Fundamentals - Application.cfd Edition - February.2024 Homework.3

Master’s Degree in Numerical Simulation in Engineering with ANSYS
FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATION OF CFD
EDITION FEBRUARY 2024
HOMEWORK 3
INSTRUCTIONS
The resolution of this homework includes 2 exercises. Some of them will require writing a brief
report. There is no specific format to submit the written report, except that it should be in pdf
format. The homework is released on 28.03.2024 and it should be returned by 23:55 GMT on
08.04.2024. The submitted work should be uploaded using the icon Upload Homework 3 that will
be created in the web space of the course, within the Exams and Homework section. Use the
Professor to Student forum created within the Homework 3 section of the course web space to
address any question related to this homework. All the reports must be written in English, using
any word processor or even as a hand-written document.
Please integrate all your answers in one single compressed file called:
LastName.FirstName-Homework-3
where FirstName and LastName are, respectively, your first name and last name.
(Example: Smith.John-Homework-3)
Use standard zip compressing tools to create the compressed file.
Fundamentals and Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics 1

EXERCISE 1
A large pressurized reservoir is feeding incompressible fluid of density 𝜌 and viscosity 𝜇 into a
long tube of circular cross section, having radius 𝑅 and length 𝐿, such that 𝐿⁄𝑅 ≫ 1. The tube
discharges to atmospheric pressure 𝑃 and the reservoir is kept at a constant pressure level. The
flow from the reservoir to the tube inlet is achieved through a smooth convergent nozzle, making
this process to behave as ideal flow, so that at the entrance of the tube the flow is uniform, aligned
with the axis of the tube (coordinate axis 𝑥), and with velocity equal to 𝑈 , such that 𝑅𝑒 =
𝑈 𝑅 ⁄𝜈 >>1, but low enough for the flow to remain laminar.
𝑟 2𝑅
𝑥 𝑈(𝑟, 𝑥)
Figure 1. Sketch of the flow.
As the flow is axil-symmetric and with 𝑣 = 0, the cylindrical (𝑥, 𝑟) coordinate system sketched
in figure 1 is the preferred choice for its description. The equations of continuity and (𝑥, 𝑟)
momentum that describe the flow in the tube become:
𝜕𝑈 1 𝜕
+ (𝑟𝑉) = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑈 1 𝜕𝑃 𝜕 𝑈 𝜈 𝜕 𝜕𝑈
𝑈 +𝑉 =− +𝜈 + 𝑟
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜌 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 1 𝜕𝑃 𝜕 𝑉 𝜈 𝜕 𝜕𝑉 𝑉
𝑈 +𝑉 =− +𝜈 + 𝑟 −𝜈
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜌 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟
with (𝑈, 𝑉) respectively denoting the velocities in the (𝑥, 𝑟) directions, and with 𝜈 = 𝜇 ⁄𝜌 being
the kinematic viscosity of the fluid.
1) Consider solving the flow in the fluid domain described by 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑅, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿. With the
information given above, propose appropriate boundary conditions at the boundary of the fluid
domain, i.e., at 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝐿 and at 𝑟 = 0, 𝑟 = 𝑅.
2 Homework 3
2) Using 𝑈 , 𝑅 as characteristic magnitudes to render the problem dimensionless, and defining the
dimensionless magnitudes:
𝑥 𝑟 𝑈 𝑉 𝑃−𝑃
𝑥= , 𝑟̃ = , 𝑢 = ,𝑣 = ,𝑝 =
𝑅 𝑅 𝑈 𝑈 𝜌𝑈
Re-write the flow differential equations and boundary conditions using the above given
dimensionless variables. Show that the dimensionless flow dependent variables 𝑢, 𝑣 , 𝑝 depend only
on the dimensionless independent variables 𝑥 , 𝑟̃ and on the dimensionless parameters 𝑅𝑒 and 𝐿 =
𝐿⁄𝑅 . Denoting 𝑃 as the constant pressure level in the reservoir, and its dimensionless associated
variable 𝑝 = (𝑃 − 𝑃 )⁄(𝜌𝑈 ), demonstrate that we can write 𝑝 = 𝑝 𝑅𝑒, 𝐿 .
3) Using the 𝑥-momentum equation, determine the dimensionless length 𝑥 = 𝑥 ⁄𝑅 along the axis
of the tube for which the effects of viscosity are first felt over the entire radial coordinate of the
tube.
4) Assume that the tube length 𝐿 verifies 𝐿⁄𝑥 = 𝐿⁄𝑥 ≫ 1. For 𝑥⁄𝑥 ⪞ 1 the flow in the tube
can be considered almost uni-directional with 𝑣 ≈ 0, and with the axial velocity 𝑢 only depending
on the radial coordinate 𝑟̃ . Using the dimensionless 𝑥-momentum equation, verify that the
dimensionless axial pressure gradient − 𝜕𝑝⁄𝜕𝑥 in this region takes a constant value, independent
of 𝑥, and only depending on 𝑅𝑒. Determine in this case the value of − 𝜕𝑝⁄𝜕𝑥 as a function of 𝑅𝑒.
Assuming that this law can be taken as representative for the whole length of the tube, determine
the approximate value of 𝑝 as a function of 𝑅𝑒 and 𝐿. Determine also the approximate value of
the pressure drop (𝑃 − 𝑃 ) as a function of 𝜇, 𝑈 , 𝑅 and 𝐿.
5) Defining the wall friction coefficient 𝑐 as:
2𝜏 𝜕𝑈
𝑐 = , 𝜏 = −𝜇
𝜌𝑈 𝜕𝑟
Determine its approximate value for 𝑥⁄𝑥 ⪞ 1, where the flow solution found in 4) approximately
applies, demonstrating that in this case the friction coefficient is only a function of the Reynolds
number 𝑐 = 𝑐 (𝑅𝑒). For 𝑥⁄𝑥 ≪ 1 the viscous effects are restricted to a small boundary layer
that progressively develops around the tube’s wall. This boundary layer is initially so thin that it
can be considered similar to a boundary layer that develops over a flat plate without pressure
gradient, i.e., a Blasius boundary layer. Assuming that this is the case, give the approximate
evolution of 𝑐 = 𝑐 (𝑥, 𝑅𝑒) for 𝑥⁄𝑥 ≪ 1.
Fundamentals and Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics 3

EXERCISE 2
Carry out Application Tutorial AT03.2 – Manifold. Be aware that workbench files are allocated
in different directories and all files are needed in order to grade your work. Workbench files should
be returned in a single compressed file making use of the “File -> Archive” utility that is available
under the workbench menu, which is the only way to guarantee that all files are included.
4 Homework 3

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Master’s Degree in Numerical Simulation in Engineering with ANSYS

FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATION OF CFD

EDITION FEBRUARY 2024

Use standard zip compressing tools to create the compressed file.

Fundamentals and Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics 1

Figure 1. Sketch of the flow.

5) Defining the wall friction coefficient 𝑐 as:

Fundamentals and Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics 3

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