FL FD Eng

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Foundation FD+ / FDB+

Contents
Application options 2
Additional option FDPro 3
Additional option FD-BEW 3
Basis of calculation 4
Reinforced concrete 4
Shear resistance verification 6
Basis of calculation for verifications in foundation engineering 8
With additional option FDPro 13
Data entry – Basic parameters 15
System 16
Foundation 16
Column 16
Pocket 17
Soil 19
Ground water 22
Surface 22
Loads 23
Load Cases 24
Single Loads 26
Line Loads 26
Area Loads 27
Design / Verifications 28
Punching 29
Sector model 30
Reinforcement 32
Enhanced reinforcement dialog 33
Soil Mechanics 39
Earth pressure (with additional option FDPro) 41
Parameter 42
Pocket (Sleeve) foundation 43
Calculation in accordance with "Beispiele zur Bemessung nach Eurocode 2", Volume 1, Chapter 12 43
Calculation in accordance with Leonhardt and Mönning 45
Block Foundation 48
Output 49
Explanatory notes on the output of the results (table) 50
Output of the reinforcement 50
Evaluation of the results 50
Output: Punching shear resistance verification 52
Basic Documentation – Overview

In addition to the individual program manuals, you will find basic explanations on the operation of the
programs on our homepage www.frilo.com in the Campus-download-section.
FRILO Software GmbH 13.11.2023 Page 1

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Application options
The FD+ application allows you to verify squared and rectangular
foundations cast with or without pocket/sleeve.
External loads can optionally apply centrically or with a uniaxial
or biaxial eccentricity.
The software application calculates the soil pressure underneath
the four corner points and the position of the zero-line in case of
a gaping joint.
The required flexural reinforcement is calculated for the
foundation and the punching shear resistance verification is
performed.
You can optionally calculate the required connection
reinforcement (Option "Connection Reinforcement" under
Output).
The system consists of the foundation slab and an optional

 column
 pocket
with optional eccentricity
The flexural design is performed at the centre of the column (axis) – the graph of the moment will be rounded.
Optional it is performed at the column edge.
You can include the following load types in the calculation:

- Single vertical load V at the column location
- Horizontal loads Hx und Hy.
The horizontal loads are acting (see graphic below)
- at the top edge of footing or
- if a column was defined, at the top edge of the column and
- if a pocket was defined, at the top of the pocket.
horizontal loads are generating a moment (effects in the sole)
- as an option the horizontal loads can act directly at the sole without generating a moment.
- Outer moments Mx and My
- Earth surcharge load and additional uniformly distributed load applying to the foundation surface without
column and additional vertical single loads applying at freely selectable points.

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Connected programs
Interfaces to other FRILO design programs:
see fig. on the right
The data can be passed on to other programmes. If the foundation is more of a

slab, it is recommended to consider an export to PLT. A forwarding to B6+
enables a design with further materials. Forwarding to BEB+ can be considered
if a strip foundation can no longer be considered a rigid body. Different
foundations can be passed on to a settlement calculation at the same time.
The global position of the foundation is important. The settlement calculated
there then also contains settlements from neighbouring foundations and, if
applicable, neighbouring buildings (e.g. with data from the GEO building
model).
Additional option FDPro

With the additional option FDPro, the foundation programmes FD+/FDB+/FDS+ and GBR+ can be extended to
include
- an earth pressure approach
- an inclined foundation base
- a seismic ground failure verification
- a ground failure - punching shear verification
- a bearing capacity calculation of the foundation soil with a table of design values of the base
pressure resistance.
- a graphical output of the internal forces along the main axes
See calculation basis for foundation engineering.
See also Video
Free 30-day demo
The additional option can also be tested for 30 days without a licence. If a function is selected from this
option and no licence is available, the programme asks whether the 30-day test period should begin.
Additional option FD-BEW

The additional option FD-BEW can be used to create a reinforcement graphic that can
be output either in the document or as an extra sheet with a title block in the
Document Designer.
The individual elements (texts, graphics) can be moved with the mouse using drag &
drop.
A round steel list and other construction details can optionally be added to the plan
using the context menu (right mouse button).

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Basis of calculation
Reinforced concrete
Available standards / national annexes

 DIN EN 1992-1-1:2011/2012/2013/2015
 ÖNORM B 1992-1-1:2011/2018
 BS EN 1992-1-1:2009/2015
 NF EN 1992-1-1:2016
 PN EN 1992-1-1:2010
 EN 1992-1-1:2010/2014
 DIN EN 1997-1:2010
 ÖNORM B 1997-1:2010/2013
 BS EN 1997-1:2007/2014
 NF EN 1997-1:2018
 PN EN 1997-1:2011
 EN EN 1997-1:2009
Nationale Bemessungsnormen
 DIN 1054:2005/2010/2021
 DIN 4017:2006
 DIN 4019:2014
 ÖNORM B 4435-2:1999
 NF P 94-261:2013
 BS 8004:2005
still available:
 DIN 1045:1988
 DIN 1045-1 (2001 + 2008)
 ÖNORM B4700:2001
 DIN 1054:1976
The flexural design is performed in accordance with the kh- or kd-method.
The punching shear resistance is verified in accordance with the selected reinforced concrete standard. The
constructive rules specified by the Booklets 240 and 525 issued by the German Committee for Reinforced
Concrete DAfStb are optionally considered.
The decisive reduced shear force Qred is calculated by reducing the existing column load by the reaction force
of the soil pressure portion attributed to the base surface of the punching cone.
The shear resistance verification is performed if the foundation geometry produces a uniaxial supporting
behaviour.
For pocket foundations the following distinction is made:

Manual FD+ / FDB+
- In combination with a rough/toothed pocket surface, the punching cone can be assumed outgoing from
the surface of the pocket because the effect of the composite action allows such load distribution.
- In combination with a smooth pocket surface, the column base is considered to be the upper boundary of
the punching cone.
- If the total bottom face of the foundation is inside the punching cone assumed with an inclination angle of
45 degrees, the verification can be dispensed with.
The column moments and horizontal forces are decomposed into the equivalent force groups Ho and Hu. An
inclined strut D results. The inner lever arm z depends on the roughness of the surfaces. The limiting cases
"smooth pocket surface, no bond" and "rough pocket surface, full bond" are distinguished. The lever arm z is
assumed to be approximately 6/10 of the penetration depth t with no bond. With full bond, its value is
multiplied with 1.4. If the bond is not ensured by appropriate measures, additional reinforcement should be
installed to compensate the lower force component Hu.
Illustration: Pocket with smooth surface
Illustration: Pocket with rough surface

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Shear resistance verification

If the option "Shear force as beam" is activated in the "Design" menu, the software checks whether the
foundation geometry produces a uniaxial supporting behaviour and if so, verifies the shear resistance.
This can happen in the three cases described below.
Meaning of the variables:

d Statically effective height of the foundation
h Foundation height (in z-direction)
a1, a2 Distances of the column to the foundation edge on the left and right (in x-direction)
a3, a4 Distances of the column to the foundation edge at the front and rear (top and bottom in the
illustration, in y-direction)
cx Column dimension in x-direction (width)
cy Column dimension in y-direction (length)
Case 1:
The distances of two opposite column or pocket sides to the foundation edges
are smaller than or equal to the statically effective height d. At the same time, the
distance of one of the remaining sides to the foundation edge is greater than d
(see illustration 1).
Illustration 1:
a1 and a2 <= d
a3 and/or a4 > d
In this case, only shear resistance, not punching shear resistance, is verified.
If the pressure is unevenly distributed along the shear section, the shear resistance is verified in the area with
high pressure (see illustration 1a).
Shear force resultant with variable pressure distribution along the shear section.
Examined area of the resulting shear force in the shear resistance verification section
top
bottom
Illustration 1a

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Case 2:
The dimensions of the pocket or column are comparable to those of a wall.
a1 > d and a2 > d and cx > a1 + a2 + cy + cy + Ls (Ls ≥ 1 m)
According to Booklet 240 of the German Committee for Reinforced Concrete DAfStb, the punching shear
resistance for walls on stiff foundations is verified on an equivalent system where a square column (cy · cy) is
positioned on a symmetrical rectangular foundation at the wall end.
The shear resistance is only verified if a wall is at least as long as the two equivalent systems at the wall ends
plus an addition Ls (length of the shear section).
If Ls < 1 m, a minimum length of 1 m is taken into account (see ill. 2).
The shear resistance verification is performed in the central area of the wall between the two equivalent
systems. In addition, the punching shear resistance is verified on an equivalent column with a side lengths
ratio of 1:1.5.
If the foundation height h >= 1 m, the foundation height h is set for the length of the shear section Ls.
Illustration 2:
Case 3:
The distance of one side of the column or pocket to the foundation edge is smaller
than d and the distance of at least one other side of the column or pocket to the
foundation edge is greater than d, but the conditions of case 1 are not satisfied. At the
same time, the length of the column or pocket must at least be equal to 2d (see
illustration 3).
Illustration 3:
In this case, punching shear resistance is verified on an equivalent column with a side lengths ratio of 1:1.5.
The shear resistance is verified in the area of the wall.
If the pressure is unevenly distributed along the shear section in the area of the wall, shear resistance is
verified in the area with high pressure (see illustration 1a).
If a wall is as long as or exceeds the minimum length defined in case 3 and is located at the edge, the
software examines if the border or central area of the wall has higher shear reinforcement and perfoms a
shear resistance verification in this area.
For the verification of punching shear resistance it is recommended to specify a total load factor for the
punching shear load in the program.
In the standards based on the partial safety concept, the limit distance d specified in the cases above is
defined as 1.5  d.
The option “shear force as beam” in the Design menu allows you to verify shear force resistance on a beam
instead of a plate.

