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    Base Sa Link Ni Aelaika

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    The document provides a detailed overview of the history of science and technology in the Philippines from the Spanish colonial period through modern times. It discusses developments under Spanish rule, the American period, World War 2, and the independence era, highlighting advances in various fields as well as the establishment of important institutions and policies to support science.

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    Base Sa Link Ni Aelaika

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    rycaprincess
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    The document provides a detailed overview of the history of science and technology in the Philippines from the Spanish colonial period through modern times. It discusses developments under Spanish rule, the American period, World War 2, and the independence era, highlighting advances in various fields as well as the establishment of important institutions and policies to support science.

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    BASE SA LINK NI AELAIKA

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    The document provides a detailed overview of the history of science and technology in the Philippines from the Spanish colonial period through modern times. It discusses developments under Spanish rule, the American period, World War 2, and the independence era, highlighting advances in various fields as well as the establishment of important institutions and policies to support science.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    25 views6 pages

    Base Sa Link Ni Aelaika

    Uploaded by

    rycaprincess
    The document provides a detailed overview of the history of science and technology in the Philippines from the Spanish colonial period through modern times. It discusses developments under Spanish rule, the American period, World War 2, and the independence era, highlighting advances in various fields as well as the establishment of important institutions and policies to support science.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    BASE SA LINK NI AELAIKA

