OPERATING SYSTEMS

LAB MANUAL
 INDEX
EXPNO NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT Page number

1 a) RR( Round Robin) Scheduling 1-4

b) SJF(Shortest Job First) 5-8

c) FCFS(First Come First Served) 9-11

d) Priority Scheduling 12-15

Sequential File Allocation
2 a) 16-18
Indexed File Allocation
b) 19-21
Linked File Allocation
c) 22-24
Simulate MVT and MFT
3 a) 25-27
MVT (Multiprogramming Variable Task)
MFT (Multiprogramming Fixed Task)
b) 28-30
Banker’s Algorithm for Dead Lock Avoidance
4 31-37
And Dead Lock Prevention
FIFO (First In First Out) Page Replacement
5 a) 38-40

b) LRU (Least Recent Used) Page Replacement 41-44

Optimal Page Replacement (LFU)
c) 45-48
Paging Memory Allocation Technique
6 49-52
Segmentation Memory Allocation Technique
7 53-57
Ex. No: 1(a) FCFS SCHEDULING

Aim: Write a C program to implement the various process scheduling mechanisms

such

Algorithm for FCFS scheduling:

Step 1: Start the process
Step 2: Accept the number of processes in the ready Queue
Step 3: For each process in the ready Q, assign the process id and accept the CPU
burst time
Step 4: Set the waiting of the first process as ‘0’ and its burst time as its turn around
time
Step 5: for each process in the Ready Q calculate
(a) Waiting time for process(n)= waiting time of process (n-1) + Burst time of
process(n-1)
(b) Turn around time for Process(n)= waiting time of Process(n)+ Burst time
for process(n)
Step 6: Calculate
(a) Average waiting time = Total waiting Time / Number of process
(b) Average Turnaround time = Total Turnaround Time / Number of process
Step 7: Stop the process
 /* FCFS SCHEDULING ALGORITHM */

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i,n,sum,wt,tat,twt,ttat;
int t[10];
float awt,atat;
clrscr();

printf("Enter number of processors:\n");

scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\n Enter the Burst Time of the process %d",i+1);
scanf("\n %d",&t[i]);
}
printf("\n\n FIRST COME FIRST SERVE SCHEDULING ALGORITHM \n");
printf("\n Process ID \t Waiting Time \t Turn Around Time \n");
printf("1 \t\t 0 \t\t %d \n",t[0]);
sum=0;
twt=0;
ttat=t[0];
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
{
sum+=t[i-1];
wt=sum;
tat=sum+t[i];
twt=twt+wt;
ttat=ttat+tat;
printf("\n %d \t\t %d \t\t %d",i+1,wt,tat);
printf("\n\n");
}
awt=(float)twt/n;
atat=(float)ttat/n;
printf("\n Average Waiting Time %4.2f",awt);
printf("\n Average Turnaround Time %4.2f",atat);
getch();
}
OUTPUT:

Enter number of processors:

3

Enter the Burst Time of the process 1: 2

Enter the Burst Time of the process 2: 5

Enter the Burst Time of the process 3: 4

FIRST COME FIRST SERVE SCHEDULING ALGORITHM

Process ID Waiting Time Turn Around Time

1 0 2

2 2 7

3 7 11

Average Waiting Time 3.00

Average Turnaround Time 6.67
Ex. No: 1(b) SJF SCHEDULING

Aim: Write a C program to implement the various process scheduling mechanisms

such as SJF Scheduling .

Algorithm for SJF

Step 1: Start the process
Step 2: Accept the number of processes in the ready Queue
Step 3: For each process in the ready Q, assign the process id and accept the CPU
burst time
Step 4: Start the Ready Q according the shortest Burst time by sorting according to
lowest to
highest burst time.
Step 5: Set the waiting time of the first process as ‘0’ and its turnaround time as its
burst time.
Step 6: For each process in the ready queue, calculate
(c) Waiting time for process(n)= waiting time of process (n-1) + Burst time of
process(n-1)
(d) Turn around time for Process(n)= waiting time of Process(n)+ Burst time
for process(n)
Step 6: Calculate
(c) Average waiting time = Total waiting Time / Number of process
(d) Average Turnaround time = Total Turnaround Time / Number of process
Step 7: Stop the process
 /* SJF SCHEDULING ALGORITHM */

Program:
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i,j,k,n,sum,wt[10],tt[10],twt,ttat;
int t[10],p[10];
float awt,atat;
clrscr();

printf("Enter number of process\n");

scanf("%d",&n);

for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\n Enter the Burst Time of Process %d",i);
scanf("\n %d",&t[i]);
}

for(i=0;i<n;i++)
p[i]=i;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(k=i+1;k<n;k++)
{
if(t[i]>t[k])
{
int temp;
temp=t[i];
t[i]=t[k];
t[k]=temp;

temp=p[i];
p[i]=p[k];
p[k]=temp;
}
}
printf("\n\n SHORTEST JOB FIRST SCHEDULING ALGORITHM");
printf("\n PROCESS ID \t BURST TIME \t WAITING TIME \t
TURNAROUND TIME \n\n");
wt[0]=0;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
sum=0;
for(k=0;k<i;k++)
{
wt[i]=sum+t[k];
sum=wt[i];
}
 }
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
tt[i]=t[i]+wt[i];
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%5d \t\t5%d \t\t %5d \t\t %5d \n\n",p[i],t[i],wt[i],tt[i]);
}
twt=0;
ttat=t[0];
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
{
twt=twt+wt[i];
ttat=ttat+tt[i];
}
awt=(float)twt/n;
atat=(float)ttat/n;

printf("\n AVERAGE WAITING TIME %4.2f",awt);

printf("\n AVERAGE TURN AROUND TIME %4.2f",atat);
getch();
}
}

OUTPUT:

