EAPP Lesson 2 Print

EAPP Lesson 2
2nd Quarter
Properties of a Well-Written Text

1. Coherence and Cohesion
 Cohesion refers to the way we use vocabulary and grammatical structures to make connections between
the ideas within a text. A text is cohesive if the supporting details are connected to the main idea but
not connected with each other.
 Coherent, just as sentences are cohesive when they “stick” together, paragraphs are coherent when the
content seems meaningful, understanding and useful. A text is coherent if the supporting details are
connected with each other but not connected to the main idea and uses transitional devices.
 Is it possible that a text is coherent but not cohesive or cohesive but not coherent? Yes.
 Examples:
COHESIVE but not COHERENT
Cubism is an avant-garde art movement that started in the early 20th century in Europe. A famous
Filipino cubist painter is Vicente Manansala. He is a national artist of the Philippines in virtual arts. Did
you know that visual arts have different forms including architecture, video, and textile.
COHERENT but not COHESIVE

My favorite painting is “The Weeping Woman” by Pablo Picasso, which is an intriguing painting that
symbolizes suffering. As a result, I love bright primary colors, so I wear a lot of shocking yellows,
blues, and reds. Also, as an outgoing person I enjoy performing for large crowds. In the end, people
should not judge an artist’s talent based on one standard.
COHERENT and COHESIVE

International Women’s Day is celebrated on the 8th of March of every year. It began as a Socialist
political event in several western countries. Then other countries also started celebrating the holiday just
a way to express their love for women. Currently, the United Nations observes the holiday as a way to
bring light to women’s issues around the world.
Means to Achieve Paragraph Coherence

a. Transitional Devices
 Words and phrases that connect and relate ideas, sentences, and paragraphs to have a logical
flow of ideas as they signal the relationship between sentences and paragraphs.
 Example - There are ways you can make boring tasks more pleasant. For instance, listen to
music or sing along with the music while you work.
 Contrast - Achieving your goals in life may seem difficult, but with hard work,
determination and industry everything can be possible.
 Cause and Effect - Some people in the province built their houses very close to the
shoreline. Consequently, they usually experience nature’s wrath during heavy storms.
 There are a lot of transitional devices and words we can see on the internet.
b. Parallel Structure
 The use of similar pattern or grammatical form within a sentence or paragraph to achieve
paragraph coherence.
 Example:
Adjectives - During a pandemic, most people are afraid, anxious, and cautious.
Past Tense (Verb) - The parents picked up the modules, the students answered the activities,
and the teachers checked their outputs.
c. Pronoun Reference
 Pronouns must always refer clearly to the noun they represent (antecedent).
 In grammar, an antecedent is an expression that gives its meaning to a proform. A proform
takes its meaning from its antecedent.
 Example:
"John arrived late because traffic held him up."
The pronoun him refers to and takes its meaning from John, so John is the antecedent of
him.
Unclear: The teacher listened to Ella and she did not understand what she was trying to say.
Clear: Mr. Roxas listened to Ella and he did not understand what she was trying to say.
(antecedent of he – Mr. Roxas, antecedent of she – Ella)
Unclear: The students are shouting at one another when his teacher entered the room.
Clear: The students are shouting at one another when their teacher entered the room.
(antecedent of their – students)
d. Repetition
 The intentional use of a word or phrase to emphasize a point.
 Example:
If you think you can do it, you can do it, you can do it, you can do it.
The judge commanded, stamping his mallet on the table, “Order in the court, order in the
court!”
e. Logical Order
 Refers to organization of details used to support the main idea of the paragraph.
 Example:
Chronological - My alarm clock was set for PM instead of AM, so I woke up really late. I
just threw on some clothes and ran out the door. I rode my bike as fast as I could and thought
that I was going to be late for sure, but when I got there everyone was outside and there were
firetrucks up in front of school. I guess somebody pulled the alarm before class started. It
works out though, because nobody really noticed or minded that I was tardy.”
Spatial - “The inside of Bill’s refrigerator was horrible. On the top shelf was a 3-week-old
carton of milk. Next to it, sat slice of melon that had started to get moldy. To the right of the
melon sat the remains of macaroni and cheese dinner that had been served a week earlier. On
the shelf below was the slice of cake from his sister’s birthday party. Though there was food,
none of it was edible.”
Importance - In my experience, the worst part of attending college is living in the dorms.
For one thing, privacy is a very precious commodity. Another problem with living in the
dorms is that such close quarters can always result in friction between roommates especially
if personality clashes exist. Equally as bad as sharing a room with a sloppy roommate is
living in a dorm with paper-thin walls through which I can hear everything going on in
adjacent rooms. Worst of all, especially for someone who enjoys good food, is the experience
of eating in the dining halls.
Sequential/Procedural
2. Mechanics
 The mechanics is the overall characteristic of the written text. According to Nordquist (2020), writing
mechanics are conventions governing the technical aspects of writing, including spelling, punctuation,
capitalization, and abbreviation.
a. Spelling
 In writing, spelling is the correct arrangement of letters that form words.
 Make sure that you are consistently using one standard with regard to the spelling of your
words.
b. Punctuation
 It is a set of marks used to regulate texts and clarify their meanings, mainly by separating or
linking words, phrases, and clauses.
c. Capitalization
 It is the practice of using capital letters in writing or printing.
 Proper nouns, key words in titles, and beginnings of sentences are generally capitalized.
 The pronoun “I” is capitalized under all circumstances.
 Names of People, Names of Places, Names of Companies, Capitalize Honorary, Capitalize
Days and Months
d. Abbreviation
 It is a shortened form of a word or phrase.
 Initialism – LPT, MDSI, KMJS, UST, DLSU, NBI