    SPSNIDH PERIOD
    Spanish colonial motives in the Philippines included both commercial and strategic interests, with the
    establishment of a permanent settlement by Miguel López de Legazpi in Cebu in 1565.
    - Spanish rule involved the nominal conversion of the local population to Roman Catholicism and the
    implementation of the encomienda system, which was later abandoned due to abuse and neglect.
    - The governor-general, appointed by the king, held significant power and dominated the political and
    commercial landscape, with Manila as the political, commercial, and ecclesiastical capital.
    - The church, led by the archbishop, vied for political supremacy and amassed great wealth through land
    holdings and economic activities.
    - The Spanish clergy aimed to Christianize and Hispanize the Filipinos, suppressing local religions but
    facing challenges in fully eradicating traditional beliefs and customs.
    - Spanish influence led to alterations in agricultural technology, socio-economic structures, and the
    reinforcement of class differences, with the emergence of the principalia as heirs of pre-Spanish nobility
    in local government.
    THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION
    - In 1896, fighting against Spanish rule began in the Philippines
    - Emilio Aguinaldo, a leader of the rebel forces, was initially promised reforms by the Spanish, but when
    the U.S. got involved in the Spanish-American War, he declared independence on June 12, 1898, forming
    the "Malolos Republic"
    - U.S. troops, with Filipino help, forced the Spanish to surrender Manila
    - The Treaty of Paris was signed on December 10, 1898, ceding the Philippines to the United States
    - Hostilities between U.S. and Filipino forces erupted before the treaty was ratified
    - The Philippine-American War ensued, leading to two years of counterinsurgency warfare and the
    capture of Aguinaldo in March 1901
    - The Filipino movement aimed for independence and social change, with the national land reform efforts
    of the Malolos Republic being ultimately unsuccessful due to the power of existing institutions
    THE PERIOD OF U.S INFLUENCE
    During the U.S. influence in the Philippines, Americans trained Filipinos for self-government and
    independence
    - Policy differences in the U.S. focused on the speed of extending self-government and granting
    independence
    - McKinley sent fact-finding commissions to the Philippines and established civil government in 1901
    - The Jones Act in 1916 aimed for independence, but with restrictions remaining on defense and foreign
    affairs
    - Education played a key role in U.S. policy, leading to increased literacy and English proficiency
    - American attempts at economic equality were modest, with concentration of land ownership and limited
    industrial growth
    - The Philippines gained independence in 1935 through the Tydings-McDuffie Act, leading to the
    Commonwealth period
    - The Nacionalista Party dominated politics, and a constitution was approved by a plebiscite
    - The transition to independence was marred by challenges before the onset of World War II.
    WORLD WAR II
    Increased focus on military preparedness in China due to Japanese aggression
    - One-fourth of national budget allocated to defense
    - Gen. Douglas MacArthur called by President Quezon to direct plans and preparations
    - Agrarian unrest and leftist political activity grew
    - Japanese attack on the Philippines in December 1941 occurred when U.S. military buildup was minimal
    - Manila declared an “open city”; Quezon and Osmeña evacuated to Corregidor Island
    - Quezon and Osmeña left the Philippines in March 1942 on a U.S. submarine
    - Japanese-appointed president, José Laurel, established “independent Philippine Republic”
    - Guerrilla units formed before fall of Bataan Peninsula, including the Hukbalahap under communist
    leadership
    - U.S. landings on Leyte in October 1944 led to the return of civil government to the commonwealth
    - Manuel A. Roxas chosen as MacArthur’s candidate for president
    - Roxas elected in April 1946, becoming the first president of the Republic of the Philippines on July 4,
    1946
    THE EARLY REPUBLIC
    - President Roxas granted amnesty to major collaborators with Japan in the early republic.
    - The 1949 election did not focus on collaboration, as it was present on both sides of the political
    spectrum.
    - After World War II, the Philippines gained independence and received rehabilitation aid from the United
    States, with some conditions, such as the Bell Act and the 99-year lease on military bases.
    - The Philippines aimed to weaken its ties with the United States, focusing on economic nationalism and
    military cooperation.
    - The U.S. military bases in the Philippines caused friction in relations, with a series of agreements in the
    1960s leading to the eventual withdrawal of U.S. forces in 1992.
    - Filipino political institutions post-independence were of special concern to the former colonial power,
    with instances of repression and fraudulent elections leading to social unrest and rebellion.
    - President Magsaysay attempted social and economic reform, but faced resistance from the conservative
    legislature and bureaucracy.
    BASE SA MODULE
    Spanish Colonial Period
    Spanish colonization in the Philippines led to advancements in science and technology, with the
    introduction of formal education and scientific institutions.
    - The Spanish established parish schools, colleges, and universities, such as the University of Santo
    Tomas, teaching subjects like religion, math, and music.
    - Astronomy and medicine were given priority in the later years of Spanish rule, while the field of
    engineering also benefitted from Spanish construction projects.
    - Notable contributors to science during the 19th century included botanists, chemists, and medicine
    scholars.
    - The Galleon Trade significantly impacted the Philippine colonial economy, leading to a focus on trade
    for big profits.
    - European influence from the Age of Enlightenment was seen in the influx of visitors and Filipinos
    studying in Europe, potentially shaping scientific development in the Philippines.
    American Period and Post-Commonwealth era
    The American period in the Philippines saw continued progress in science and technology.
    - The Bureau of Government Laboratories was established in 1901, focusing on tropical diseases and
    laboratory projects.
    - In 1905, it was replaced by the Bureau of Science, and in 1933, the National Research Council of the
    Philippines was established.
    - Science during this period focused on agriculture, food processing, medicine, and pharmacy, with less
    emphasis on industrial technology due to a free trade policy with the United States.
    - After World War II, the Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of Science.
    - In the 1950s, the Philippines faced challenges including a lack of basic industry information, minimal
    support for experimental work and scientific research, and low salaries for government-employed
    scientists.
    - In 1958, the Science Act established the National Science Development Board.