Enter number of process

3

Enter the Burst Time of Process 04

Enter the Burst Time of Process 13

Enter the Burst Time of Process 25

SHORTEST JOB FIRST SCHEDULING ALGORITHM

PROCESS ID BURST TIME WAITING TIME TURNAROUND TIME

1 3 0 3

0 4 3 7

2 5 7 12

AVERAGE WAITING TIME 3.33

AVERAGE TURN AROUND TIME 7.33
Ex. No: 1(c) PRIORITY SCHEDULING

Aim: Write a C program to implement the various process scheduling mechanisms

such as Priority Scheduling.

Algorithm for Priority Scheduling:

Step 1: Start the process

Step 2: Accept the number of processes in the ready Queue
Step 3: For each process in the ready Q, assign the process id and accept the CPU
burst time
Step 4: Sort the ready queue according to the priority number.
Step 5: Set the waiting of the first process as ‘0’ and its burst time as its turn around
time
Step 6: For each process in the Ready Q calculate
(e) Waiting time for process(n)= waiting time of process (n-1) + Burst time of
process(n-1)
(f) Turn around time for Process(n)= waiting time of Process(n)+ Burst time
for process(n)
Step 7: Calculate
(e) Average waiting time = Total waiting Time / Number of process
(f) Average Turnaround time = Total Turnaround Time / Number of process
Step 8: Stop the process
 /* PRIORITY SCHEDULING */

Program:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int i,j,n,tat[10],wt[10],bt[10],pid[10],pr[10],t,twt=0,ttat=0;
float awt,atat;
clrscr();
printf("\n-----------PRIORITY SCHEDULING--------------\n");
printf("Enter the No of Process: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
for (i=0;i<n;i++)
{
pid[i] = i;
printf("Enter the Burst time of Pid %d : ",i);
scanf("%d",&bt[i]);
printf("Enter the Priority of Pid %d : ",i);
scanf ("%d",&pr[i]);
}
// Sorting start
for (i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
{
if (pr[i] > pr[j] )
{
t = pr[i];
pr[i] = pr[j];
pr[j] = t;

t = bt[i];
bt[i] = bt[j];
bt[j] = t;

t = pid[i];
pid[i] = pid[j];
pid[j] = t;
}
}
// Sorting finished

tat[0] = bt[0];
wt[0] = 0;

for (i=1;i<n;i++)
{
wt[i] = wt[i-1] + bt[i-1];
tat[i] = wt[i] + bt[i];
}

printf("\n---------------------------------------------------------------\n");
printf("Pid\t Priority\tBurst time\t WaitingTime\tTurnArroundTime\n");
printf("\n--------------------------------------------------------------\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{

printf("\n%d\t\t%d\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d",pid[i],pr[i],bt[i],wt[i],tat[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
ttat = ttat+tat[i];
twt = twt + wt[i];
}
awt = (float)twt / n;
atat = (float)ttat / n;
printf("\n\nAvg.Waiting Time: %f\nAvg.Turn Around Time:
%f\n",awt,atat);
getch();
}
OUTPUT:

-----------PRIORITY SCHEDULING--------------

Enter the No of Process: 4

Enter the Burst time of Pid 0 : 2
Enter the Priority of Pid 0 : 3
Enter the Burst time of Pid 1 : 6
Enter the Priority of Pid 1 : 2
Enter the Burst time of Pid 2 : 4
Enter the Priority of Pid 2 : 1
Enter the Burst time of Pid 3 : 5
Enter the Priority of Pid 3 : 7

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pid Priority Burst time WaitingTime TurnArroundTime

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2 1 4 0 4
1 2 6 4 10
0 3 2 10 12
3 7 5 12 17

Avg.Waiting Time: 6.500000

Avg.Turn Around Time: 10.750000
Ex. No:1(d) ROUND ROBIN SCHEDULING

Aim: Write a C program to implement the various process scheduling mechanisms

such
as Round Robin Scheduling.

Algorithm for RR

Step 1: Start the process

Step 2: Accept the number of processes in the ready Queue and time quantum (or)
time slice
Step 3: For each process in the ready Q, assign the process id and accept the CPU
burst time
Step 4: Calculate the no. of time slices for each process where
No. of time slice for process(n) = burst time process(n)/time slice
Step 5: If the burst time is less than the time slice then the no. of time slices =1.
Step 6: Consider the ready queue is a circular Q, calculate
(a) Waiting time for process(n) = waiting time of process(n-1)+ burst time of
process(n-1 ) + the time difference in getting the CPU from process(n-1)
(b) Turn around time for process(n) = waiting time of process(n) + burst time
of process(n)+ the time difference in getting CPU from process(n).
Step 7: Calculate
(g) Average waiting time = Total waiting Time / Number of process
(h) Average Turnaround time = Total Turnaround Time / Number of process
Step 8: Stop the process
 /* ROUND ROBIN SCHEDULING ALGORITHM */