 Acronym – PAG-ASA, PHIVOLCS, NASA, SWAT, COD, UNICEF, BASC/BSAU, PAWS
 Abbreviation – Sr., etc., Engr., Dr., Atty., Hon., min, Gov., Mr.
3. Language Use
 The use of an appropriate language is one of the properties of a well-written text. The choice of the
language should also be suited to the target audience or readers.
a. Subjective Language
 Informal in form.
 Be direct and simple.
 Used in writing for oneself or in your writing to a family, friends, and colleagues.
 A subjective tone focuses on the attitudes, thoughts, feelings, values, or beliefs of the writer
or speaker.
 This kind of language contains judgments, interpretations, evaluations, or opinions. Usually,
this tone of writing can be found on blogs, opinions/columns in newspapers, diaries, informal
essays, comments in social media, and the likes.
 Example:
“The film was terrible.”
“The operating system isn’t the best one out there; it’s too slow for most people’s needs.”
“I don’t think that this company cares about what their customers think about them.”
b. Objective Language
 Formal in form.
 Uses an unbiased language.
 Used in writing academic, business, and official text.
 Objective tone or language focuses on the plain facts about a person or object - what is true
and what can be proven.
 This kind is often used in textbooks, references, science journals, research, newspaper
articles, atlases, encyclopedias, and the likes.
4. Organization
 Organization is the logical progression and completeness of ideas in a text.
 Ideas are well-developed when there is a clear statement of purpose, position, facts, examples, specific
details, definitions, explanation, justifications, or opposing viewpoints.
How can we say that a particular text is well-organized?

a. Physical Format
 How the text physically appears.
 Headings and sub-headings.
 Locating main idea (Topic sentence and Thesis statement).
 Use of signal words.
b. Structure
 Grammar
Structure (Grammar)
 The structure of written and spoken language. Grammar refers to the parts of speech and how
they combine to form sentences.
 Subject-Verb Agreement
 Verb Tenses and Tense Consistency

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EAPP Lesson 2

Properties of a Well-Written Text

COHERENT but not COHESIVE

COHERENT and COHESIVE

Means to Achieve Paragraph Coherence

 Initialism – LPT, MDSI, KMJS, UST, DLSU, NBI

How can we say that a particular text is well-organized?

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