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Basis of calculation for verifications in foundation engineering
Standards
 DIN EN 1997-1
 ÖNORM EN 1997-1
 BS EN 1997-1
 NF EN 1997-1
 PN EN 1997-1
 DIN 1054:1976/2005/2021
 NF P94-261:2013
 BS 8004:2015
Position stability
When performing the verification of the position stability in accordance with Eurocodes, the stabilising and
destabilising moments are determined on the four outer edges of the foundation. If the result load cases are
used instead of the characteristic ones, no reduction factors are considered in the calculation of the
stabilising and destabilising moments. In this case, only self-weight is multiplied with the partial safety factors
that have a favourable or unfavourable effect.
The verification of the boundary stresses

Here, the permissible base pressure from the simplified check is compared with the design value of the
boundary stress from the stress trapezoidal method. This is a check commonly used in the English-speaking
world, which is intended to prevent excessively large settlements.
The limitation of the load eccentricity

The limitation of the load eccentricity takes place both in the ultimate limit state according to NF P94-261 9.5
and in the serviceability limit state according to NF P94-261 13.3. This is a common verification in the French-
speaking area in different design situations.
Gaping joint
Under permanent loads, in the German-speaking area no gaping joint must occur and under the total load,
gaping of the foundation joint is allowed only up to the centre of gravity. The limitation of the gaping joint for
permanent and variable loads according to first and second order theory can be set user-defined. In
combination with Eurocodes, the calculation of the gaping joint is based on representative instead of
characteristic loads.
If design values are used instead of characteristic loads (Basic parametersType of actions), the loads are
reduced to the characteristic level with the help of reduction factors before considering the gaping joint. In this
connection, it is important to define whether the individual load cases are the result of permanent loads
exclusively or of both, permanent and variable loads. A gaping joint up to the centre of gravity is only
permitted for the combination of permanent and variable loads. It is not permitted if only permanent loads
apply.
Permissible bearing pressure

For a simplified verification in standard cases, the existing bearing pressure is compared to the permissible
bearing pressure. The latter can be determined automatically with the help of standardised tables for this type
of verification. The permissible bearing pressure taken from the standard tables could be increased or
reduced if matching boundary conditions, such as the required anchoring depth, ground water or the relation
of the horizontal and vertical loads require this. In combination with Eurocodes, the calculation of the

Manual FD+ / FDB+
equivalent area for the design value of the bearing pressure is based on representative instead of
characteristic loads.
If design values are used instead of characteristic loads the loads are reduced to the characteristic level with
the help reduction of factors before considering the equivalent area. The design value of the bearing pressure
is obtained by dividing the design value of the vertical loads by the representative or characteristic equivalent
area. As additional information, the software determines the inclination of the characteristic or representative
bearing pressure resultant in order to check whether the inclination is suitable for a simplified verification.

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Stability against sliding

If horizontal forces apply, the stability against sliding is verified. The stability against sliding is considered
satisfactory if Td ≤ Rtd.
Td: Design value of the loading parallel to the bottom of the foundation.
Td is calculated by the software by multiplying Tk with the partial safety factors for the decisive limit
state. The software uses the partial safety factors for the permanent and quasi-permanent design
situations. If you define loads applied by accidental actions or earthquakes, the accidental and seismic
design situations are taken into account as well.
Rtd: Design value of the sliding resistance.
Rtd is calculated by dividing Rtk by the partial safety factor for the sliding resistance for the decisive
limit state in accordance with the currently selected foundation standard.
Safety against ground/bearing resistance failure according to analytical methods

In combination with Eurocodes, the ground failure safety is calculated with characteristic or representative
values. The design values of the ground failure resistance are determined by dividing the characteristic values
by the partial safety coefficients. They are compared to the design values of the actions, which are multiplied
by partial safety factors. Depending on the selected design standard, the characteristic or representative
ground failure safety is calculated on the basis of ÖNORM B 4435-2, DIN 4017, BS 8004, NF P94-261 Annex F
or EN 1997-1 Annex D.
The FD+, FDB+, FDS+ and FDR+ applications always calculate the ground failure safety as an isolated
foundation. FDS+ and FDR+ calculate the ground failure safety as a strip foundation if the wall length
corresponds to the foundation length.
In the GBR+ application, the "strip foundation" verification type is optionally available. When you select this
type of verification, the shape coefficients and the load inclination coefficients 'ma' and 'mb' are set to 1.0.
Instead of the calculated equivalent width in the longitudinal wall direction (y-direction), the foundation length
(y-direction) is taken into account.
Safety against base failure according to semi-empirical methods

The determination of the base failure safety according to semi-empirical methods is common in France, for
example. In this case, the base failure safety is calculated from pressure test data according to EN 1997-2
Annex D or NF P94-261 Annex E or from pressiometer test data according to EN 1997-2 Annex E or NF P94-
261 Annex D.
The Settlements from strain integration or settlement equations

The settlements are calculated according to DIN 4019:2014, therefore characteristic loads should be taken
into account. The user can decide whether only the static loads or also the variable loads should be applied
and whether the variable loads should be multiplied combination coefficients.
See DIN 1054:2021 2.4.8 A (2.8a). The settlements are calculated in characteristic point K on the surface of
the foundation – that is the point, in which the settlement calculated for rigid foundation matches with the
calculated settlement with an assumption of equivalent uniformly distributed load. The settlements are
determined for every defined soil layer. As a result, at the printout it is pointed out whether the settlement
effective depth or rather limit depth ts in the ground, from which additional stresses cause only negligibly
small deformations in the soil, was achieved or not. The calculated module E*, which is used as a value for the
settlements analysis, can be either specified directly by the user or calculated automatically from the given
stiffness value and predetermined correction coefficient. Some soil parameters are required for settlement
analysis, which include: geometrical model of the ground and also the groundwater model, as well as
parameters of the soil layers, which can be usually found in the geotechnical reports according to DIN EN
1997-2 or DIN 4020. Further information is required about the structure and the ground. These include the
dimensions and the level of the foundation, values of the loads applied to the foundation and, if applicable,
also their development and changes in time, the distance of the foundation to foundations of adjacent
buildings, the geometry and loads for the adjacent buildings foundations, as well as the terrain elevation.
Frequently, only some part of changeable loads is relevant for settlement analysis. For the calculations of
settlements, the significant settlement effective depth is verified by the program. It is located where the
perpendicular additional stresses caused by the average loads effective for settlements are equal to 20% of

Manual FD+ / FDB+
the effective perpendicular output stresses of the ground. These criteria are verified at the deepest point of
the last defined soil layer and there is an appropriate message about it in the printout.
It can happen, that highly compressible soil layers are present below the determined settlement effective
depth, therefore the depths of the layers greater than the limit depth can be defined by the program. The
settlements are calculated according to DIN 4019:2014 (3) for a rigid foundation in the characteristic point
(see DIN 4019:2014, figure 3).
The settlements from adjusted elasticity methods.
Here, the settlements are calculated according to EN 1997-1 Annex F.
Settlements from pressure test data
Here, the settlements are calculated according to EN 1997-2 Annex D.
The settlements from pressiometer test data
Here the settlements are calculated according to EN 1997-2 Annex E.

Manual FD+ / FDB+
At first, the program calculates the settlement s, which consists of the immediate settlement s0 and the
consolidation settlement s1.
s = s0 + s 1
The consolidation settlement is considered at the end of

the consolidation according to DIN 4019:2014 12.2 and is
determined for the point in time  = 1 and set up in a table.
Additionally, the increase of settlement in time until the
estimated end of consolidation is graphically presented.
Then the creep settlement for a value of  ≥ 1 given by the

user is calculated and that results in the total settlement
value sges
sges = s + s2
If eccentricities occur in the decisive superpositions or the significant load case for the settlement calculation,
the additional settlement part Delta S is calculated. If there is a gaping joint, then the program reaches its
applications limit for settlements calculations.

Manual FD+ / FDB+
With additional option FDPro

The following functionalities require the additional option FDPro.
See also application options FDPro.
Base inclination (FDPro)

The inclination of the sole can be specified in degrees or as a height difference for one of the two axes. The
geotechnical verifications are then carried out taking the inclination into account. The verification of sliding
resistance extends to the failure in the horizontal shear plane at the lowest point of the foundation. The
reinforced concrete design is carried out with the smallest foundation thickness. When determining the
internal forces, the additional concrete wedge is taken into account as a self-weight - as is the additional
buoyancy in the case of groundwater above the floor.
Earth pressure (FDPro)

The active earth pressure can be switched on. In addition, increased active earth pressure and earth pressure
are possible. Compaction earth pressure can also be selected. Furthermore, the earth resistance can be taken
into account. The earth pressure resistance can be specified as a different percentage for some verifications.
Values recommended by the standard are preset. Which side of the foundation is subject to active earth
pressure and which side is subject to passive earth pressure depends on the horizontal loads of the load case
or load combination under investigation. In the sliding safety check, the possible resulting earth resistance is
calculated in the horizontal load inclination angle of the acting horizontal loads. In the calculation, the
resulting earth pressure is applied as a resulting individual load at the foundation end faces. The differently
selected terrain on the 4 foundation sides and the different embedment depths are taken into account in the
earth pressure calculation.
Surface
The four-sided different definition of the surface is taken into account in the bearing failure analysis. Different
embedment depths, berms, constant slopes and polygonal slopes are possible. This surface definition is
particularly important for the earth pressure calculation.
Load-bearing capacity calculation (FDPro)

The load-bearing capacity calculation can be activated in the basic parameters. Then the foundation is no
longer designed and instead of the design a table appears in the output with design values of the base
pressure resistance or the absorbable base pressures or the permissible soil pressures for the permanent
design situation depending on the selected standard. The programme carries out foundation failure
verifications, sliding safety verifications and, optionally, settlement calculations for various foundation
dimensions and embedment depths. The user can specify in the dialogue in the basic parameters which
foundation dimensions are to be investigated up to which depth and in which steps. First, the programme
determines the friction angle of the soil layer in the foundation base and enters this, along with safety
coefficients for the permanent design situation, into the formula of the sliding safety verification. This is
converted in such a way that an absorbable characteristic load inclination angle Hk/Nk results. This angle is
then used to perform foundation failure verifications for various foundation dimensions and embedment
depths. Optionally, the load inclination angle can also be specified. In addition, settlement calculations are
carried out taking into account the defined soil layers. Exactly the specified thickness of the soil layers is
taken into account. No limiting depth is determined. By specifying a permissible settlement, the maximum
stress that can be absorbed is determined in the settlement calculation and compared with the base failure
stress that can be absorbed. The load-bearing capacity is then calculated in tabular form from the decisive
stresses.
The seismic ground failure verification (FDPro)

If seismic loads are defined and the foundation failure check is activated, the seismic foundation failure check
can also be activated. EN 1998-5 Annex F is used for this. Here, the stability against seismically induced
ground failure is verified. The soil strength and design section forces in the foundation level are linked to the
load-bearing forces in the soil.