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int ts,pid[10],need[10],wt[10],tat[10],i,j,n,n1;
int bt[10],flag[10],ttat=0,twt=0;
float awt,atat;
clrscr();

printf("\t\t ROUND ROBIN SCHEDULING \n");

printf("Enter the number of Processors \n");
scanf("%d",&n);

n1=n;
printf("\n Enter the Timeslice \n");
scanf("%d",&ts);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
printf("\n Enter the process ID %d",i);
scanf("%d",&pid[i]);
printf("\n Enter the Burst Time for the process");
scanf("%d",&bt[i]);
need[i]=bt[i];
}
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
flag[i]=1;
wt[i]=0;
}
while(n!=0)
{
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
if(need[i]>=ts)
{
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
{
if((i!=j)&&(flag[i]==1)&&(need[j]!=0))
wt[j]+=ts;
}

need[i]-=ts;
 if(need[i]==0)
{
flag[i]=0;
n--;
}
}
else
{
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
{
if((i!=j)&&(flag[i]==1)&&(need[j]!=0))
wt[j]+=need[i];
}
need[i]=0;
n--;
flag[i]=0;
}
}
}
for(i=1;i<=n1;i++)
{
tat[i]=wt[i]+bt[i];
twt=twt+wt[i];
ttat=ttat+tat[i];
}
awt=(float)twt/n1;
atat=(float)ttat/n1;

printf("\n\n ROUND ROBIN SCHEDULING ALGORITHM \n\n");

printf("\n\n Process \t Process ID \t BurstTime \t Waiting Time \t
TurnaroundTime \n ");
for(i=1;i<=n1;i++)
{
printf("\n %5d \t %5d \t\t %5d \t\t %5d \t\t %5d \n", i,pid[i],bt[i],wt[i],tat[i]);
}

printf("\n The average Waiting Time=4.2f",awt);

printf("\n The average Turn around Time=4.2f",atat);
getch();
}
OUTPUT:

ROUND ROBIN SCHEDULING

Enter the number of Processors
4

Enter the Timeslice

5

Enter the process ID 1 5

Enter the Burst Time for the process 10

Enter the process ID 2 6

Enter the Burst Time for the process 15

Enter the process ID 3 7

Enter the Burst Time for the process 20

Enter the process ID 4 8

Enter the Burst Time for the process 25

ROUND ROBIN SCHEDULING ALGORITHM

Process Process ID BurstTime Waiting Time TurnaroundTime

1 5 10 15 25

2 6 15 25 40

3 7 20 25 45

4 8 25 20 45

The average Waiting Time=4.2f

The average Turn around Time=4.2f
Exp no:2(a) SEQUENTIAL FILE ALLOCATION

AIM: Write a C Program to implement Sequential File Allocation method.

ALGORITHM:

Step 1: Start the program.

Step 2: Get the number of memory partition and their sizes.
Step 3: Get the number of processes and values of block size for each process.
Step 4: First fit algorithm searches all the entire memory block until a hole which
is
big enough is encountered. It allocates that memory block for the
requesting
process.
Step 5: Best-fit algorithm searches the memory blocks for the smallest hole which
can
be allocated to requesting process and allocates if.
Step 6: Worst fit algorithm searches the memory blocks for the largest hole and
allocates it to the process.
Step 7: Analyses all the three memory management techniques and display the
best
algorithm which utilizes the memory resources effectively and efficiently.
Step 8: Stop the program.
Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int n,i,j,b[20],sb[20],t[20],x,c[20][20];
clrscr();
printf("Enter no.of files:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Enter no. of blocks occupied by file%d",i+1);
scanf("%d",&b[i]);
printf("Enter the starting block of file%d",i+1);
scanf("%d",&sb[i]);
t[i]=sb[i];
for(j=0;j<b[i];j++)
c[i][j]=sb[i]++;
}
printf("Filename\tStart block\tlength\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%d\t %d \t%d\n",i+1,t[i],b[i]);
printf("Enter file name:");
scanf("%d",&x);
printf("File name is:%d",x);
printf("length is:%d",b[x-1]);
printf("blocks occupied:");
for(i=0;i<b[x-1];i++)
printf("%4d",c[x-1][i]);
getch();
}
OUTPUT:

Enter no.of files: 2

Enter no. of blocks occupied by file1 4
Enter the starting block of file1 2
Enter no. of blocks occupied by file2 10
Enter the starting block of file2 5
Filename Start block length
1 2 4
2 5 10
Enter file name: rajesh
File name is:12803 length is:0blocks occupied
Exp no:2(b) INDEXED FILE ALLOCATION

AIM: Write a C Program to implement Indexed File Allocation method.

Algorithm:

Step 1: Start.
Step 2: Let n be the size of the buffer
Step 3: check if there are any producer
Step 4: if yes check whether the buffer is full
Step 5: If no the producer item is stored in the buffer
Step 6: If the buffer is full the producer has to wait
Step 7: Check there is any cosumer.If yes check whether the buffer is empty
Step 8: If no the consumer consumes them from the buffer
Step 9: If the buffer is empty, the consumer has to wait.
Step 10: Repeat checking for the producer and consumer till required
Step 11: Terminate the process.
Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int n,m[20],i,j,sb[20],s[20],b[20][20],x;
clrscr();
printf("Enter no. of files:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{ printf("Enter starting block and size of file%d:",i+1);
scanf("%d%d",&sb[i],&s[i]);
printf("Enter blocks occupied by file%d:",i+1);
scanf("%d",&m[i]);
printf("enter blocks of file%d:",i+1);
for(j=0;j<m[i];j++)
scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);
} printf("\nFile\t index\tlength\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%d\t%d\t%d\n",i+1,sb[i],m[i]);
}printf("\nEnter file name:");
scanf("%d",&x);
printf("file name is:%d\n",x);
i=x-1;
printf("Index is:%d",sb[i]);
printf("Block occupied are:");
for(j=0;j<m[i];j++)
printf("%3d",b[i][j]);
getch();
}
OUTPUT:
Enter no. of files:2
Enter starting block and size of file1: 2 5
Enter blocks occupied by file1:10
enter blocks of file1:3
2 5 4 6 7 2 6 4 7
Enter starting block and size of file2: 3 4
Enter blocks occupied by file2:5
enter blocks of file2: 2 3 4 5 6
File index length
1 2 10
2 3 5
Enter file name: venkat
file name is:12803
Index is:0Block occupied are:
Exp no:2(c) LINKED FILE ALLOCATION

AIM: Write a C Program to implement Linked File Allocation method.

