Linux Common Commands and Vi Editor Shortcuts:

ls
lists all the contents in the current working directory.

ls <path name>
By specifying the path after ls, the content in that path will be displayed.

ls –l
lists all the contents along with its owner settings, permissions & time stamp
(long format)

ls -a
lists all the hidden contents in the specified directory.

ls -lrt
list of files in order of recently modified at last.

sudo
This command executes only that command with root/ superuser privileges.

sudo useradd <username>

Adding a new user

sudo passwd <username>

Setting a password for the new user

usermod -aG sudo <user_name>

Give root access to the user.

sudo userdel <username>

Deleting the user

sudo groupadd <groupname>

Adding a new group

sudo groupdel <groupname>

Deleting the group

sudo usermod -g <groupname> <username>

Adding a user to a primary group

cat
This command can read, modify or concatenate text files. It also displays file
contents.

cat -b
This adds line numbers to non-blank lines.

cat -n
This adds line numbers to all lines.

cat -s
This squeezes blank lines into one line.

cat –E
This shows $ at the end of line.

grep
This command searches for a particular string/ word in a text file. This is similar
to “Ctrl+F” but executed via a CLI.

grep -i
Returns the results for case insensitive strings.

grep -n
Returns the matching strings along with their line number.

grep -v
Returns the result of lines not matching the search string.

grep -c
Returns the number of lines in which the results matched the search string.
sort
This command sorts the results of a search either alphabetically or
numerically. It also sorts files, file contents, and directories.

sort -r
the flag returns the results in reverse order.

sort -f
the flag does case insensitive sorting

sort -n
the flag returns the results as per numerical order.

chmod
This command is used to change the access permissions of files and
directories.
chmod <permissions of user, group, others> {filename}

4 – read permission
2 – write permission
1 – execute permission
0 – no permission

chmod 777 <filename.sh>

Give permission to file

ifconfig
ifconfig (interface configuration) command is used to configure the kernel-
resident network interfaces. It is used at the boot time to set up the interfaces
as necessary. After that, it is usually used when needed during debugging or
when you need system tuning. Also, this command is used to assign the IP
address and netmask to an interface or to enable or disable a given interface.

ifconfig -a
This option is used to display all the interfaces available, even if they are down.

ifconfig -s
Display a short list, instead of details.

history
history command is used to view the previously executed command. These
commands are saved in a history file. In Bash shell history command shows
the whole list of the command

history 10
To show the limited number of commands that executed previously.

ssh-keygen
Use the ssh-keygen command to generate a public/private authentication key
pair. Authentication keys allow a user to connect to a remote system without
supplying a password. Keys must be generated for each user separately. If you
generate key pairs as the root user, only the root can use the keys.

ssh-keygen -t rsa
The following example creates the public and private parts of an RSA key.

curl
curl is a command-line tool to transfer data to or from a server, using any of the
supported protocols (HTTP, FTP, IMAP, POP3, SCP, SFTP, SMTP, TFTP, TELNET,
LDAP or FILE). This tool is preferred for automation since it is designed to work
without user interaction. It can transfer multiple files at once.

curi -o
saves the downloaded file on the local machine with the name provided in the
parameters.

apt-get
apt-get is a command-line tool that helps in handling packages in Linux. Its
main task is to retrieve the information and packages from the authenticated
sources for installation, upgrade and removal of packages along with their
dependencies. Here APT stands for the Advanced Packaging Tool

apt-get update
This command is used to synchronize the package index files from their
sources again. You need to perform an update before you upgrade.

ps
Every process in Linux has a unique ID and can be seen using the command ps.

sudo ps aux
a=show processes for all users
u=display the process’s user/owner
x=also show processes not attached to a terminal

telnet localhost
connect to a remote Linux computer.
run programs remotely and conduct administration.

cd
Change directory.

mkdir
Make folder or directory.

rm <file_name>
Remove file.

rm -r <dir_name>
Remove directory dir

rm -f <file_name>
Remove file forcefully.

rm -rf <dir_name>
Remove directory forcefully.

cp fileA fileB
Copy fileA to fileB

mv fileA fileB
Move or rename fileA to fileB

touch <file_name>
Create file.

cat <file_name>
Displays the content of file.

more <file_name>
Displays first 10 lines of file.

tail <file_name>
Displays last 10 line of file.

ping host
Ping host and output result

wget file
Download file.

top
Display top process.

kill pid
Kill process with process id.

netstat -r -v
Print network information, routing and connection.

df
Shows disk usage.

du
Shows directory space usage.

date
Shows the current Server date and time.
cal
Shows this month calendar.

whoami
Show user who is logged in.

tar cf file.tar files

create a tar named file.tar containing files.

tar xf file.tar
extract the files from file.tar

tar czf file.tar.gz files

create a tar with Gzip compression.

tar xzf file.tar.gz

extract a tar using Gzip

tar cjf file.tar.bz2

create a tar with Bzip2 compression.

tar xjf file.tar.bz2

extract a tar using Bzip2

gzip file
compresses file and renames it to file.gz

gzip -d file.gz
decompresses file.gz back to file

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Shortcuts:

Ctrl+C – halts the current command.

Ctrl+Z – stops the current command, resume with fg in the foreground or bg in
the background.
Ctrl+D – log out of current session, similar to exit.
Ctrl+W – erases one word in the current line.
Ctrl+U – erases the whole line.
Ctrl+R – type to bring up a recent command.
!! – repeats the last command.
exit – log out of current session.

Linux Commands for Vi Editor:

:q
Simple exit

:w
Save the file but keep it open.

:sh
Execute Shell Commands

:q!
Exit without save.

:wq
Exit by saving.

shift + ^
Move cursor at start of line.

shift + $
Move cursor at end of line.

shift + h
Move cursor at top of screen.
shift + L
Move cursor at bottom of screen.

shift + A
Insert Text at the end of line.

shift + n
Search Next

shift + s
Replace entire line.

gg
To go in start of file

dd
To delete the entire line

shift + G
To go in end of file

shift + U
Undo all last changes in line.

CTRL+d
Move forward 1/2 screen.

YP
Copy the current line and paste (Y for copy P for paste)

P
Move cursor where u want to put the copied text.

:s/pattern/replace/
Syntax for replace old string with new, here word pattern is old string. (Only on
the line)
:%s/pattern/replace/
Replace at every occurrence.

dw
Delete word.

shift + d
Delete to end of line.

dd
Delete a single line at once.

ndd
Delete n numbers of line (n must be integer)

/ xyz
To search xyz in opened file

Note: These are very beginner level commands. Follow me on LinkedIn to get
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