Manual FD+ / FDB+
The punching verification in the soil (FDPro)

This verification can be carried out if 2 soil layers are present below the foundation base. If a soft soil is
covered by a firmer top layer with a friction angle of more than 25°, the foundation failure verification must
also be fulfilled according to the punching shear condition. And this is exactly the case if the cover layer is
less thick than twice the foundation width. DIN 4017:2006 Annex B is used for the calculation. In this
verification, only the two soil layers directly under the foundation are examined.
Graphical output of the internal forces along the main axes

The course of the internal forces can be displayed under the "Results" tab - optionally with moment and shear
force rounding and simulation of a cutting edge bearing.

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Data entry – Basic parameters

The definition of properties and control parameters is done in the menu of
the left screen section. You can check the effect of the entered values in
the graphical representation on the right screen section.
Prior to the first entry, the units (cm, m ...) can be customized:
FileProgram Options.
Assistant/ Wizard
The Assistant (formerly called wizard) appears by default / automatically
at startup, but can be switched off.
Input Options in the GUI

The input options in the GUI window are described in the document
Basic operating instructions-PLUS.pdf.
Basic parameters
Type of actions
Design values The loads are entered with their partial safety
factors and reduced by the specified reducing
factors in the soil engineering-specific
verifications, if applicable.
characteristic The loads are specified with the characteristic (1.0-fold) value.
Reinforced concrete
Select the desired reinforced concrete standard:

See also Basis of calculation
According to the selected reinforced concrete standard, the software selects the corresponding standards for
soil engineering and bearing failure automatically.
Soil bearing resistance If the option is selected, only the bearing capacity of the soil is output in the form of a
table with the design values for the bearing pressure resistance.

Manual FD+ / FDB+
System
Material
The selection of concrete type (normal/lightweight concrete), concrete grade
and reinforcing steel grade can be different for foundation and column.
Via "Precast c / s" a dialog with options for the partial safety factors of the
material is called up.
Location foundation
The global position related to the foundation axis is only required for
communication with other programs such as GEO and SBR+.
Remarks
Click on the button, to enter your own comments to the system.
Foundation
In the foundation ground plan, the x-axis (positive) runs from the left to the
right and the y-axis (positive) from the bottom to the top.
Width x Foundation dimension in x-direction
Length y Foundation dimension in y-direction
Height z Foundation height
Anchoring depth d Lowest foundation depth below the ground level or
the top edge of the basement floor.
Density  Weight density
Pocket FD+: tick this option to actvate the menu “Pocket”
(will be displayed under "System").
Base inclination and a 4-sided different surface definition are possible with
the additional option FL+ PRO.
Column
Specification of the following dimensions:
Round column Option for round columns
Width x Width of the column
Thickness y Thickness of the column
Height z Height of the column
Layer of Reinforcement Reinforcement layer in the column
Eccentricity
Eccentricity x Column eccentricity in x-direction

Eccentricity y Column eccentricity in y-direction

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Pocket
FD+: The "Pocket" menu is only available if the option "Pocket" (menu
“foundation”) was selected.
Pocket
Design Moment of Found.. Middle of the wall, pocket axis (FD+), Wall cut
part.
Specify here in which sections the bending
design of the foundation should be performed.
The bending moment is rounded for design
sections in the pocket center line but not in the
wall axis of the pocket or in the section of the
wall of the pocket.
Formwork FD+: indented (toothed) or smooth; FDB+:
toothed.
Note for surfaces with indentations:
Column base and pocket wall are manufactured
with serrated formwork (profile depth at least 10
mm) - see examples to design according to Euro
code 2, Volume 1 and EC2-1-1, 6.2.5 and 10.9.6.2
Pocket Calculation according to
Leonhardt or Schlaich/Schäfer.
Pocket check If the option is activated, the required anchoring
depth is calculated and displayed.
The geometry test takes place according to
DAfStb booklet 399 p.64-66 and Leonhardt part
3 16.3.3 as well as examples for dimensioning
DIN 1045 p.237. The anchoring depth corresponds to 1.5 times the column
width with related moments M/(N*d) of less than 0.15. With related moments
of M/(N*d) of more than 2, the anchoring depth is twice the column width.
Intermediate values are interpolated. The anchoring depth is at least 50 cm. For
smooth formwork surfaces in the pocket, the anchoring depth increases by a
further 40% according to Leonhardt Part 3 16.3.3.2. In the reinforcement dialog,
the program also offers the option of dimensioning the column and pocket
reinforcement to match the anchorage and lap lengths.
Increase composite stress 50% When calculating the lap joint ‘I0’ between the longitudinal column
reinforcement and the vertical pocket reinforcement a bond stress increased by
50 % may be assumed in accordance with booklet 399 due to the existing
transversal pressure.
… anchoring depth t The required/selected anchoring depth.
Overhang Absolute distance between the top edge of the foundation and the top edge of
the pocket.
For recessed pockets, the pocket overhang should be set to "0".
Width/Length FD+: pocket dimensions in x/y-direction
Joint width Width of the joint underneath the column base.
Clear width
Top / Bottom FD+: clear width at pocket top/bottom edge in x / y-direction
Width FDB+: clear width of the pocket in x / y-direction

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Mounting panel (FDB+)

Width x/y Width of the mounting panel in in x/y-direction.
Joint width y Joint width beneath the column base.
Anchoring depth pocket

The program determines the required anchoring depth according to " Vorlesungen über Massivbau Teil 3 [Fritz
Leonhardt] 16.3.3 page 228". It should be noted that the anchoring depth according to " Heft 411 [DAfStb] 7.1
Page 31" is 1.5 ds instead of 1.2 ds. Thereafter, a pocket depth of 1.5 times the column width is sufficient for
existing friction to safely accommodate high bending stressed and reinforced columns. A pocket with an
anchoring depth of 1.2 times the column width appears to achieve lower breaking loads, leads to slippage in
the tensile reinforcement of the column and creates high strains in the stirrups.
The anchoring depth depends on the referenced eccentricity e/d:
e
For  0.15 : TB  1.5  d
d
e
 0.15
e
For  0.15 : TB  1.5  d  0.5  d  d
d 1.85
The required anchoring depth is limited by the program to 2 times the column width.
With smooth concrete surfaces, the minimum anchorage depth is increased by 40 %. Furthermore, the
anchoring depth is defined by the program to at least 50 cm.
The calculated anchoring depth is displayed and you should select a value that is at least as high as the
specified one.
Also smaller values can be entered if this is appropriate due to smaller moments. A corresponding note is
displayed in the output.
Furthermore, it is possible to exclude the determination of the required anchoring depth and to define
column reinforcement and pocket reinforcement in the reinforcement dialog and to control the calculation of
the anchorage lengths and lap lengths via the output options "Reinforced concrete / Text Reinforcement" and,
if applicable, "Anchoring details".
The clear widths must exceed the column dimensions by one centimetre at least.
The minimum outer dimensions result from the selected clear dimensions plus 0.5 x column width for the
walls (Booklet 399, page 66).
The wall thickness must amount to 1/3 of the lowest pocket opening width at least. The distance of the
column to the edge must be at least 10 cm at the upper pocket opening and 5 cm at the lower pocket opening.
These geometrical conditions are verified during the definition of the column and adjusted, if required.

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Soil
Soil properties
Determination R,d Select whether the design value of the bearing
resistance should be entered directly, or to come
from a standard table (DIN 1054) or from a user
defined (own) table - see section below.
Load-bearing resistance In the case of “direct specification”, input of the
design value of the bearing pressure resistance
R,d for the permanent design situation BS-P. For
the design situations BS-A, BS-E and BS-T, the
design value is increased according to the ratio
of the partial safety factors of the bearing
capacity. For example 1.4/1.2 = approx. 116% or
1.4/1.3 = approx. 107%.
Permissible settlement Permissible settlement for comparison with the
calculated settlement and presentation of the
utilisation of the settlement verification.
Eff. friction Angle ´ Angle of the inner friction underneath the
foundation base.
Load tilt Enter the maximum tilt of the characteristic or representative bearing pressure-
resultant H/V, which should be checked in the case of simplified verification.
Otherwise, default values are used.
Dialog If the determination R,d is not specified directly, the design value of the bearing
pressure resistance is taken from a table (standard or user defined)
Click the “open” Button to open the tabledialog.
Parameters by standard table DIN 1054:

According to Annex The soil pressure is
taken from the
corresponding table in
the soil engineering
standard or its
National Annex.
Consistence consistency of soil:
rigid, half-solid, solid –
only with tables A6.6. to A6.8.
Increase (geometry) The permissible bearing pressure can be increased by 20 %
if the relevant border conditions (b/d) specified by the
applicable standard are satisfied. By ticking this option the
value can be edited.
Increase (strength) The permissible bearing pressure is increased by 50 %, if the
soil is sufficiently solid. By ticking this option the value can
be edited.
Note: The values are added up under particular conditions
(70 %).
Anchoring depth d Lowest foundation depth below the ground level or the top
edge of the basement floor.