ALGORITHM:

Step 1: Create a queue to hold all pages in memory

Step 2: When the page is required replace the page at the head of the queue
Step 3: Now the new page is inserted at the tail of the queue
Step 4: Create a stack
Step 5: When the page fault occurs replace page present at the bottom of the stack
Step 6: Stop the allocation.

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct file
{
char fname[10];
int start,size,block[10];
}f[10];
main()
{
int i,j,n;
clrscr();
printf("Enter no. of files:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Enter file name:");
scanf("%s",&f[i].fname);
printf("Enter starting block:");
scanf("%d",&f[i].start);
f[i].block[0]=f[i].start;
printf("Enter no.of blocks:");
scanf("%d",&f[i].size);
printf("Enter block numbers:");
for(j=1;j<=f[i].size;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&f[i].block[j]);
}
}
printf("File\tstart\tsize\tblock\n");
 for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%s\t%d\t%d\t",f[i].fname,f[i].start,f[i].size);
for(j=1;j<=f[i].size-1;j++)
printf("%d--->",f[i].block[j]);
printf("%d",f[i].block[j]);
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}

OUTPUT:

Enter no. of files:2

Enter file name:venkat
Enter starting block:20
Enter no.of blocks:6
Enter block numbers: 4
12
15
45
32
25
Enter file name:rajesh
Enter starting block:12
Enter no.of blocks:5
Enter block numbers:6
5
4
3
2
File start size block
venkat 20 6 4--->12--->15--->45--->32--->25
rajesh 12 5 6--->5--->4--->3--->2
Exp. No: 3(a) MULTIPROGRAM VARIABLE TASK

AIM: Write a program to implement Dynamic allocation of memories in MVT.

Algorithm:

Step1: start the process.

Step2: Declare variables.
Step3: Enter total memory size.
Step4: Allocate memory for os.
Step5: allocate total memory to the pages.
Step6: Display the wastage of memory.
Step7: Stop the process.

/* MVT */
Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int i,m,n,tot,s[20];
clrscr();
printf("Enter total memory size:");
scanf("%d",&tot);
printf("Enter no. of pages:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter memory for OS:");
scanf("%d",&m);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Enter size of page%d:",i+1);
scanf("%d",&s[i]);
}
tot=tot-m;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(tot>=s[i])
{
printf("Allocate page %d\n",i+1);
tot=tot-s[i];
}
else
printf("process p%d is blocked\n",i+1);
}
printf("External Fragmentation is=%d",tot);
getch();
OUTPUT:

Enter total memory size : 50

Enter no.of pages :4
Enter memory for OS :10

Enter size of page : 10

Enter size of page :9
Enter size of page :9
Enter size of page : 10

External Fragmentation is = 2
Exp. No: 3(b) MULTIPROGRAM FIXED TASK

AIM: Write a program to implement Dynamic allocation of memories in MVT.

Algorithm:

Step1: start the process.

Step2: Declare variables.
Step3: Enter total memory size.
Step4: Allocate memory for os.
Step5: allocate total memory to the pages.
Step6: Display the wastage of memory.
Step7: Stop the process.

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int ms,i,ps[20],n,size,p[20],s,intr=0;
clrscr();
printf("Enter size of memory:");
scanf("%d",&ms);
printf("Enter memory for OS:");
scanf("%d",&s);
ms-=s;
printf("Enter no.of partitions to be divided:");
scanf("%d",&n);
size=ms/n;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Enter process and process size");
scanf("%d%d",&p[i],&ps[i]);
if(ps[i]<=size)
{
intr=intr+size-ps[i];
printf("process%d is allocated\n",p[i]);
}
else
printf("process%d is blocked",p[i]);
}
printf("total fragmentation is %d",intr);
getch();
}
OUTPUT:

Enter total memory size : 50

Enter memory for OS :10

Enter no.of partitions to be divided:4

Enter size of page : 10

Enter size of page :9
Enter size of page :9
Enter size of page :8

Internal Fragmentation is = 4
Ex. No: 4 BANKER’S ALGORITHM

AIM: To implement deadlock avoidance & Prevention by using Banker’s Algorithm.

Deadlock avoidance & Dead Lock Prevention

Banker’s Algorithm:

When a new process enters a system, it must declare the maximum number
of instances of each resource type it needed. This number may exceed the total
number of resources in the system. When the user request a set of resources, the
system must determine whether the allocation of each resources will leave the
system in safe state. If it will the resources are allocation; otherwise the process
must wait until some other process release the resources.

