Q4 - Lesson 1 Technical Terms in Research

QUARTER 4: TECHNICAL TERMS IN RESEARCH
RESEARCH
• An art of scientific investigation

• A careful and detailed study into a specific problem, concern, or issue using scientific method
• Regarded as a systematic effort to gain new knowledge
• A careful investigation or inquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch of
knowledge (dictionary meaning)
✓ An organized and systematic way of finding answers to questions.
✓ SYSTEMATIC- Because there is a definite set of procedure and steps which you will follow. There
are certain things in the research process which are always done in order to get the most
accurate results.
✓ ORGANIZED- there is a structure or method in going about doing research. It is a planned
procedure, not a spontaneous one. It is focused and limited to a specific scope.
✓ FINDING ANSWERS- the end of all research whether it is the answer to a hypothesis or even a
simple question, research is successful when we find answers. Sometimes the answer is no, but
it is still an answer.
✓ QUESTIONS- are central to research. If there is no question, then the answer is of no use.
Research is focused on relevant, useful, and important questions. Without a question, research
has no focus, drive, or purpose.
RESEACH PAPER
• A piece of academic writing that provides analysis, interpretation, and argument based on in-
depth independent research.
ABSTRACT
• A short summary of your completed research

• Intended to describe your work without going into detail
• Should be self-contained and concise, explaining your work as briefly and clearly as possible.
✓ The most important function of an abstract is to help the reader decide if he/she
interested in reading your entire research paper
INTRODUCTION
• The next part after the title and abstract.

• It leads the reader from a general subject area to a particular topic of inquiry.
• It establishes the scope, context, and significance of the research being conducted by:
✓ Summarizing current understanding and background information about a topic.
✓ Stating the purpose of the work in the form of the research problem supported by a
hypothesis or a set of questions.
✓ Explaining briefly the methodological approach used to examine the research problem
✓ Highlighting the potential outcomes your study can reveal.
✓ Outlining the remaining structure and organization of the paper.
LITERATURE REVIEW/ REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
• Provides an overview of sources you have explored including books, scholarly articles, and any
other sources relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory to demonstrate to your
readers how your research fits within a larger field of study.
• Provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories, methods,
and gaps in in the existing research.
✓ A good literature review does not just summarize sources. It analyzes, synthesizes, and critically
evaluates to give a clear picture of the state of knowledge on the subject.
HYPOTHESIS
• A statement of expectation or prediction that will be tested by research.

• Commonly known as the researcher’s intellectual guess or wild guess about the possible result
of the study.
• Hypothesis (singular) Hypotheses (plural)
• Sample Hypothesis number 1 “QUALITY OF SLEEP AFFECTS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE”
✓ This is the intellectual guess of the researcher. He is predicting that the quality of sleep has a
direct effect on students’ academic performance.
✓ The researcher expresses through his hypothesis that the amount of sleep of a student even the
time when he/she sleep affects his/her academic performance.
✓ This particular hypothesis will be tested that is why the researcher will conduct a study.
✓ Sample Hypothesis number 2 “PEOPLE EXPOSED TO HIGH LEVEL OF ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT HAVE A
HIGHER INCIDENCE OF CANCER THAN THE NORM”
✓ This hypothesis is also testable because it is possible to find a group of people who have been
exposed to high level of ultra violet light and compare their cancer rate to the average.
METHODOLOGY
• The systematic method to resolve a research problem through data gathering using various
techniques, providing an interpretation of data gathered, and drawing conclusion about the
research data.
• THE AIM: To insure valid and reliable result that address the research aims and objectives.
• It is where the researcher will decide:
✓ What data to collect (and what data to ignore)
✓ Who to collect it from (in research, this is called “sampling design”)
✓ How to collect it (data collection method)
✓ How to analyze it (data analysis method)
POPULATION
• The entire group that you want to draw conclusions about.