    MARCOS ERA AND MARTIAL LAW


    - During Ferdinand Marcos' presidency, science and technology were prioritized in national development.
    - He enacted laws to support science and technology in public institutions and private universities.
    - Efforts included revitalizing science courses in public high schools, providing science teaching
    equipment, and funding projects in applied sciences and science education.
    - The government conducted seminars and provided scholarships for science scholars and supported
    research in various scientific fields.
    - Marcos established organizations such as the National Grains Authority, the Philippine Council for
    Agricultural Research, and the National Academy of Science and Technology to promote agricultural and
    scientific development.
    - He also created the Philippine National Oil Company and the National Science and Technology
    Authority to support industrial and economic development through efficient energy sources and central
    coordination of scientific research.
    - Additionally, he supported initiatives to improve leadership and organization within scientific
    institutions and promoted careers in science and technology through the establishment of new campuses
    of the Philippine Science High School.
    FIFTH REPUBLIC
    - During Corazon Aquino's presidency, science and technology's importance to economic recovery was
    highlighted, and the Department of Science and Technology was established.
    - The Science and Technology Master Plan aimed to modernize production, increase research, and
    develop infrastructure.
    - President Fidel Ramos prioritized S&T personnel through the Magna Carta for Science and Technology
    Personnel and established the Science and Technology Agenda for National Development.
    - President Joseph Estrada signed the Philippine Clean Air Act and launched cost-effective irrigation
    programs.
    - The Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo administration focused on the "golden age" of science and technology,
    passing the "Biofuels" act and promoting the Philippine Science High School.
    - The government implemented Republic Act 10601 to improve the Agriculture and Fisheries Sector
    through Mechanization.
    - In 2014, President Aquino conferred four new National Scientists for their significant contributions to
    the scientific field.
    Philippine Government Science and Technology Agenda
    The Department of Science and Technology (DOST) in the Philippines oversees national technology
    development, scientific research, and public awareness of science and technology.
    - DOST formulates the National Science and Technology Plan and coordinates its funding and
    implementation.
    - DOST undertakes policy research, technology assessment, feasibility studies, and maintains a national
    information system and databank on science and technology.
    - Two major approaches highlighted:
    - Stronger Research and Development in the regions, not just Manila, by providing more grant support for
    R & D through sectoral planning councils and universities.
    - Strategic projects in five areas:
    - Renewable energy
    - Science and technology for industry development
    - Faster and cheaper internet
    - Increased food production
    - Climate change adaptation with cutting-edge technology for farmers.
    Selected Indigenous Science and Technologies
    - Indigenous peoples have made significant contributions to science and technology throughout history
    - Indigenous science incorporates traditional knowledge and perspectives, while Western science
    approaches are known as non-Indigenous
    - Integrating Indigenous science with Western science has great potential benefits
    - Indigenous perspectives value interconnectedness, reciprocity, and respect for nature
    - Both Western and Indigenous science have strengths and can complement each other
    - Combining traditional ecological knowledge with wildlife ecology research has led to valuable
    contributions to modern science
    Roots of food and medicine
    Indigenous people in the Americas have contributed significantly to global cuisine by domesticating many
    plant species, such as corn, squash, beans, potatoes, and peppers.
    - Their knowledge of the medicinal properties of plants has played a crucial role in pharmacological
    development.
    - For example, they helped cure scurvy using conifer-needle tonics rich in vitamin C as settlers arrived in
    North America.
    - Indigenous people also discovered the active ingredient in Aspirin, acetylsalicylic acid, from the bark of
    the willow tree.
    - Their knowledge about medicinal plant properties is still relevant today, especially in tropical
    ecosystems, as they continue to share their expertise.
    Technology to TEK
    Indigenous peoples have traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) about environmental and ecological
    relationships passed down over generations.
    - TEK has contributed insights into environmental change, wildlife monitoring, sustainable harvesting,
    behavioral ecology, and more.
    - Inuit observations on Arctic environmental changes and bowhead whale behavior helped improve
    research methods.
    - Heiltsuk First Nation elders identified two types of wolves previously undocumented by Western
    science.
    - TEK complements Western science and can further inform scientific research.
    - Incorporating Indigenous knowledge can help identify factors contributing to moose population decline.
    Indigenous education is essential
    Indigenous education is crucial for promoting culturally inclusive scientific approaches
    - Few Indigenous science scholars currently exist, limiting mentorship and role models for Indigenous
    science students
    - Recruiting more Indigenous science scholars can pave the way for research incorporating Indigenous
    perspectives
    - Collaboration with Indigenous communities for wildlife management is increasingly important
    - Canadian government is utilizing Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) for assessing species at risk
    - Worldwide Indigenous Science Network (WISN) promotes dialogue on ecological issues
    - Indigenous perspectives and knowledge have historically contributed to science and technology
    development and will continue to do so

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