Data structures
• n-Number of process, m-number of resource types.
• Available: Available[j]=k, k – instance of resource type Rj is available.
• Max: If max[i, j]=k, Pi may request at most k instances resource Rj.
• Allocation: If Allocation [i, j]=k, Pi allocated to k instances of resource Rj
• Need: If Need[I, j]=k, Pi may need k more instances of resource type Rj,
Need[I, j]=Max[I, j]-Allocation[I, j];

Safety Algorithm
1. Work and Finish be the vector of length m and n respectively,
Work=Available and Finish[i] =False.
2. Find an i such that both
• Finish[i] =False
• Need<=Work
If no such I exists go to step 4.
3. work=work+Allocation, Finish[i] =True;
4. if Finish[1]=True for all I, then the system is in safe state.

Resource request algorithm

Let Request i be request vector for the process Pi, If request i=[j]=k, then
process Pi wants k instances of resource type Rj.
1. if Request<=Need I go to step 2. Otherwise raise an error condition.
2. if Request<=Available go to step 3. Otherwise Pi must since the resources
are available.
3. Have the system pretend to have allocated the requested resources to
process Pi by modifying the state as follows;
Available=Available-Request I;
Allocation I =Allocation+Request I;
Need i=Need i-Request I;
If the resulting resource allocation state is safe, the transaction is completed and
process Pi is allocated its resources. However if the state is unsafe, the Pi must
wait for Request i and the old resource-allocation state is restored.

ALGORITHM:

1. Start the program.

2. Get the values of resources and processes.
3. Get the avail value.
4. After allocation find the need value.
5. Check whether its possible to allocate.
6. If it is possible then the system is in safe state.
7. Else system is not in safety state.
8. If the new request comes then check that the system is in safety.
9. or not if we allow the request.
10. stop the program.

/* BANKER’S ALGORITHM */
Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct da
{
int max[10],a1[10],need[10],before[10],after[10];
}p[10];
void main()
{
int i,j,k,l,r,n,tot[10],av[10],cn=0,cz=0,temp=0,c=0;
clrscr();
printf("\n ENTER THE NO. OF PROCESSES:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\n ENTER THE NO. OF RESOURCES:");
scanf("%d",&r);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("PROCESS %d \n",i+1);
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
{
printf("MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE %d:",j+1);
scanf("%d",&p[i].max[j]);
}
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
{
printf("ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE %d:",j+1);
scanf("%d",&p[i].a1[j]);
 p[i].need[j]=p[i].max[j]-p[i].a1[j];
}
}
for(i=0;i<r;i++)
{
printf("ENTER TOTAL VALUE OF RESOURCE %d:",i+1);
scanf("%d",&tot[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<r;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
temp=temp+p[j].a1[i];
av[i]=tot[i]-temp;
temp=0;
}
printf("\n\t RESOURCES ALLOCATED NEEDED TOTAL AVAIL");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\n P%d \t",i+1);
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
printf("%d",p[i].max[j]);
printf("\t");
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
printf("%d",p[i].a1[j]);
printf("\t");
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
printf("%d",p[i].need[j]);
printf("\t");
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
{
if(i==0)
printf("%d",tot[j]);
}
printf(" ");
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
{
if(i==0)
printf("%d",av[j]);
}
}
printf("\n\n\t AVAIL BEFORE\T AVAIL AFTER ");
for(l=0;l<n;l++)
{
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
{
if(p[i].need[j] >av[j])
cn++;
if(p[i].max[j]==0)
 cz++;
}
if(cn==0 && cz!=r)
{
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
{
p[i].before[j]=av[j]-p[i].need[j];
p[i].after[j]=p[i].before[j]+p[i].max[j];
av[j]=p[i].after[j];
p[i].max[j]=0;
}
printf("\n P %d \t",i+1);
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
printf("%d",p[i].before[j]);
printf("\t");
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
printf("%d",p[i].after[j]);
cn=0;
cz=0;
c++;
break;
}
else
{
cn=0;cz=0;
}
}
}
if(c==n)
printf("\n THE ABOVE SEQUENCE IS A SAFE SEQUENCE");
else
printf("\n DEADLOCK OCCURED");
getch();
}
OUTPUT:

//TEST CASE 1:

ENTER THE NO. OF PROCESSES:4

ENTER THE NO. OF RESOURCES:3

PROCESS 1
MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 1:3
MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 2:2
MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 3:2
ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 1:1
ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 2:0
ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 3:0
PROCESS 2
MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 1:6
MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 2:1
MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 3:3
ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 1:5
ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 2:1
ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 3:1
PROCESS 3
MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 1:3
MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 2:1
MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 3:4
ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 1:2
ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 2:1
ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 3:1
PROCESS 4
MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 1:4
MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 2:2
MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 3:2
ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 1:0
ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 2:0
ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 3:2
ENTER TOTAL VALUE OF RESOURCE 1:9
ENTER TOTAL VALUE OF RESOURCE 2:3
ENTER TOTAL VALUE OF RESOURCE 3:6
RESOURCES ALLOCATED NEEDED TOTAL AVAIL
P1 322 100 222 936 112
P2 613 511 102
P3 314 211 103
P4 422 002 420

AVAIL BEFORE AVAIL AFTER

P2 010 623
P1 401 723
P3 620 934
P4 514 936

THE ABOVE SEQUENCE IS A SAFE SEQUENCE

//TEST CASE:2

ENTER THE NO. OF PROCESSES:4

ENTER THE NO. OF RESOURCES:3

PROCESS 1
MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 1:3
MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 2:2
MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 3:2
ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 1:1
ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 2:0
ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 3:1
PROCESS 2
MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 1:6
MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 2:1
MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 3:3
ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 1:5
ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 2:1
ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 3:1
PROCESS 3
MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 1:3
MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 2:1
MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 3:4
ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 1:2
ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 2:1
ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 3:2
PROCESS 4
MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 1:4
MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 2:2
MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 3:2
ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 1:0
ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 2:0
ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 3:2
ENTER TOTAL VALUE OF RESOURCE 1:9
ENTER TOTAL VALUE OF RESOURCE 2:3
ENTER TOTAL VALUE OF RESOURCE 3:6

