The document discusses various water treatment methods including ion exchange, lime soda process, and desalination. Ion exchange uses cation and anion exchange resins to remove ions from water. Lime soda process converts calcium and magnesium salts into insoluble compounds. Desalination techniques like electrodialysis use electric currents and ion exchange membranes to remove dissolved salts from brackish water.
The document discusses various water treatment methods including ion exchange, lime soda process, and desalination. Ion exchange uses cation and anion exchange resins to remove ions from water. Lime soda process converts calcium and magnesium salts into insoluble compounds. Desalination techniques like electrodialysis use electric currents and ion exchange membranes to remove dissolved salts from brackish water.
The document discusses various water treatment methods including ion exchange, lime soda process, and desalination. Ion exchange uses cation and anion exchange resins to remove ions from water. Lime soda process converts calcium and magnesium salts into insoluble compounds. Desalination techniques like electrodialysis use electric currents and ion exchange membranes to remove dissolved salts from brackish water.
The document discusses various water treatment methods including ion exchange, lime soda process, and desalination. Ion exchange uses cation and anion exchange resins to remove ions from water. Lime soda process converts calcium and magnesium salts into insoluble compounds. Desalination techniques like electrodialysis use electric currents and ion exchange membranes to remove dissolved salts from brackish water.
Demineralization/ Ion Exchange Demineralization/ Deionization/
Ion Exchange Process •Statement or supporting text Zeolite Process Ion-Exchange resins are insoluble, cross Water Softening linked long chain organic polymers with a Methods micro porous structure, and the Lime Soda Process “functional Groups” attached to the chains are responsible for the ion-exchanging properties. Electrodialysis
Reverse Osmosis
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Ion Exchange Resins
Cation Exchange Resins Anion Exchange Resins
• Contain Acidic groups • Contain Basic groups
(-COOH, -SO3H) Usually co-polymer of styrene & • Usually co-polymer of styrene divinyl benzene containing amino, & divinyl benzene, which on substituted/ quaternary ammonium sulphonation or carboxylation groups as an internal parts of the can exchange their H+ ions with resin matrix. cations in water. • Are capable of exchanging their OH- ions with anions in water.
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In ion-exchange process, hard water is allowed to pass through
cation exchange resins, which remove Ca+2 and Mg+2 ions and exchange equivalent amount of H+ ions. Anions exchange resins remove bicarbonates, chlorides and sulphates from water exchange equivalent amount of OH- ions. Thus by passing hard water through cation hardness is observed by the following reactions. Water softening
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The Ion Exchange H+ And OH- ions, thus released in water
Cation Exchange Resins Resin is in the from respective cation and anion exchange granular form and 2RH + Ca+2 → R2Ca + 2H+ performs as columns, get combined to produce water adsorptive exchange molecules. 2RH + Mg+2 → R2Mg + 2H+ of ions, but it requires H+ + OH- → H2O regeneration when (RH = cation exchange resin) adsorptive capacity is The water coming out from the exchanger consumed. is ion free i.e., free from anions and cations. Anion Exchange Resins ROH + Cl- → RCl- + OH- 2ROH + SO4-2 → R2SO4 + 2OH- 2ROH + CO-32 → R2CO3 + 2OH- (ROH = anion exchange resin)
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Lime Soda Process
Regeneration: When cation exchanger losses capacity of producing H+ ions and exchanger losses capacity of producing OH- ions, they are said to be exhausted. The cation exchanger is regenerated by passing it through dilute sulphuric acid. In this method, the soluble calcium and magnesium salts in water are chemically R2Ca+ 2H+ → 2RH + Ca+2 (washing) converted in to insoluble compounds, by adding calculated amount of Lime and Soda. The exhausted anion exchanger is regenerated by passing a dilute solution of NaOH R 2SO4+ 2 OH - → 2R OH- + SO42- (washing) CaCO3 and Mg(OH)2 so precipitated, these precipitates are filtered off.
Lime soda process mainly two types, they are
Merits of Ion-exchange process: • The process can be used to soften highly acidic or alkaline water. 1. Cold Lime-soda process • It produces water of very low hardness (2 ppm) • So it is very good for treating water for use in high-pressure boilers. 2. Hot Lime-soda process. Demerits of Ion-exchange process: The equipment is costly and more expensive chemicals are needed. If water contains turbidity, the output of the process is reduced.
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Desalination
The process of removing dissolved salts (NaCl) from
the water, is known as desalination.
The water containing high concentration of dissolved
salts (1000-3500ppm) with a salty taste is called brackish water.
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Electrodialysis cell Electrodialysis Cell
Ion Exchange Membrane allows ions to permeate by DC electric It has large no. of alternate current applied to saline water. cation & anion permeable The sodium ions start moving membranes. towards the cathode while the An electric field is applied chloride ions start moving perpendicularly to the towards the anode. direction of water flow. The As a result ,the concentration of brine decreases in the fixed positive charges in the central compartment; while it membrane repel sodium increases in the two side ions and allow chorine ions compartments. to pass through. No regeneration is required and Similarly the other allows continuous use for an membrane allow sodium extended period of time. ions to pass through. Then we get pure water in one compartment.
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Advantages Disadvantages In normal osmosis: Reverse Osmosis O Water molecules move from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration through a partially permeable membrane.
ELECTRODIALYSIS cell is most Non-charged, higher molecular In reverse osmosis (high to low compact unit weight, and less mobile ionic concentration):
The cost of installation of plant species will not typically be O The reversal of osmosis to purify water.
and its operation is economical. significantly removed. The flow of water can be reversed with If electricity is easily available ,it is Electro dialysis becomes less an opposing pressure that exceeds best suited economical when extremely low Membranes: nylon cellulose osmotic pressure. With Reverse salt concentrations in the product acetate, polymethacrylate, Osmosis, water is forced out of a are required. polyamide polymers concentrated solution, leaving the solute (impurities) behind..
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How Reverse Osmosis Works
A semi permeable membrane, like the membrane of a cell wall is selective about what it allows to pass through, and what it prevents from passing. These membranes in general pass water very easily because of its small molecular size; but also prevent many other contaminants from passing by trapping them. Water will typically be present on both sides of the membrane, with each side having a different concentration of dissolved minerals. Since the water with the less concentrated solution seeks to dilute the more concentrated solution, water will pass through the membrane from the lower concentration side to the greater concentration side. Eventually, osmotic pressure will counter the diffusion process exactly, and an A reverse osmosis membrane will remove impurities and equilibrium will form. particles larger than .001 microns.
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The recommended parameters and factors relating to water balance are :-
pH 7.2 - 7.8 80 - 120 ppm as Total Alkalinity : CaCO3 Calcium Hardness 250+ ppm as CaCO3 Total Dissolved Solids less than 1500 ppm