Manual FD+ / FDB+
From own table:

Create: Generates a table with design values of the bearing pressure
resistance from several parameters.
Edit: Open the dialog to enter the design value of the bearing
pressure resistance Rd. The value Rd should come from a
geotechnical report and should have sufficient guarantees
against ground failure and a sufficient limitation of
settlements. Furthermore, the corresponding foundation
width and anchoring depth must be specified.
The meaning of the other buttons can be seen from the Tooltips.
First soil layer

In this section you can enter the values of the first soil layer.
For additional soil layers click the Button “Dialog – open”.
Stroke weight  Specific weight of the soil.

Buoyant unit weight ´ Specific weight of the soil layer under buoyancy. This value is only used if
groundwater was defined (SystemSoil)
Friction angle ´ Friction angle of the soil in this layer.
Cohesion c' Soil cohesion.
Further soil layers / additional values (Dialog „open“)
Table Defined layers/values can be selected via a soil layer library.

Category Soil category according to Annex A of standard NF P94-261. It is important for the
bearing capacity calculation from values of the pressiometer test according to Annex
D of NF-P94-261.
Name A name for the soil layer can be assigned here.
Symbol An abbreviation for the soil layer can be assigned here.
xU Thickness of the soil layer. Soil layers below 0.10 m cannot be defined.
v The Poisson's ratio defines the ratio of a change in thickness to a change in length as
soon as a stress is applied. The Poisson's ratio or transverse contraction coefficient
has the formula ʋ or μ. It is one of the elastic material constants and bears the name
of the physicist Siméon Denis Poisson.
Em Define the pressiometric modulus according to Ménard here. It is needed for the
settlement calculation from data of a pressiometer test.
Pl The representative value of the limit pressure according to Ménard in the foundation
base of the shallow foundation.
 Rheological factor for settlement calculation from results of a pressiometer test.
qc The peak pressure resistance comes from the pressure test and derives modulus of
elasticity and friction angle for base failure and settlement calculation.

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Settlement analysis
Procedure Direct specification or from constrained modulus:

To define the compressibility of the soil (Em-module) select
- directly in E* or
- from the constrained modulus - Em will be calculated from stiffness/constrained
modulus Es and correction factor x (from DIN 4019 T1).
E* Compression modulus. The compressibility of the soil can be specified by a pressure
settlement line or calculated from the constrained modulus in connection with a
correction factor.
Es Constrained modulus.
x Correction factor.
Settlement analysis: Consolidation
ks Permeability coefficient of the rate of consolidation. The value can be extracted from
the soil report.
Both sides drained For the calculation of the time to approximate decay of consolidation settlement in
unilateral drainage the full layer thickness is set, in bilateral drainage only half the
layer thickness.
C' The creep coefficient Cα can be determined from a time-settlement test according to
DIN 18135. Usual value range 0.001 to 0.00001.

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Ground water
Ground water existing This option allows you to define whether groundwater exists (displays the entry
“Ground water”).
Ground water Only if ticked option “Ground water existing”.
Absolute depth of the groundwater below the bottom edge of the foundation body.
Negative values can be used to define a groundwater level below the base of the
foundation.
Surface
Anchoring depth Anchoring depth of the foundation body.
Additional Terrain load Additional characteristic permanent area load on the
bearing failure figure, which increases the
characteristic punching shear resistance.
Slope The ground level can be modeled as horizontal, with a
continuous slope, or with a broken embankment.
Continuous:
Here you can define a berm and the slope - see
extended soil mechanics dialog.
Broken:
Input of the embankment sections. The "+" symbol
creates a new table row for a further section.
Parameters are length, height or inclination or rise
(the height adjusts automatically to the incline).
Four-sided different terrain definition with the additional option FDPro
With an existing FDPro license, the terrain can be defined differently for each of the four foundation faces. To
do this, remove the tick from the “All around the same” option – the entry will be extended accordingly.

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Loads
Self-weight  Automatic consideration of the self-weight.
If the groundwater is above the base of the foundation,
the self-weight cannot be deactivated.
H loads base Option not ticked:
The horizontal loads apply at the top edge of the base
and generate a moment with a particular lever arm
Option ticked:
The horizontal loads apply directly in the base joint
without generating a moment
Delete horizontal loads Delete all horizontal loads with one click!
This is useful if many load cases from other
applications (GEO, B5...) have been imported.
Right-hand coordinate system (new standard)
Coordinate system based on the right-hand rule, also
referred to as right-hand coordinate system. The signs
comply with the sing definitions in engineering
mechanics. Positive moments about the x-axis
generate pressure on the bottom and/or in the negative area of the foundation.
Positive moments about the y-axis generate pressure on the right and/or in the
positive X-area of the foundation. If this option is unchecked (default setting until
recently) positive moments generate pressure on top right and/or in the positive
X/Y-area of the foundation. In the graphic representation, both variants are shown
with their absolute values. The arrows indicate the actual direction of action. The
values in the data entry fields and in the output documents are indicated with
their signs. If you change the sign definition, the sign of the moments about the y-
axis changes as well.
Accidental snow load When you check this option, snow loads are automatically included as accidental
action in addition to the typical design situations. The user can either specify a
freely selectable load factor for the accidental snow loads or have it determined
automatically by the software. The default value is 2.3
Remarks
The remarks editor is called up via the button. This text appears in the output.
Note: The horizontal loads of the individual load cases can be found/entered under the following point
"Load cases".

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Load Cases
Enter the data of the first load case via the data-entry mask or directly in the load case table, which can be
displayed by activating the tab (below the graphic).
Load case toolbar: - see Data entry via tables
To add additional load cases, click on the button once more (a new empty input mask is displayed each
time).
Tip: A description is displayed in the status line each time you click into an input field.
Column Loads
Description Optional text to the selected action can be
entered. This text is included in the output.
Action The appropriate actions can be selected from a
list: Permanent loads ... seismic loads
(calculation method "characteristic").
Vertical force in Z Vertical force in the centre of the column
Moment about x/y Positive moments generate pressure on top
right or in the positive x/y section of the
foundation.
Horizontal Force in x/y Horizontal loads apply to the top edge of the
foundation or the top edge of the column, if a
column height was defined. These horizontal
loads generate moments on their way down to
the foundation base, which are taken into
account automatically by the software.
Standard for the load input are characteristic (1.0 times) values from the
support of the column or the wall. Alternatively, the type of stress can be
changed to 'design values' in the basic parameters – see ill. right.
By clicking on the arrow icon you can access a load value summary.
Design situation
The selection of the design situation is displayed if "Design values" has been selected under
Basic Parameters Type of actions. In the accidental design situation, the option "foundation checks"
appears.
Foundation checks
Here you can disregard the foundation design for individual load cases of the accidental design situation
(remove check mark). For different situations, such as impact from forklifts, it may be useful to have a load
case for the safety checks in earthworks and foundation engineering (gaping joint, positional safety, simplified
detection, ground breaking, sliding and subsidence) and in concrete (bending, shear force and punching)
disregarded. In this case, only the connection reinforcement or the pocket are dimensioned in connection with
this load case.
Note: According to DIN 1055-9: 2003-08, para. 6.2 (6), the effects of impacts in general structural
engineering are not to be passed on to the foundation. With reference to the explanations to the
inquiries of the building law authorities and inspecting persons at the working meeting of the
union of the test engineers for structural engineering Baden-Wurttemberg from 14.11.2013 can
with use of DIN EN 1991-1-7 NDP to 4.1 (1), note 3 it can be assumed from the same point of
view.

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Reduction Factors
These input fields are enabled if "Design values" was selected as calculation method.
Reduction Factor N Reduction coefficient for the forces acting in the z-direction (axial force in the
column) and loads (additional concentrated loads, line loads and surface loads).
Reduct. Factor Others Reduction factors for other internal forces. If a column was designed in a second
order analysis, the internal forces are only available on the design level. In order to
make verifications in soil engineering available on the characteristic level, the
reduction factors are used to adjust the internal design forces to a characteristic
level. When using the characteristic calculation method (Basic parameters
Calculation method) in combination with first-order columns, the afore-mentioned
situation does not occur.
Group membership
The assignment to a group is displayed if "characteristic" has been selected under Basic parametersType
of actions.
Simultaneous (concurrent) group

Loads of a particular action group can be defined as "always
acting simultaneously"
by assigning them to simultaneous (concurrent) groups.
Ill.: Example for the functioning of alternative and

simultaneous groups
Alternative group
Different variable load cases with similar actions can be assigned to an alternative load case group via the
allocation of an alternative group number. Only the decisive load case of this alternative load case group is
invoked in the superposition.
Bearing pressure / Actions from the column

Display of the bearing pressure pattern
To ensure traceability, the bearing pressure pattern with stress can be shown for all load cases and
superpositions decisive in the verifications. Click the symbol “Bearing pressure” to display the graphic in a
popup window. See also DesignSoil Engineering.
Explanation:
Positive moments Mx and My generate compressive strains in the
foundation joint in the right top corner and/or the positive x/y
section.
The moment Mx rotates about the x-axis and the moment My about
the y-axis; the horizontal forces Hx and Hy act in direction of the
axes. Hx generates a moment My and Hy a moment Mx.
The moments resulting from first and second order calculations are
used for all verifications. The scope of data to be put out is defined
in the Output profile.