RESOURCES ALLOCATED NEEDED TOTAL AVAIL

P1 322 101 221 936 110
P2 613 511 102
P3 314 212 102
P4 422 002 420

AVAIL BEFORE AVAIL AFTER

DEADLOCK OCCURED
Ex. No: 5(a) FIFO PAGE REPLACEMENT ALGORITHM

AIM: To implement page replacement algorithms

FIFO (First In First Out)

ALGORITHM:

FIFO:
Step 1: Create a queue to hold all pages in memory
Step 2: When the page is required replace the page at the head of the queue
Step 3: Now the new page is inserted at the tail of the queue

/* FIFO Page Replacement Algorithm */

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int i,j,nof,nor,flag=0,ref[50],frm[50],pf=0,victim=-1;
void main()
{
clrscr();
printf("\n \t\t\t FIFI PAGE REPLACEMENT ALGORITHM");
printf("\n Enter no.of frames....");
scanf("%d",&nof);
printf("Enter number of reference string..\n");
scanf("%d",&nor);
printf("\n Enter the reference string..");
for(i=0;i<nor;i++)
scanf("%d",&ref[i]);
printf("\nThe given reference string:");
for(i=0;i<nor;i++)
printf("%4d",ref[i]);
for(i=1;i<=nof;i++)
frm[i]=-1;
printf("\n");
for(i=0;i<nor;i++)
{
flag=0;
printf("\n\t Reference np%d->\t",ref[i]);
for(j=0;j<nof;j++)
{
if(frm[j]==ref[i])
{
 flag=1;
break;
}}
if(flag==0)
{
pf++;
victim++;
victim=victim%nof;
frm[victim]=ref[i];
for(j=0;j<nof;j++)
printf("%4d",frm[j]);
}
}
printf("\n\n\t\t No.of pages faults...%d",pf);
getch();
}

OUTPUT:

FIFO PAGE REPLACEMENT ALGORITHM

Enter no.of frames....4

Enter number of reference string..
6

Enter the reference string..

564123

The given reference string:

...................................... 5 6 4 1 2 3

Reference np5-> 5 -1 -1 -1
Reference np6-> 5 6 -1 -1
Reference np4-> 5 6 4 -1
Reference np1-> 5 6 4 1
Reference np2-> 2 6 4 1
Reference np3-> 2 3 4 1

No.of pages faults...6

Ex. No:5(b) LRU PAGE REPLACEMENT ALGORITHM

AIM: To implement page replacement algorithm

LRU (Least Recently Used)

LRU (Lease Recently Used)

Here we select the page that has not been used for the longest period of
time.

ALGORITHM:

Step 1: Create a queue to hold all pages in memory

Step 2: When the page is required replace the page at the head of the queue
Step 3: Now the new page is inserted at the tail of the queue
Step 4: Create a stack
Step 5: When the page fault occurs replace page present at the bottom of the stack

/* LRU Page Replacement Algorithm */

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int i,j,nof,nor,flag=0,ref[50],frm[50],pf=0,victim=-1;
int recent[10],lrucal[50],count=0;
int lruvictim();

void main()
{
clrscr();
printf("\n\t\t\t LRU PAGE REPLACEMENT ALGORITHM");
printf("\n Enter no.of Frames....");
scanf("%d",&nof);

printf(" Enter no.of reference string..");

scanf("%d",&nor);

printf("\n Enter reference string..");

for(i=0;i<nor;i++)
scanf("%d",&ref[i]);

printf("\n\n\t\t LRU PAGE REPLACEMENT ALGORITHM ");

 printf("\n\t The given reference string:");
printf("\n………………………………..");
for(i=0;i<nor;i++)
printf("%4d",ref[i]);
for(i=1;i<=nof;i++)
{
frm[i]=-1;
lrucal[i]=0;
}

for(i=0;i<10;i++)
recent[i]=0;
printf("\n");
for(i=0;i<nor;i++)
{
flag=0;
printf("\n\t Reference NO %d->\t",ref[i]);
for(j=0;j<nof;j++)
{

if(frm[j]==ref[i])
{
flag=1;
break;
}
}

if(flag==0)
{
count++;
if(count<=nof)
victim++;
else
victim=lruvictim();
pf++;
frm[victim]=ref[i];
for(j=0;j<nof;j++)
printf("%4d",frm[j]);
}
recent[ref[i]]=i;
}
printf("\n\n\t No.of page faults...%d",pf);
getch();
}
int lruvictim()
{
int i,j,temp1,temp2;
for(i=0;i<nof;i++)
 {
temp1=frm[i];
lrucal[i]=recent[temp1];
}
temp2=lrucal[0];
for(j=1;j<nof;j++)
{
if(temp2>lrucal[j])
temp2=lrucal[j];
}
for(i=0;i<nof;i++)
if(ref[temp2]==frm[i])
return i;
return 0;
}

OUTPUT:

LRU PAGE REPLACEMENT ALGORITHM

Enter no.of Frames....3

Enter no.of reference string..6

Enter reference string..

