Geo 1

Introduction to Geography
Geography Module I - Introduction and Earth

Importance of Geography

Classification of the Subject

Material List
● NCERTs
● BYJU’S book
● World Atlas
● Newspaper

Module Progression
Geomorphology Climatology Oceanography
India

Approach to Study

Geography

Origin of universe

The Big Bang Theory
This theory was born of the observation that other galaxies are moving
away from our own at great speed in all directions, as if they had all been
propelled by an ancient explosive force.
Around 13.7 billion years ago, everything in the entire universe was
condensed in an infinitesimally small singularity, a point of infinite
denseness and heat.
Suddenly, an explosive expansion began, ballooning our universe outwards

faster than the speed of light.

The Big Bang Theory
Simply put, it says the universe as we know it started with an infinitely hot and
dense single point that inflated and stretched — first at unimaginable speeds, and
then at a more measurable rate — over the next 13.7 billion years to the still-
expanding cosmos that we know today.

Earth

Earth as a rotating planet
Rotation
● The Earth spins on its axis from West to

East (counter-clockwise).
● It takes the Earth 23 hours, 56 minutes,
and 4.09 seconds to complete one full
turn.

Speed of Rotation of Earth
● The speed of rotation at any point upon the equator is at the rate of
approximately 1,038 miles per hour, decreasing to zero at the
poles.

Revolution
● While the Earth is spinning on its axis, it
is revolving around the Sun in a counter-
clockwise direction.
● It takes the Earth one full year to
complete one full revolution around the
Sun.
● The mean distance of the Earth from the
Sun is about 93 million miles and the
distance varies by 3 million miles,
forming a slightly oval path.

Aphelion and Perihelion

Earth is at its maximum distance from the sun at aphelion, and at its
minimum distance at perihelion.
The point in the moon’s orbit where it is farthest from the earth is
called apogee, while it’s closest approach is known as perigee.

Seasons on Earth

Longitudes and Latitudes

Latitudes

Latitudes are imaginary circles parallel to the Equator. On a map where north is
up, latitudes run laterally (left to right). They are named after the angle created
by a line connecting the latitude and the center of the Earth, and the line
connecting the Equator and the center of the Earth.

Longitudes
● Prime Meridian
● Anti Meridian

Longitudes are geographical positioning markers that run from the geographical
North Pole to the geographical South Pole, intersecting the Equator. They meet
at both Poles and specify the east-west position of a location.
The Prime Meridian is set as 0° longitude and it divides the Earth into the Eastern
and the Western Hemispheres. All the other longitudes are measured and
named after the angle they make with respect to the center of the Earth from the
intersection of the Meridian and the Equator.

International Date Line (IDL)
●The International Date Line (IDL) is an imaginary line on Earth's
surface defining the boundary between one day and the next.

International Date Line (IDL)
● The Dateline Is Not Straight why?
○ The dateline runs from the North Pole to the South Pole and marks the
divide between the Western and Eastern Hemisphere.
○ It is not straight but zigzags to avoid political and country borders and
to not cut some countries in half.

What Happens When You Cross the Dateline?
○ When you cross the International Date Line from west to east, you
subtract a day, and if you cross the line from east to west, you add a
day.

Systems of Earth
Lithosphere Hydrosphere
Cryosphere
Atmosphere Biosphere

Basic Geomorphology in Everyday
Life

On 21st June, the Sun (2019)
(a) does not set below the horizon at the Arctic Circle
(b) does not set below the horizon at Antarctic Circle
(c) shines vertically overhead at noon on the Equator
(d) shines vertically overhead at the Tropic of Capricorn

Thank You!

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Introduction to Geography

Geography Module I - Introduction and Earth

Geography Module I - Introduction and Earth

Geography Module I - Introduction and Earth

Geography Module I - Introduction and Earth

Geomorphology Climatology Oceanography

Geography Module I - Introduction and Earth

Geography Module I - Introduction and Earth

Geography Module I - Introduction and Earth

Geography Module I - Introduction and Earth

Suddenly, an explosive expansion began, ballooning our universe outwards

Geography Module I - Introduction and Earth

Geography Module I - Introduction and Earth

Geography Module I - Introduction and Earth

● The Earth spins on its axis from West to

Geography Module I - Introduction and Earth

Geography Module I - Introduction and Earth

Geography Module I - Introduction and Earth

Geography Module I - Introduction and Earth

Geography Module I - Introduction and Earth

Geography Module I - Introduction and Earth

Geography Module I - Introduction and Earth

Geography Module I - Introduction and Earth

Geography Module I - Introduction and Earth

Geography Module I - Introduction and Earth

Geography Module I - Introduction and Earth

Geography Module I - Introduction and Earth

Geography Module I - Introduction and Earth

Geography Module I - Introduction and Earth

Geography Module I - Introduction and Earth

Geography Module I - Introduction and Earth

(b) does not set below the horizon at Antarctic Circle

(c) shines vertically overhead at noon on the Equator

(d) shines vertically overhead at the Tropic of Capricorn

Geography Module I - Introduction and Earth

Geography Module I - Introduction and Earth

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