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Single Loads
Define a new concentrated (single) load by activating the button (the

corresponding input mask is displayed).
Activating the tab displays the "Single load table" giving an

overview of the defined loads.
Toolbar: - see also Data entry via tables
Tip: A description is displayed in the status line each time you click into
a particular input field.
Nz Value of the axial force of the additional single load. By clicking

on the arrow icon you can access a load value summary.
at ax/ay Position of the additional single load in x or y direction
referenced to the foundation centre.
Active in LC Assignment of the additional single load to load cases.
Activating the button displays a dialog with the
corresponding options.
Notes: If a single load is assigned to one or several load cases it acts only in combination with the
load case(s.
In the case of the calculation method design values single loads are processed with the
corresponding reduction factors.
Single loads that are not assigned to load cases are not taken into account in the calculation.
All verifications are referenced to the column loads. Additional single loads are defined only
to check the effects on the bearing pressure, tilting, position stability, sliding and ground
failure.
For the verification of punching shear resistance, the loads that apply in the area of the
punching cone must be summarized to a resulting load, because the shear design would be
unsafe otherwise.
With foundations for twin columns you should combine both columns to a single column
instead of defining the second column as an additional single- or line load. Otherwise, you will
obtain incorrect results in the verification of punching shear resistance .
Line Loads
General operation as described under single loads.
P1 Value at the begin of the line load
at x1/y1 Position of P1 relative to the foundation center
P2 Value at the end of the line load
at x2/y2 Position of P2 relative to the foundation center
Active in load case As described under single loads

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Area Loads
Loads by soil on the foundation Height of the earth surcharge, if applicable. In combination with the
weight density , the soil load generates an area load on the foundation, which is
taken into account in the calculation.
Explanatory note: The earth surcharge load refers to the top edge of the foundation. If
a wall, column, wall base or pocket exists, the earth surcharge load is reduced in
accordance with the geometry of the structural component.
Note: This value has nothing to do with the self-weight of the foundation.
Density k Weight density of a possible soil load.
Area Load q,k Additional area load on the foundation body.
Explanatory note: The area load acts on the surface of the foundation. If a wall,
column, wall base or pocket exists, the area load is reduced in accordance with the
geometry of the structural component. If a top-mounted pocket exists, the area load
also acts on the pocket, but not in the area of a column casted in the pocket. See the
description of the option “Earth surcharge height“ for more information.
Active in load case As described under single loads.

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Design / Verifications
Settings - Program settings

Minimum reinforcement Ductility reinforcement in accordance with the
selected reinforced concrete standard.
Transverse reinforcement If slabs are uniaxially tensioned, as a rule the
transverse reinforcement must not be less than
20% of the main reinforcement. In areas close to
the supports, no transverse reinforcement of the
overlying tensile reinforcement is required,
provided there is no bending moment in the
transverse direction.
Earthquake: Psi2=0.5 In accordance with the introductory decree of DIN
4149 for Baden-Württemberg, the combination
coefficient Psi2 = 0.5 for snow loads should be
used in the superpositions with seismic loads.
Shear force as beam Specification whether the shear resistance should
be verified on a slab or a beam.
Round out … internal f. V/M Only affects the graphical representation.
Function: see tool tip or info text.
Shear check automatically With this option, the program will decide in
accordance with the defined geometry, whether to
print out a check of punching shear, a shear force
or both.
Minimum eccentricity Considering minimum eccentricities for
compression member by EN 1992-1-1 6.1 (4).
Minimum reinforcement
pressed member This option allows you to take a minimum
reinforcement for compression members into
account.
Design in contact surface When you check this option, the bending moment for the foundation design is
determined at the edge of the column (in the contact surface).
When the option is left unchecked, the moment is calculated in the system axis
and the moment curve is radiused.
If a pocket was defined, this option is not displayed. You must select the design
section in the pocket dialog in this case.
Transient situation When you check this option, the transient design situation is used. When you
uncheck the option, the persistent situation is used. The accidental situation and
the seismic situation are automatically considered if corresponding actions have
been defined.
Include transverse fabrics Using fabrics increases the specified reinforcement (existing as). If you check
this option, the ‘existing as’ is also increased for fabrics in the transverse
direction. When you use stirrup fabrics, it might be reasonable to exclude
transverse fabrics, for instance.
Peak values according to booklet 240 Selection of whether you want to cover the peak values with
different reinforcement distributions as an enveloping value curve according to
booklet 240 or simply want to distribute the distribution according to booklet 240
differently.
Crack width Verification for the crack width and the limit diameter for the serviceability limit
state SLS.
Stresses Verification for the stress limitation of concrete and reinforcing steel.
Remarks Remarks editor is called up via the button. This text appears in the output.

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Punching
The Eurocodes provide several methods for the punching shear analysis. In
accordance with DIN 1045, constant -coefficients are used in the punching
shear analysis.
Column type: Selection of the type of column:
- automatically
- inner column,
- outer (edge) column in the x- or y-direction and
- corner column.
This setting affects the way how the control
perimeters are generated.
If you activate the "Automatic" option, the type of
column is determined as specified by DIN 1045-
1:2008, figure 41 on page 105.
inner column edge column corner column

Determination  Selection how to define the punching shear
coefficient:
- ductile shear force distribution
- sector model
- constant values
- user-defined value
In combination with plastic shear stress distribution, the selected column type is
used for the calculation of the coefficient in order to take dynamically unbalanced
loading in the critical perimeter into account. The static moments of the line of
gravity of the critical perimeter are calculated using the set of formulae specified in
Booklet 600:2012, table H6.4, page 96. The -value that is used subsequently in the
punching shear analysis results from this calculation.
When using the sector model, the selected column type is not of importance. The
application program checks automatically which shape of critical perimeter produces
the shortest perimeter length and whether the perimeter intersects the foundation
edge in its shortest version. The punching shear analysis is based on the maximum
stress of the decisive sector.
See  Notes concerning the sector model.
For constant values, the -value specified in the design code for the selected column
type is used.
User-defined: the "Value of punching/Punching shear coefficient " entry field is
enabled.
Value of punching : You can manually set the coefficient for dynamically unbalanced loading in the
critical perimeter. It is used in combination with the selected column type in the
punching shear analysis with constant factors.
Calculation as per: This option is only enabled in combination with DIN 1045-1.
Selection of the desired punching shear analysis:
in accordance with DIN 1045-1 or DAfStb* Booklet. When selecting Booklet 525, a
calculation as a compact foundation can be imposed.
Load factor: The design value of the shear force in the punching shear analysis is multiplied with
this factor. It allows you to increase the punching shear load in order to take
dynamically unbalanced flexural loading into account, for instance.
if  > 2,0 acrit = 1.0d according to DIN EN 1992-1-1 NA a constant perimeter at a distance of 1.0d may be
assumed to facilitate the calculation of floor slabs and slender foundations with λ >
2.0.

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Reinforcement ratio The degree of reinforcement relative to the anchored tensile reinforcement is
generally to be calculated as a mean value taking into account a plate width
corresponding to the support dimension plus 3d per side. Decide whether this
simplification should be used.
Min. moments In order to ensure the transverse load carrying capacity, the plates in the area of the
supports are to be dimensioned for minimum moments, if the shear forces
determination does not lead to higher values. Decide whether the minimum moments
are to be included in the reinforcement distribution.
Ignore κRed Only DIN 1045-1: disregard the reduction factor Red specified in Booklet 525 [2010]
page 98.
Sector model
Activating the button displays a dialog with the corresponding options.

... gaping joint If a gaping joint occurs under the design loads, the
radius of the punch cone is set to 1.0  d and instead
of the punching shear resistance the transverse
force resistance is used. In addition, an analysis of
shear resistance is performed at the distance 1.0  d.
Ignore bending pressure below
disregards sectors with bending compression
stresses at the bottom (lifted parts in case of a
gaping joint or additional concentrated loads).
Load case number when not equal to 0: only this load case is
considered for punching shear.
Number of sectors specify the number of sectors for the curve area of
the control perimeters.
Explanations concerning the fully plastic distribution of shear stresses
The calculation of the total load factor β in accordance with the method of fully plastic shear stress
distribution is optionally available. The moments applying at the column base MEx,col and MEy,col are used to
calculate ẞ. These moments are internally converted to the centre of gravity of the critical perimeter. In the
iteration process to determine the critical perimeter, the load factor ẞ is re-determined in each iteration. For
corner columns, punching shear resistance is verified on all four corners; for outer columns in the x-direction
or y-direction, punching shear resistance is only verified on the two decisive facing sides. Inner columns
cannot have an eccentric position. Outer columns can have an eccentric position on the respective axis and
corner columns on both axes. The calculation of β is based on equation NA.6.39.1 in the National Annex for
Germany. You can optionally transfer the decisive superposition and/or the decisive load case to the B6+
application.
Notes concerning the sector model
When using the sector model, the foundation body is divided into sectors. These sectors are located between
the critical perimeter and the outer edge of the foundation or a gaping joint.
The stress over the sector section bordering the perimeter and over the statically effective height is calculated
from the resulting shear force in the sector.
The maximum stress in a sector at the perimeter border divided by the average stress at the perimeter gives
the -coefficient, which is provided here just for information.

Manual FD+ / FDB+
The punching shear resistance is verified with the maximum stress at the perimeter. The maximum stress is
obtained by dividing the shear force of the decisive sector by the length of the sector section bordering the
perimeter and by the statically effective height of the foundation.
The lowest possible value resulting from the calculation is  = 1.0.
The minimum value may result if the column has a circular cross-section, the foundation is loaded double-
symmetrically and has a circular base area. Relevant standards assume a minimum value of  = 1.1 because a
completely symmetrical case as previously described cannot occur in practice according to these codes.
Therefore, FD+ always uses a -value of 1.1 minimum.
Handling of the sector model in the application program
First, the geometry of the sectors is calculated.

The user can pre-set the number of sectors per quadrant in a range of 1 to 100. The default in FD+ is four
sectors for each corner of the column.
The sectors in the corner area have constant inner angles. Only in the special case of three sectors per corner
area, angles of 33.75° + 22.5° + 33.75° = 90° are used in Germany as recommended in the comment to
Eurocode 2.