• In research, it doesn’t always refer to people.
• It can mean a group containing elements of anything you want to study, such as objects, events,
organizations, countries, species, organisms, etc.
SAMPLE
• A smaller part or subgroup of population

• The specific group within a population that you will collect data from
• The group of individuals who will participate in your study. They are the ones who will answer
surveys or interviews.
• NECESSITY- sometimes it’s simply not possible to study the whole population due to its size or
inaccessibility
✓ PRACTICALITY- It’s easier and more efficient to collect data from a sample.
✓ COST-EFFECTIVENESS- There are fewer participants, laboratory equipment, and
researcher cost involved.
✓ MANAGEABILITY- Storing and running statistical analyses on smaller datasets is easier
and reliable.
• Now, the sample or the people who the researcher sect for their study is further categories into
three.
✓ RESPONDENTS- Answer (respond/reply to questionnaires) quantitative research
✓ PARTICIPANTS- participate and answer questions in qualitative studies (eg. Interviews
and focus groups).
Generally, gives more detailed answer than a respondent would in a survey.
✓ SUBJECTS- the people in the researcher’s experiment
-Usually in quantitative research
EXAMPLE: In a medical experiment, the controlled group of ten subjects did not receive
the medicine, while the experimental group of 10 subjects received the medicine.
SUBJECT is the term used more in science
• Generally, a more passive term
VARIABLE
• Any factor, trait, or condition that can be manipulated, controlled for, or measured in an
experiment
• Two types of variables:
✓ INDEPENDENT- The variable in an experiment that is changed or manipulated
• Assumed to have a direct effect on the dependent variable
✓ DEPENDENT- The variable that respond to the changes
• The variable being tested and measured
• Dependent on the independent variable.
INDEPENDENT: Quality of sleep
DEPENDENT: Academic Performance
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
• Any tool that you may use to collect or obtain data, measure data, and analyze data
that is relevant to the subject of your research
• The format may consist of:
- Questionnaires
- Surveys
- Interviews
- Checklist
- Simple test
• The choice of which specific research instrument to use will be decided on by the
researchers
• What makes a good research instrument?
✓ Good research instrument is one that has been validated and has proven reliability. It
should be one that can collect data in a way that is appropriate to the research question
being asked.
✓ The research instrument must be able to assist in answering the research aims,
objectives and research questions, as well as prove and disprove the hypothesis of the
study.
✓ It should not have any bias in the way that data is correct and it should be clear as to
how the research instrument should be used appropriately.
QUESTIONNAIRE
• The main instrument for collecting data in survey research

• Basically, it is a set of standardized questions, often called items, which follow a fixed scheme in
order to collect individual data about one or more specific topics.
DATA
• Any information that has been collected, observed, generated, or created to validate original
research findings
• Research data takes many different forms. Data maybe intangible as in, measured numerical
values found in a spreadsheet. Or an object as in physical research materials such as samples of
rocks, plants, or insects
RESULTS/ FINDINGS
• The section of a research paper where the authors provide the data collected during their
study.
DISCUSSION
• The section of a research paper whose purpose is to interpret and describe the significance of
your findings in light of what was already known about the research problem being
investigated.
• To explain any new understanding or insight that emerged as a result of your study of the
problem.
• Objectives of the DISCUSSION:
1. Reiterate the research problem/ state the major findings.
2. Explain the meaning of the findings and why they are important.
3. Relate the findings to similar studies.
4. Consider alternative explanations of the findings.
5. Acknowledge the study’s limitations.
CONCLUSION
• Intended to help the readers understand why your research should matter to them after they
have finished reading the paper.
• Not merely a summary of your points or a restatement of your research problem but synthesis
of key points.
• Where you wrapped up your ideas and leave the readers with a strong final impression
• Key Goals:
✓ Restate the research problem addressed in the paper
✓ Summarize your overall arguments or findings
✓ Suggest the key takeaways from your paper
REFERENCE
• The last page of a research paper that lists all the sources you used in your study
• It gives credit to authors you have consulted for their ideas
APPENDIX
• Serves as a space for materials that help clarify your research, but do not belong in the main text
• This where the researchers attach a copy of their research instrument such as interview
transcripts, questionnaires, or surveys.

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QUARTER 4: TECHNICAL TERMS IN RESEARCH

• An art of scientific investigation

• A short summary of your completed research

• The next part after the title and abstract.

• A statement of expectation or prediction that will be tested by research.

• The entire group that you want to draw conclusions about.

• A smaller part or subgroup of population

DEPENDENT: Academic Performance

• The main instrument for collecting data in survey research

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