654231

LRU PAGE REPLACEMENT ALGORITHM

The given reference string:
…………………. 6 5 4 2 3 1

Reference NO 6-> 6 -1 -1
Reference NO 5-> 6 5 -1
Reference NO 4-> 6 5 4
Reference NO 2-> 2 5 4
Reference NO 3-> 2 3 4
Reference NO 1-> 2 3 1

No.of page faults...6

Ex. No: 5(c) OPTIMAL(LFU) PAGE REPLACEMENT ALGORITHM

AIM: To implement page replacement algorithms

Optimal (The page which is not used for longest time)

ALGORITHM:

Optimal algorithm
Here we select the page that will not be used for the longest period of time.

OPTIMAL:
Step 1: Create a array
Step 2: When the page fault occurs replace page that will not be used for the
longest
period of time

/*OPTIMAL(LFU) page replacement algorithm*/

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int i,j,nof,nor,flag=0,ref[50],frm[50],pf=0,victim=-1;
int recent[10],optcal[50],count=0;
int optvictim();
void main()
{
clrscr();
printf("\n OPTIMAL PAGE REPLACEMENT ALGORITHN");
printf("\n.................................");
printf("\nEnter the no.of frames");
scanf("%d",&nof);
printf("Enter the no.of reference string");
scanf("%d",&nor);
printf("Enter the reference string");
for(i=0;i<nor;i++)
scanf("%d",&ref[i]);
clrscr();
printf("\n OPTIMAL PAGE REPLACEMENT ALGORITHM");
printf("\n................................");
printf("\nThe given string");
printf("\n....................\n");
for(i=0;i<nor;i++)
printf("%4d",ref[i]);
for(i=0;i<nof;i++)
{
 frm[i]=-1;
optcal[i]=0;
}
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
recent[i]=0;
printf("\n");
for(i=0;i<nor;i++)
{
flag=0;
printf("\n\tref no %d ->\t",ref[i]);
for(j=0;j<nof;j++)
{
if(frm[j]==ref[i])
{
flag=1;
break;
}
}
if(flag==0)
{
count++;
if(count<=nof)
victim++;
else
victim=optvictim(i);
pf++;
frm[victim]=ref[i];
for(j=0;j<nof;j++)
printf("%4d",frm[j]);
}
}
printf("\n Number of page faults: %d",pf);
getch();
}
int optvictim(int index)
{
int i,j,temp,notfound;
for(i=0;i<nof;i++)
{
notfound=1;
for(j=index;j<nor;j++)
if(frm[i]==ref[j])
{
notfound=0;
optcal[i]=j;
break;
}
if(notfound==1)
return i;
}
 temp=optcal[0];
for(i=1;i<nof;i++)
if(temp<optcal[i])
temp=optcal[i];
for(i=0;i<nof;i++)
if(frm[temp]==frm[i])
return i;
return 0;
}

OUTPUT:

OPTIMAL PAGE REPLACEMENT ALGORITHM

Enter no.of Frames....3

Enter no.of reference string..6

Enter reference string..

654231

OPTIMAL PAGE REPLACEMENT ALGORITHM

The given reference string:
…………………. 6 5 4 2 3 1

Reference NO 6-> 6 -1 -1
Reference NO 5-> 6 5 -1
Reference NO 4-> 6 5 4
Reference NO 2-> 2 5 4
Reference NO 3-> 2 3 4
Reference NO 1-> 2 3 1

No.of page faults...6

Ex. No: 6 PAGING

Aim: To implement the Memory management policy- Paging.

Algorithm:
Step 1: Read all the necessary input from the keyboard.
Step 2: Pages - Logical memory is broken into fixed - sized blocks.
Step 3: Frames – Physical memory is broken into fixed – sized blocks.
Step 4: Calculate the physical address using the following
Physical address = ( Frame number * Frame size ) + offset
Step 5: Display the physical address.
Step 6: Stop the process.

/* Memory Allocation with Paging Technique */

Program:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
struct pstruct
{
int fno;
int pbit;
}ptable[10];

int pmsize,lmsize,psize,frame,page,ftable[20],frameno;

void info()
{
printf("\n\nMEMORY MANAGEMENT USING PAGING\n\n");
printf("\n\nEnter the Size of Physical memory: ");
scanf("%d",&pmsize);
printf("\n\nEnter the size of Logical memory: ");
scanf("%d",&lmsize);
printf("\n\nEnter the partition size: ");
scanf("%d",&psize);
frame = (int) pmsize/psize;
page = (int) lmsize/psize;
printf("\nThe physical memory is divided into %d no.of
frames\n",frame);
printf("\nThe Logical memory is divided into %d no.of
pages",page);
}

void assign()
{
 int i;
for (i=0;i<page;i++)
{
ptable[i].fno = -1;
ptable[i].pbit= -1;
}
for(i=0; i<frame;i++)
ftable[i] = 32555;
for (i=0;i<page;i++)
{
printf("\n\nEnter the Frame number where page %d must be
placed: ",i);
scanf("%d",&frameno);
ftable[frameno] = i;
if(ptable[i].pbit == -1)
{
ptable[i].fno = frameno;
ptable[i].pbit = 1;
}
}
getch();
// clrscr();
printf("\n\nPAGE TABLE\n\n");
printf("PageAddress FrameNo. PresenceBit\n\n");
for (i=0;i<page;i++)

printf("%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\n",i,ptable[i].fno,ptable[i].pbit);
printf("\n\n\n\tFRAME TABLE\n\n");
printf("FrameAddress PageNo\n\n");
for(i=0;i<frame;i++)
printf("%d\t\t%d\n",i,ftable[i]);
}
void cphyaddr()
{
int laddr,paddr,disp,phyaddr,baddr;
getch();
// clrscr();
printf("\n\n\n\tProcess to create the Physical Address\n\n");
printf("\nEnter the Base Address: ");
scanf("%d",&baddr);
printf("\nEnter theLogical Address: ");
scanf("%d",&laddr);

paddr = laddr / psize;

disp = laddr % psize;
if(ptable[paddr].pbit == 1 )
phyaddr = baddr + (ptable[paddr].fno*psize) + disp;
 printf("\nThe Physical Address where the instruction present:
%d",phyaddr);
}
void main()
{
clrscr();
info();
assign();
cphyaddr();
getch();
}