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Reinforcement
You can define up to 2 mats and 2 layers of steel rods over the whole upper
foundation area.
Lower layer: 2 mats and one layer of steel rods in the X- and Y- direction
according to the selected distributuion of the reinforcement (acc. to booklet 240
or variants of it).
See also „chapter „Distribution / extended reinforcement” dialog.
cV,u Laying dimensions of the specified reinforcement on the underside

of the foundation. The specified reinforcement is designed into the
foundation body according to this laying dimension. Based on this,
2D and 3D graphics are created.
cV,s Laying dimensions of the specified reinforcement on the outside of
the foundation.
cV,o Laying dimensions of the specified reinforcement at the top of the
foundation.
x reinforcement layer for the moments around the y-axis
y reinforcement layer for the moments around the x-axis
Longitudinal diameter select the longitudinal diameter for the reinforcement.
The software uses this diameter to calculate a reinforcement that
covers the requirements. If the minimum and maximum spacing
cannot be realised with the initially defined diameters, higher diameters are used.
Durability: activating the button displays the Durability dialog. When you confirm your settings in this
dialog with OK, the concrete cover, reinforcement layers and their diameter are checked and
adjusted accordingly.
Distribution enhanced reinforcement dialog ( ).

Delete reinforcement deletes the defined reinforcement
Practical construction spacing By default, the bar spacing is defined "exactly", i.e. the resulting bar
distances are determined on 1 mm accuracy. When this option is ticked, the bar
spacing is adjused to 5, 6, 7, 7.5, 8, 9, 10, 12.5, 15, 17.5, 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5 or 30 cm.

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Enhanced reinforcement dialog
Click on this symbol for the extended reinforcement

dialog.
In addition to the registers for the lower and upper reinforcement, the
register "Column" is displayed. If a pocket has been defined (System
- Foundation), tab "Pocket" appears.
General
Reinforcement: per m Selection whether the reinforcement
should be put out per metre or as an
absolute value referenced to one eighth.
Concrete cover Actual concrete cover of the specified
reinforcement on the bottom side of the
foundation (cV,u) or at the outer sides
(cV,s) and on the top side (cV,o). The
specified foundation is constructed inside
the foundation body in accordance with
the specified actual cover. The generated
2-D and 3-D representations are based on
this construction.
Layer of reinforcement See chapter “Reinforcement”.
Longitudinal diameter: See chapter “Reinforcement”.
Stirrup diameter Select the stirrup diameter to generate the
required reinforcement. If the minimum
and maximum bar spacing is not feasible,
larger diameters are used.
Include transverse fabrics ... see also Design/Settings - Program settings.
Peak values according to booklet 240 … see also Design/Verifications.
Generate new reinforcement A reinforcement is calculated which covers a minimum of the required
reinforcement and a reinforcement for the punching verification without stirrups,
as long as the compression strut remains stable (punching shear resistance
verification) and the maximum possible bending reinforcement for punching
shear resistance verification is not exceeded.
If the minimum and maximum bar spacings are not feasible with this longitudinal
diameter, larger diameters are used.
If the defined reinforcement is deleted or modified, the automatic generation of
reinforcement is disabled and the defined reinforcement remains.
Should this be insufficient, the program issues a warning.
If no reinforcement is specified, no warning will be shown.
With the automatic generation of reinforcement, the program begins with the
specified longitudinal diameter.
With a new generation of the reinforcement an automatic optimization is
executed.
Delete reinforcement Deletes the defined reinforcement. Only the required reinforcement will be taken
into account.
Reinforcement distribution Only the type of distribution is set via the area selection. Click on the button to
open the selection dialog for the area selection – see chapter Area selection
Reinforcement distribution Area selection in X/Y-direction acc. to booklet 240 DAfStb or “user defined”.
For user-defined reinforcement distribution, you define here an individual

Manual FD+ / FDB+
percentage distribution of the reinforcement in 8 areas. These areas can also be

more than 100% (total). Furthermore, the areas can be combined via the area
selection. For example, into 3 or 5 areas.
Bottom / Top base

Rod steel, outer/inner Definition of number (1. column) and
diameter (2. column) of rods/steel
bars.
Mat 1/2, Direction Selection of rebar mats in x/y-
direction.
Bar graphs: see adjacent illustration:

As per 1/8th-region
In this graphic you can see the amount of defined (blue) an
required (red) reinforcement. Therefore click on the 2D/3D-
symbol.
Column / connection
Connection conditions Bonding conditions for the column
according to NCI Re 8.4.2, Figure 8.2
(automatic, good, moderate). The good
bond range may be assumed to be 300
mm high in the lower component area,
i.e. Figure 8.2b: h ≤ 300 mm, Figure 8.2c:
h > 300 mm. The good bond range can
also be assumed for horizontally
manufactured rod-shaped components
(e.g. supports) that are compacted with
an external vibrator and whose external
cross-sectional dimensions do not
exceed 500 mm.
Layer of reinforcement Selection:
As spread over side Ali = Are
As spread over side Asu = Aso
As spread over corner 4 * 1/4
As spread over perimeter
As spread over perimeter each As/4
Corner bar quantity Number of bars.
Corner bar bended Bending shape of the bars in the column
(outwards / inwards, closed / inwards,
open / straight bars)
Corner bar Number and diameter of the corner bars.
Intermediate bars You can define intermediate bars for the
column reinforcement with their vertical
legs and hooks arranged parallel to the x-
axis that bear torques about the y-axis.
The intermediate bars are arranged in
groups of up to five bars between the
corner bars. The number of groups is

Manual FD+ / FDB+
determined by the maximum bar spacing and the selected number of intermediate
bars.
Specify column reinforcement Checking this option allows you to specify the required column
reinforcement.
Stirrups
Note: some parameters only apply to FD+ or FDB+.
Shear force
Number of rows Number of stirrup rows.
Stirrup Number of stirrups per row and the diameter
of the stirrup. No stirrups are placed in the
area of the support and the pocket.
Direction Selection of whether the stirrups are to be
installed lengthwise or crosswise.
Foot leg length Length of the foot legs of the stirrups.
Stirrup diameter Select the stirrup diameter with which the
reinforcement is to be generated. With this
diameter the programme starts to generate
reinforcement that covers the required
reinforcement. If the minimum and maximum
distances cannot be realised with this diameter, larger diameters are used.
Generate new reinforcement Starts the automatic generation of the stirrup reinforcement.
Delete reinforcement Deletes the stirrup reinforcement.
Stirrup in X-/Y-direction Indicates whether the amount of stirrups is sufficient (required/available).
Stirrup spacing Indicates whether the stirrups are placed close enough to each other.
Sections (cuts)
Font height Select the font size.
Dimension chain width Scale the distance of the automatically arranged
dimension chains to the foundation. You can also
move the dimension chains in the sections with the
mouse.

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Pocket reinforcement
Note: some parameters only apply to FD+ or to FDB+.
Vertical (Standing) stirrup

Direction corner stirrups Direction in which the horizontal legs of the
vertical stirrups in the corners should be
oriented.
Apply intermediate bars fully If the option is selected, the intermediate
bars are applied completely when calculating
the lap length for a 2-axis reinforcement
arrangement - otherwise only in the plane of
the considered center of gravity of the
column reinforcement.
Corner Number and diameter of vertical stirrups in
the corners of the pocket. (only in FD+)
Side X,Y Number and diameter of vertical stirrups in
the side walls of the pocket.
Ring Stirrup
Number and diameter of ring stirrups (in the bottom and in the top of
the pocket).
Construction
Laying measure... cV Position of the reinforcing steel in the pocket
(actual concrete cover).
Type Type of the pocket reinforcement. There are various types for larger and smaller
eccentricities.
Angel hooks Check this option if the vertical stirrup should be equipped with an anchoring hook.
Diameter Informative display.
Interstice tF Displays the resulting distance between the column edge and the wall of the pocket.
Lap length ring stirrup Lap length of the ring stirrups themselves.
Rebar spacing horiz. Horizontal distance a between column reinforcement and the connection
reinforcement.
a = d1,col + tF + cnom + ds,fd/2
Arrangement height Percentage of the distribution height of the top/bottom horizontal stirrups relative to
the anchorage depth of the column in the pocket.
Sleeve geometry Click on the edit button to open a dialogue for the pocket (sleeve) properties.

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Area selection
Areas in the x- and y-directions
The area selection only determines the way the defined reinforcement
will be distributed. Reinforcement is only generated when you activate the
button "Generate new reinforcement" or when you define reinforcement.
8 areas: correspond to the distribution of the reinforcement in accordance
with Booklet 240 of the German Committee for Reinforced Concrete DAfStB.
Additional options: 5 / 3 / 1 area(s).
When selecting the number of areas, the peak values of the distribution
specified in Booklet 240 of the German Committee for Reinforced Concrete
DAfStB are covered.
In the illustrated example, the distribution of the reinforcement over three
areas in the y-direction produces a rate of 122 % ( =
14+14+14+19+19+14+14+14) of the reinforcement to be distributed. This rate
is higher than the rate required by the standards, but distribution is easier to
realise then.
Ill.: Example of reinforcement distribution

