communication between stationc? A: HDLC supports three communication modes: Normal Response Mode (NRM), Agehronous Balanced Mode (ABM), and Agynchronous Response Mode (ARM). each with specific characterictice and purposes in data trancmiccion. Til continue with the next cet of questions and answers. Mention the types of Frames in HDLC. Q: What are the different types of frames used in HDLC? A: HDLC defines three types of frames: Information Frames (I-frames) for data. transmission, Supervisory Frames (C-frames) for flow control and error recovery, and Unnumbered Frames (U-fromes) for contro! and management functions. Give the ucage of I. UFrames. Q: How are the L, §, and U frames used in HDLC? A: Lframes: Uked for data tranomission and acknowledgment. G-Frames: Used for flow control, error recovery, and status information. U-Frames: bed for control and management functions such as connection ectablichment, dicconnection, and parameter negotiation. Write the types of Frame fielde contained in HDLC. Q: What are the common fields found in HDLC frames? A: HDLC Frames typically contain fields such as Fraime delimiter, address field (forstation addreccing), control field (to indicate Frame type and sequence), information held (For data), and frome check sequence (for error detection). What ie meant by bit stuffing? Q: What ic the purpose of bit ctuffing in data transmiscion? A: Bit stuffing is a technique used to ensure data integrity and synchronization in data streams by inserting additional bite into the data when specifie patterns occur, preventing misinterpretation of control characterc ae data. Define standard 802.3. Q: What does the IEEE standard 302.3 specify? A: IEEE standard 802.3 specifies the standarde for Ethernet networks, including protocols, datalink layer specifications, and physical layer characteristics, ensuring interoperabilty and compatibility among Ethernet devices. Ill continue with the next cet of quectione and ancwers. Deseribe the three HDLC station types. Q: What are the roles and characteristics of the three types of HDLC stations? A: HDLC defines three station types: Primary Station: Initiates and controle data link connections, manoges Frame sequencing, and coordinates communication with secondary stations. Secondary Station: Responde to connection requests From primary stations, acknowledges Fromes, and participates in data exchange within extabliched connections.Combined Station: Combines the functionalities of both primary and secondary stations, allowing it to act ag both an initiator and responder in data link connections. What is piggybacking? Q: How does piggybacking work in networking? A: Piggybacking ic a technique used in protocole like HDLC where data frames are combined with acknowledgment (ACK) or control information, reducing overhead by trangmitting multiple types of information in a single Frame. Name the four types of C-frames. Q: What are the different types of Supervisory frames (C-Frames) in HDLC? A: The four types of S-Frames in HDLC are: Receive Ready (RR): Indicates the receiver ic ready to accept data frames. Receive Not Ready (RNR): Indicates the receiver ic temporarily unable to accept data Frames. Reject (RE}): Requests retrancmiccion of specific frames that were not received correctly. elective Reject (CREJ): Requeste retransmission of a specific frame that was not received correctly. Naime the five categories of Uxframes. Q: What ave the different categories of Unnumbered frames (U-frames) in HDLC? A: The five categories of U-frames in HDLC are: Unnumbered Acknowledgment (VA): Acknowledges the establishment of a data linkconnection. Disconnect (DISC): Initiates the termination of a data link connection. Unnuimbered Information (UI): Trancmite control information without requiring acknowledgment. Exchange Identification (KID): Exchanges ctation identification and capabilities during connection establishment. Test (TEST): Sende tect signale for diagnostics and troublechooting purposes. Til continue with the next cet of questions and answers. Define computer networke? Q: What ic the definition of computer networks, and what are its types? A: A computer network ic a. collection of interconnected devices that can communicate and share resources such ac data, files, and devices. Types of computer networks include LAN (Local Area Networks), WANe (Wide Area Networks), MANe Metropolitan Area Networks), and PANe (Personal Area Networks). Disouse various typec of network topologies in computer network. Alco, disease various advantages and dictadvantages of each topology. Q: What ave the different network topologies, and what are their pros and cons? A: Star Topology: Advantages include centralized management, eaty troubleshooting, and scalability, but a dicadvantage is that if the central hub faile, the entire network may be affected. Bus Topology: Advantages include simplicity and cost-effectivenecs, but adicadvantage icthat a single cable failure can dicrupt the entire network. Ring Topology: Advantages include equal access to recources and efficient dato trangmistion, but a disadvantage ic that adding or removing devices can dicrupt the network. Mess Topology: Advantages include redundancy and Fault tolerance, but adicadvantage ie the high cost. and complexity of cabling. Hybrid Topology: Combines multiple topologies to leverage their strengths and mitigate weaknesces, offering Rexibility and sealabitty. What are the applications of Computer Networks? Q: How are computer networks used in various appleations? A: Computer networks are used in applications such os file sharing, resource sharing (printers, scanners), communication (email, chat), internet access, online gaming, video streaming, cloud computing, and JoT (Internet of Things) devices. What ic OST Model? Q: What does the OST Model define, and what are ite layers? A: The OST (Qnen Systeme Interconnection) Model ic a conceptual Framework that defines the functions and interactions of networking protocols. Ite layers include: Physical Layer Data Link Layer Network Layer Transport Layer Session Layer Presentation LayerApplication Layer Explain the functions, protocols, and services of each OST layer. Q: What are the responsibilities and protocole ascociated with each OST layer? A: Physical Layer: Handles physical connections and signaling. Data Link Layer: Manages data framing, error detection, and Row control (e.g., Ethernet, HDLC). Network Layer: Routes and forwarde data packets (e.9., IP, routing protocols). Transport Layer: Provides end-to-end communication and data segmentation (e.9., TCP, UDP). Secsion Layer: Manages sessions and dialogues between applications. Presentation Layer: Handles data translation, encryption, and compression. Application Layers Provides network cervices to applications (c.9., HITP, FTP).