OUTPUT:

MEMORY MANAGEMENT USING PAGING

Enter the Size of Physical memory: 16

Enter the size of Logical memory: 8

Enter the partition size: 2

The physical memory is divided into 8 no.of frames

The Logical memory is divided into 4 no.of pages

Enter the Frame number where page 0 must be placed: 5

Enter the Frame number where page 1 must be placed: 6

Enter the Frame number where page 2 must be placed: 7

Enter the Frame number where page 3 must be placed: 2

PAGE TABLE

PageAddress FrameNo. PresenceBit

0 5 1
1 6 1
2 7 1
3 2 1

FRAME TABLE
FrameAddress PageNo

0 32555
1 32555
2 3
3 32555
 4 32555
5 0
6 1
7 2
Process to create the Physical Address
Enter the Base Address: 1000
Enter theLogical Address: 3

The Physical Address where the instruction present: 1013

Ex. No:7 SEGMENTATION

AIM:
To implement the memory management policy-segmentation.

ALGORITHM:

Step 1: Start the program.

Step 2: Get the number of segments.
Step 3: get the base address and length for each segment.
Step 4: Get the logical address.
Step 5: check whether the segment number is within the limit, if not display the
error
message.
Step 6: Check whether the byte reference is within the limit, if not display the
error
message.
Step 7: Calculate the physical memory and display it.
Step 8: Stop the program.

/*MEMORY SEGMENT TABLE*/

Program:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <math.h>
int sost;
void gstinfo();
void ptladdr();

struct segtab
{
int sno;
int baddr;
int limit;
int val[10];
}st[10];

void gstinfo()
{
int i,j;
printf("\n\tEnter the size of the segment table: ");
scanf("%d",&sost);

for(i=1;i<=sost;i++)
{
printf("\n\tEnter the information about segment: %d",i);
st[i].sno = i;
 printf("\n\tEnter the base Address: ");
scanf("%d",&st[i].baddr);
printf("\n\tEnter the Limit: ");
scanf("%d",&st[i].limit);
for(j=0;j<st[i].limit;j++)
{
printf("Enter the %d address Value: ",(st[i].baddr + j));
scanf("%d",&st[i].val[j]);
}
}
}

void ptladdr()
{
int i,swd,d=0,n,s,disp,paddr;
clrscr();
printf("\n\n\t\t\t SEGMENT TABLE \n\n");
printf("\n\t SEG.NO\tBASE ADDRESS\t LIMIT \n\n");
for(i=1;i<=sost;i++)
printf("\t\t%d \t\t%d\t\t%d\n\n",st[i].sno,st[i].baddr,st[i].limit);
printf("\n\nEnter the logical Address: ");
scanf("%d",&swd);
n=swd;
while (n != 0)
{
n=n/10;
d++;
}

s = swd/pow(10,d-1);
disp = swd%(int)pow(10,d-1);

if(s<=sost)
{
if(disp < st[s].limit)
{
paddr = st[s].baddr + disp;
printf("\n\t\tLogical Address is: %d",swd);
printf("\n\t\tMapped Physical address is: %d",paddr);
printf("\n\tThe value is: %d",( st[s].val[disp] ) );
}
else
printf("\n\t\tLimit of segment %d is high\n\n",s);
}

else
printf("\n\t\tInvalid Segment Address \n");
}

void main()
 {
char ch;
clrscr();
gstinfo();
do
{
ptladdr();
printf("\n\t Do U want to Continue(Y/N)");
flushall();
scanf("%c",&ch);
}while (ch == 'Y' || ch == 'y' );

getch();
}

OUTPUT:

Enter the size of the segment table: 3

Enter the information about segment: 1

Enter the base Address: 4

Enter the Limit: 5

Enter the 4 address Value: 11
Enter the 5 address Value: 12
Enter the 6 address Value: 13
Enter the 7 address Value: 14
Enter the 8 address Value: 15

Enter the information about segment: 2

Enter the base Address: 5

Enter the Limit: 4

Enter the 5 address Value: 21
Enter the 6 address Value: 31
Enter the 7 address Value: 41
Enter the 8 address Value: 51

Enter the information about segment: 3

Enter the base Address: 3

Enter the Limit: 4

Enter the 3 address Value: 31
Enter the 4 address Value: 41
Enter the 5 address Value: 41
Enter the 6 address Value: 51
SEGMENT TABLE

SEG.NO BASE ADDRESS LIMIT

1 4 5

2 5 4

3 3 4

Enter the logical Address: 3

Logical Address is: 3
Mapped Physical address is: 3
The value is: 31
Do U want to Continue(Y/N)

SEGMENT TABLE

SEG.NO BASE ADDRESS LIMIT

1 4 5

2 5 4

3 3 4

Enter the logical Address: 1

Logical Address is: 1

Mapped Physical address is: 4
The value is: 11
Do U want to Continue(Y/N)

=============== THE END ===============