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Notes concerning the selected reinforcement
Reinforcement ratios
The software calculates the absolute reinforcement quantities in eighth-part stripes in the x- and y-directions
of the foundation body in accordance with the requirements specified by Booklet 240 of the German
Committee for Reinforced Concrete DAfStB. In this calculation, the individual rebars in an eighth-part area are
NOT added up but the quantity of reinforcing steel per metre of the reinforcement object in the area of one
eighth is added up. See also the following calculation example.
Calculation example
See the illustration on the previous page.
The eighth-part area of a foundation with a width of 2 m has a width of 25 cm. The reinforcement object
defined in this area consists of 10 bars with a diameter of 14 mm each. The spacing of the bars from axis to
axis is 10 cm. The object covers a total width of 1 m. The width from the first bar to the last amounts to 90
cm. 5 cm on each side (half the bar spacing of 10 cm) must be added because of the affected width of the
first and last reinforcement bar of the item. The total width is consequently 1 m. This object produces the
following reinforcement portion:
As = [1.4 cm  1.4 cm  π / 4 ]  10 bars / 1 m = 15.4 cm²/m.
Due to the edge distance of this object of 17.5 cm (rounded to 0.18 m), it extends only 12.5 cm into the eighth-
part with a width of 25 cm. The value of 12.5 cm is obtained by deducting the affected width of the last rebar
of 5 cm due to a bar spacing of 10 cm from the edge distance: 17.5 cm – 5 cm = 12.5 cm. Therefore, only a
reinforcement portion of 15.4 cm²/m  0.125 m = 1.92 cm² results for this object in the eighth part.
The existing and required reinforcement quantities in the eighth parts are represented graphically and in the
form of text in the data entry and output sections, optionally in cm² or cm²/m – see
ReinforcementDistribution.
The reinforcement in the eighth parts is also used in the shear force resistance verification and in the
punching shear analysis. All reinforcement quantities in the eighth parts of the examined perimeters are
added up and converted to ratios. If the existing reinforcement quantity exceeds the required quantity, it is
used instead. The resulting reinforcement ratios are limited by the maximally permissible reinforcement ratios
for the shear force and punching shear analyses.
Reinforcement graphic (additional option FD-BEW)

Plan output for reinforcement. Reinforcement sections can optionally be output in the form of a reinforcement
plan. This option can be used as a DEMO for 30 days and can be purchased.
Paper size Opens a dialog for selecting the paper size and paper orientation. With options for color
printing/title block.
Scale Select the scale.
paper edges Shows the paper edges in the graphic. This is useful if the individual sections are to be
arranged on the sheet by dragging with the mouse.

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Soil Mechanics
Proof format Define here whether a
- simplified proof, a
- exact proof or a
- userdefined proof
should be performed.
The simplified verification includes
compliance with the design value of the
base pressure resistance with limitation
of the inclination of the load resultant.
The exact verification format includes a
bearing failure verification, a sliding
safety verification and a settlement
calculation.
Checks soil engineering Click on this symbol to open the
extended dialog with graphical
illustrations for bearing failure, bearing
pressure and settlements.
User-defined proof format
All verification options are offered here for individual selection.

Resulting bearing pressure Requirement for the simplified
verification: the inclination of the
characteristic or representative bearing
pressure resultant complies with the
condition H/V <0.2.
Bearing resistance The verifications for the limit states
ground failure, sliding and serviceability
(verification of the settlement) are
replaced by empirical design values of
the base pressure resistance.
Eccentricity limit Proof according to NF P 94-261 13.3 for
the eccentricity of the load.
Scope of verification In a separate dialogue, you define
whether the limit states and design
situations according to the selected
standard are to be used for this
verification or whether they are to be
adapted individually (user-defined).
Proof of sliding capacity When the load vector is not perpendicular to the base surface, the
resistance of the foundations against sliding in the base area must be
verified.
Ground failure check In the ground failure analysis the shear resistance of the soil below the
foundation level are considered.
The soil layers above the foundation level are considered as a top load
when the soil plane and the ground top level are horizontal.
Seismic With the additional option FDPro: if the option is selected, a seismic
bearing failure analysis according to DIN EN1998-5:2010 Appendix F is
performed. A dialog with the appropriate selection/input parameters is
displayed.
Depth coefficients The depth coefficients take into account the favorable influence of the
shear strength in the fracture joint above the foundation base in the

Manual FD+ / FDB+
ground failure verification. In some European countries, this effect can be

taken into account with coefficients > 1.
Calculate settlement For the settlement analysis, the compression of the soil should be taken
into account down to the settlement influence depth ts. The depth ts may
be assumed at the level at which the additional perpendicular stress
generated by the mean settlement effective load has an amount of 20% of
the effective vertical output stress of the soil.
One of 5 calculation methods can be selected.
Bearing resistance (Ground failure)

Call up ofthe extended ground failure dialog – see “Checks soil engineering” (exact/simplified analysis).
Ground failure
Seismic/Earthquake zone: call up the earthquake dialog.

Selection of the partial safety factor Rd.
Surface
The following input parameters are displayed via the

"Surface" button:
Anchoring depth Lowest depth of foundation
below the ground surface or
the top edge of the basement
floor.
Slope The ground level can be
horizontal, with a continuous
slope, or with a broken
embankment.
Berm The width of berm is the
distance between the outer
edge of the foundation and the
beginning of the slope.
Inclination  Indicates the angle of
inclination of a slope from the
defined berm. The inclination
affects the ground failure verification and defines exclusively downsloping
terrain.
Additional terrain load Additional characteristic permanent area load of the ground failure mode which
increases the characteristic punching resistance.
Ground water
Groundwater exists Tick this option if groundwater exists in the area.

Groundwater Depth Absolute depth of the groundwater measured from the bottom edge of the
foundation.

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Settlement
Calculate settlement See page before.
Settlement Settlements can be calculated
with permanent loads or with
permanent and variable loads.
You can use combination
coefficients for variable loads in
characteristic load cases. See
also DIN 1054:2010 2.4.8 A
(2.8a).
Creep settlements Optional calculation of secondary
or creep settlements.
Diagrams subsidence
Bearing pressure
Display of the bearing pressure graphic. The input fields are explained in the chapter Soil.
Earth pressure (with additional option FDPro)

Allows the approach of Erddruck with existing licensing of FDPro.

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Parameter
User defined
Mark this option if you want to change the safety factors and design rules that
deviate from the set standards.
The corresponding input fields/editing buttons are then displayed.
Use the "Edit" button to open the respective tables for changing the values - the
information texts for the individual parameters are displayed in the lower
window area when you click in an input field.
 Support of all 3 verification methods according to Eurocode 7, adjustable for

all national annexes.
 The partial safety factors and combination equations for the geotechnical
verifications can be edited.
 Since all table values can be changed, the standard setting for a specific
country (e.g. India, Sweden, etc.) can be easily defined.

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Pocket (Sleeve) foundation

Two different calculation methods are available for the calculation of a sleeve with rough formwork:
 Schlaich/Schäfer: “Konstruieren im Stahlbetonbau”; BK 2001/2 4.7.3 analogously to “Beispiele zur
Bemessung nach Eurocode 2” Volume 1, Chapter 12
 Leonhardt and Mönning: "Vorlesungen über Massivbau”, Part 3, page 227 and subsequent pages,
analogously to “Beispiele zur Bemessung nach DIN 1045“
The following calculation method is available for the calculation of a sleeve with smooth formwork:
 Leonhardt and Mönning: "Vorlesungen über Massivbau”, Part 3, page 227 and subsequent pages,
analogously to “Beispiele zur Bemessung nach DIN 1045“
Calculation in accordance with

"Beispiele zur Bemessung nach Eurocode 2", Volume 1, Chapter 12
The prerequisite for the calculation based on this method is that the column base, the sleeve filling concrete
and the foundation interact like a monolithic structure. The moment and the longitudinal forces generated by
the column are transferred via vertical shear stresses to the sleeve. To ensure this, the sleeve and the column
need profiling of at least 10 mm. The filling concrete must have the same quality as the foundation concrete.
If the required embedment depth is calculated with the help of the anchoring depths and/or the lap lengths,
the value of 1.5 times the column width prescribed by DIN EN 1992-1-1/NA 10.9.6.3 (1) is on the safe side and
therefore recommendable. The bending design in connection with the sleeve can be performed in the sleeve
axis with rounding of the moment or in the centre of the sleeve wall or in the contact surface of the sleeve.
The calculation is based on the following framework model:
The following verifications are performed:
Introduction of the shear force VEd into the sleeve via the tensile force T2  horizontal
stirrups
T2 = VEd
Req.As,horizontal = T2/fyd

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Absorption of the tensile force T1 caused by Fs and T2  vertical stirrups

Portion T1 from deflection of T2
t = sleeve embedment depth plus joint underneath the column
aw = spacing of the sleeve wall axes
T1 =T2*t/aw = portion of the tensile force due to the deflection of T2
dw = sleeve wall thickness
tf = joint between the sleeve wall and the column
d1 = centre of gravity of the reinforcement in the column
a = d1 + tf + dw/2=offset of the reinforcement
z = internal lever arm of the column reinforcement
Req.As,F = assumed column reinforcement
Fs = req.As,F * fyd = tensile force of the column
T1 = Fs*z/(a+z) + T2*t/aw
Req. As,z = T1 / fyd
Absorption of the tensile force T3 due to the expansion effect of the compression struts
C1 and C2  horizontal stirrups
tanΘ = [exist.l0-0.5(l0,z1+l0,z2)]/a
T3 = C1 = T1 / tan θ
The required horizontal stirrups are to be distributed over the lap lengths of the vertical stirrups l0.

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Calculation in accordance with Leonhardt and Mönning
"Vorlesungen über Massivbau", Part 3, page 227 and subsequent pages, analogously to "Beispiele zur
Bemessung nach DIN 1045"
Rough formwork
Introduction of the shear force VEd and the moment MEd into the sleeve
MSt = design moment of column base
Hst = VEd
Ho = 6/5 MSt + 6/5HSt = horizontal force on top
Ho = 6/5 MSt + 1/5HSt = horizontal force on bottom
z = 5/6 t = lever arm
a0 = sleeve wall width
tan α = z / (a0 - 0.15a0 - dw/2)
Zh = ho
Zv = Zh tan α
Vertical sleeve reinforcement:
Req.As,z = Zv / fyd
Horizontal sleeve reinforcement:

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Smooth formwork
Introduction of the shear force VEd and the moment MEd into the sleeve
MSt = design moment of column base
Hst = VEd
Ho = 3/2 MSt + 5/4HSt = horizontal force on top
Ho = 3/2 MSt + 1/4HSt = horizontal force on bottom
z = 2/3 t = lever arm
a0 = sleeve wall width
tan α = z / (a0 - 0.15a0 - dw/2)
ZHo = Ho
ZHu = Hu
Zv = Zh tan α
Vertical sleeve reinforcement
Req. As,z = Zv / fyd
Horizontal sleeve foundation on top
Horizontal sleeve foundation on bottom

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Anchorage of the tension rods in the column for the tensile force Fs
The required anchorage length for the tension and compression bars of the column reinforcement is
calculated and compared to the existing anchoring length. The existing anchoring length is determined by the
embedment depth minus the actual concrete cover. It is assumed that the column reinforcement can also be
a compressive reinforcement. In combination with the German standard, hooks, angular hooks and loops are
not allowed. Therefore, straight bars are used in the calculation, α1 = 1.0.
lb,rqd = (ds/4) / (σsd/fbd) = basic value of the anchoring length
lbd,erf. =α1 * lb,rqd * (As,req.. / As,exist.) = required anchorage length
lbd,vorh. = t – cv = existing anchorage length
Anchorage of vertical stirrups in the sleeve

The required anchorage length of the vertical stirrups in the sleeve is calculated and then compared to the
existing anchorage length which is obtained by deducting the concrete cover from the foundation height.
Lapping of the perpendicular stirrups and the vertical tensile

reinforcement in the column
The lap lengths of the column reinforcement and the vertical sleeve reinforcement are calculated. The
required lap length is decisive in this connection. When calculating the lap length of the column reinforcement,
the fact that only the tensile force portion that is transferred via the compression strut C1 is transmitted via
the lap joint is taken into account. When calculating the lap joint l0 a bond stress increased by 50 % is
assumed in accordance with Booklet 399 due to the existing transversal pressure.
Output
If you have checked the options “Text on reinforcement” and “Details of anchorage” in the in the Scope of the
output menu, the equations and intermediate results of the sleeve calculation are put out.

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Block Foundation
Block foundations can be calculated in program “FDB+”.
You can access the program FDB+ directly from the FRILO Control Center or
from the program Isolated Foundation – FD+ under the item “Connected
Programs” (assuming that the FDB+ program is installed on your computer).
The calculation is performed in accordance with the method described in
"Deutscher Beton- und Bautechnik-Verein E.V. - Beispiele zur Bemessung
nach Eurocode 2".
A block foundation is a foundation, in which the pocket is embedded.
A block foundation is characterized by an appropriate connection between
the bottom part of the column and the walls of the pocket, due to which a
monolithic work of the foundation with the column can be assumed.
The flexural design of a block foundation, in contrary to an isolated
foundation, is conducted for a cross-section along the edge of a column.
The resulting flexural design is made according to Heft 240, T 2.10. The
task is made separately for x and y directions. Connection reinforcement in
the foundation, as well as anchorage and overlapping lengths of the column reinforcement and the connection
reinforcement are determined.
Fig.: Determination of the vertical stirrups Asv with tensile force Z1, determination of the horizontal
stirrups Ash with tensile force Z2
The punching shear analysis is performed for:

- the erecting stage (for the self-weight of the column, which is applied during assembly)
- the final stage

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Output
Output scope / Options

By checking the desired options, you can determine the scope of text to be put out.
Output as PDF
The Document tab displays the document in PDF.
See also Output and printing.
Export to Allplan
The menu option ‘File’ - ‘Export’ allows you to export a suitable file to Allplan.

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Explanatory notes on the output of the results (table)
Output of the reinforcement
Note: The existing reinforcement is not the result of an addition of individual rebars. It is determined by the rebar
diameter and the bar spacing per m of the reinforcement area (e.g. the eighth part). The eighth parts at the
edges of the foundation are not considered with their full width because of the concrete cover. Therefore, the
reinforcement totals in the areas close to the edges may differ even though the reinforcement per m is the
same. In the example, there is a difference in the x-direction between the existing reinforcement As = 3.6 cm² in
the first eighth part and 3.7 cm2 in the second and 3.7 cm2 third eighth parts.
The reinforcement is put out in a table. If no type of reinforcement is selected, the existing reinforcement is
put out. In the upper table section, the coordinates and the widths of the individual areas are indicated. In the
middle part of the table, the selected rebars and fabrics are specified. In the lower part of the table, the
required and the existing reinforcement are represented in cm² and cm²/m.
If detailed presetting was selected, a first table gives an overview of the required and the existing
reinforcement in each eighth part. In a second table underneath, the used reinforcement objects are listed.
Evaluation of the results

The flexural reinforcement is calculated for the greatest Mx and My moments and the required reinforcement
referenced to the foundation width is put out.
The decisive flexural moments are calculated in the following expressions:
For centrically loaded foundations, the design moment is determined in accordance with Booklet 240 in the
following expression:
d
1
M  Nb b
8
b refers to the foundation width and d to the column width.
With uniaxially loaded foundations, the edge pressure is determined as follows

Manual FD+ / FDB+
N M N
  or   2 
A W 3b  c
The resulting stresses are used to calculate the moments MS around the column axes. The design moments
result from the expression:
d
M  MS  N 
8
With biaxially loaded foundations, the foundation is separated in strips and the internal moments are
calculated as on uniaxially loaded foundations. The sum of these moments reduced by the portion N  d/8
constitutes the design moment.
In general, design is done in the column axis. As this approach is too far on the safe side for stiff pockets, a
section through the centre of the pocket wall can optionally be selected with pocket foundations.
A proposal for the selection of the reinforcement is displayed in addition.
With centrically loaded or uniaxially but eccentrically loaded foundations, the distribution of the reinforcement
is represented in accordance with Booklet 240, part 2.10. Separate values for the x- and y-direction are put out.
If need be, the required upper reinforcement is calculated in addition.
Distribution of Mx in the section I-I

cy/by 0,1 0,2 0,3
Percentages of 7 8 9
the total moment 10 10 11
14 14 14
19 18 16
Sum 50 50 50
Illustration: Behaviour and distribution of the

flexural moments
Behaviour of Σ Mx
The reinforcement proposal is based on a bar

spacing of 15 cm at least. Where squared foundations are concerned, the same bar diameter is selected in
both directions.
In accordance with EN 1992-1-1, 9.2.1.1 (1), a minimum reinforcement transverse to the main loading
direction is taken into account.

Manual FD+ / FDB+
Output: Punching shear resistance verification

The following calculation results are put out for this verification:
- Diameter of the punching cone in the centre of the foundation dr and the base dk
- average existing µ in the area dr from the flexural design
- vertical force Q and decisive punching force Qred
- calculated shear stress R
- shear stress limits 1  01 compared to R and 2  02 compared to R.
If R < 1  01, shear reinforcement is not required.
If 2  02 > R > 1  01, the reinforcement ratio µ must be increased or shear additions must be installed
alternatively. The software puts both values out. For the shear additions, an inclination of 45 degrees is
assumed.
If R > 2  02, the reinforcement ratio µ must be increased so that the condition
R < 2  02 is satisfied at least. The resulting reinforcement is put out.
Reinforcement either consisting of additional longitudinal reinforcement or shear addition must be installed in
addition. Both values are put out.
For the pocket, the required horizontal As for the force Ho and the required vertical reinforcement for the
vertical component of the compression strut are calculated. With cast-in pockets, the reinforcement should be
arranged laterally next to the opening and anchored thoroughly.
Illustration: Pocket with rough surface Illustration: Pocket with smooth surface

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Manual FD+ / FDB+

Foundation FD+ / FDB+

Basic Documentation – Overview

FRILO Software GmbH 13.11.2023 Page 1

The system consists of the foundation slab and an optional

You can include the following load types in the calculation:

FRILO Software GmbH 13.11.2023 Page 2

The data can be passed on to other programmes. If the foundation is more of a

Additional option FDPro

Free 30-day demo

Additional option FD-BEW

FRILO Software GmbH 13.11.2023 Page 3

Available standards / national annexes

The flexural design is performed in accordance with the kh- or kd-method.

For pocket foundations the following distinction is made:

FRILO Software GmbH 13.11.2023 Page 4

Illustration: Pocket with smooth surface

Illustration: Pocket with rough surface

FRILO Software GmbH 13.11.2023 Page 5

Shear resistance verification

This can happen in the three cases described below.

Meaning of the variables:

FRILO Software GmbH 13.11.2023 Page 6

FRILO Software GmbH 13.11.2023 Page 7

Basis of calculation for verifications in foundation engineering

The verification of the boundary stresses

The limitation of the load eccentricity

Permissible bearing pressure

FRILO Software GmbH 13.11.2023 Page 8

FRILO Software GmbH 13.11.2023 Page 9

Stability against sliding

Safety against ground/bearing resistance failure according to analytical methods

Safety against base failure according to semi-empirical methods

The Settlements from strain integration or settlement equations

FRILO Software GmbH 13.11.2023 Page 10

The settlements from adjusted elasticity methods.

Here, the settlements are calculated according to EN 1997-1 Annex F.

Settlements from pressure test data

Here, the settlements are calculated according to EN 1997-2 Annex D.

The settlements from pressiometer test data

Here the settlements are calculated according to EN 1997-2 Annex E.

FRILO Software GmbH 13.11.2023 Page 11

The consolidation settlement is considered at the end of

Then the creep settlement for a value of  ≥ 1 given by the

FRILO Software GmbH 13.11.2023 Page 12

With additional option FDPro

Base inclination (FDPro)

Earth pressure (FDPro)

Load-bearing capacity calculation (FDPro)

The seismic ground failure verification (FDPro)

FRILO Software GmbH 13.11.2023 Page 13

The punching verification in the soil (FDPro)

Graphical output of the internal forces along the main axes

FRILO Software GmbH 13.11.2023 Page 14

Data entry – Basic parameters

Input Options in the GUI

Select the desired reinforced concrete standard:

FRILO Software GmbH 13.11.2023 Page 15

Eccentricity x Column eccentricity in x-direction