PYTHON

Software: Software is a set of instructions to the hardware.

Programming: Programming means writing the instructions to create a software.

Code: The instructions that we write to create software is called Code.

Syntax: Similar to Grammar rules in English, Hindi, each programming language has a unique set
of rules.
These rules are called the Syntax of a Programming Language.

Why Python?
Python is an easy to learn, powerful programming language. With Python, it is possible to create
programs with minimal amount of code.

Applications of Python?

Python is a versatile language which has applications in almost every field

 Artificial Intelligence (AI)

 Machine Learning (ML)
 Big Data
 Smart Devices/ Intenet Of Things(IoT)
 Cyber Security
 Game Development
 Backend Development
 Data Science

Career Opportunities: Python developers have plenty of opportunities across the world

 DevOps Engineer
 Software Developer
 Data Analyst
 Data Scientist
 Machine Learning (ML) Engineer
 AI Scientist

Hello World Program:

print("Hello World!") o/p: Hello World!

Possible mistakes:

 Spelling mistake in print

 Uppercase P in print
  Missing quotes
 Missing parentheses

Calculations with python:

Addition: Addition is denoted by + sign. It gives the sum of two numbers.

print(2+5) o/p: 7
print(1+1.5) 2.5

Subtraction: Subtraction is denoted by - sign. It gives the difference between two numbers.

print(5-2) o/p: 3
print(1.5-1.0) 0.5

Multiplication: Multiplication is denoted by *

print(2 * 5) o/p: 10
print(5 * 0.5) 2.5

Division: Division is denoted by /

print(5 / 2) o/p: 2.5

print(4 / 2) 2.0

Variables: Variables are like containers for storing values. Values in the variables can be changed.

Values: Consider that variables are like containers for storing information. In context of
programming, this information is often referred to as value.

Data Type: In programming languages, every value or data has an associated type to it known as
data type. Some commonly used data types

 String
 Integer
 Float
 Boolean

This data type determines how the value or data can be used in the program. For example,
mathematical operations can be done on Integer and Float types of data.

String: A String is a stream of characters enclosed within quotes.

Stream of Characters:

 Capital Letters (A – Z)
 Small Letters (a – z)
  Digits (0 – 9)
 Special Characters (~ ! @ # $ % ^ . ? ,)
 Space
Ex: “Hello World!” , “some@example.comm”, “1234”
Integer: All whole numbers (positive, negative and zero) without any fractional part come under
Integers.
Ex: …, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3,…
Float: Any number with a decimal point.
Ex: 24.3,345.210, -321.86

Boolean: Anything that can take one of two possible values is considered a Boolean.
As per the Python Syntax, True and False are considered as Boolean values. Notice that both start
with a capital letter.

Assigning Value to variable: Assignment operator(=) is used to assign values to variables.

age = 10

Defining a Variable: A variable gets created when you assign a value to it for the first time.

age = 10
print(age) o/p: 10
print("age") age

Note: Variable name enclosed in quotes will print variable rather than the value in it. If you intend
to print value, do not enclose the variable in quotes.

Order of Instructions: Python executes the code line-by-line.

print(age) o/p: NameError: name 'age' is not

age = 10

Variable age is not created by the time we tried to print.

Spacing in Python: Having spaces at the beginning of line causes errors.

a = 10 * 5
b = 5 * 0.5
b = a + b
o/p:
File "main.py", line 3
b = a + b
^
IndentationError: unexpected indent
Variable Assignment: Values in the variables can be changed.

a = 1
print(a) o/p: 1
a = 2
print(a) o/p: 2

Expression : An expression is a valid combination of values, variables and operators.

BODMAS: The standard order of evaluating an expression.

 Brackets (B)
 Orders (O)
 Division (D)
 Mutltiplication (M)
 Addition (A)
 Subtraction (S)

(5 * 2) + (3 * 4)
(10) + (12)
22

print(10 / 2 + 3) o/p: 8.0

print(10 / (2 + 3)) 2.0

Take Input From User: input() allows flexibility to take the input from the user. Reads a line of
input as a string.

username = input() i/p: Apple

print(username) o/p: Apple

Working with Strings:

String Concatenation: Joining strings togethers is called string concatenation.

a = "Hello" + " " + "World"

print(a) o/p: Hello World

Concatenation Errors: String Concatenation is possible only with strings.

a = "*" + 10
print(a)
File "main.py", line 1
a = "*" + 10
^
TypeError:
can only concatenate str (not "int")

String Repetition: * operator is used for repeating strings any number of times as required .
a = "*" * 10
print(a)

o/p: **********

Length of String: len() returns the number of characters in a given string.

username = input()
length = len(username)
print(length)

i/p: Python
o/p: 6

String Indexing: We can access an individual character in a string using their positions (which start
from 0) . These positions are also called as index.

username = "Python"
first_letter = username[0]
print(first_letter)

o/p: P

Index Error: Attempting to use an index that is too large will result in an error

username = "Python"
print(username[6])

o/p: IndexError: string index out

String Slicing: Obtaining a part of a string is called string slicing.

Syntax: variable_name[start_index:end_index]

 Start from the start_index and stops at end_index

 end_index is not included in the slice.
message = "Hi Python"
part = message[3:9]
print(part)

o/p: Python
Slicing to End: If end index is not specified, slicing stops at the end of the string.

message = "Hi Python"

part = message[3:]
print(part)

o/p: Python

Slicing from Start: If start index is not specified, slicing starts from the index 0.

message = "Hi Python"

part = message[:2]
print(part)

o/p: Hi
Checking Data Type: Check the datatype of the variable or value using type().

print(type(10))
print(type(4.2))
print(type("Hi"))

o/p:
<class 'int'>
<class 'float'>
<class 'str'>

Type Conversion: Converting the value of one data type to another data type is called Type
Conversion or Type Casting. We can convert

 String to Integer
 Integer to Float
 Float to String and so on.

String to Integer: int() converts valid data of any type to integer.

a = "5"
a = int(a)
print(type(a))
print(a)

o/p:
<class 'int'>
5

Invalid Integer Conversion:

a = "Five"
a = int(a)
print(type(a))
o/p:
ValueError:
invalid literal for int() with base 10: ‘Five’

a = "5.0"
a = int(a)
print(type(a))

o/p:
invalid literal for int() with base 1

Integer to String: str() converts data of any type to a string.

a = 2
b = 3
result = a + b
print("Sum: " + str(result))

o/p: Sum: 5
float(): Converts to float data type.

Bool(): Converts to Boolean data type.

Relational Operators: Relational Operators are used to compare values.Gives True or False as the
result of a comparison.

Operator Name

> Is greater than

< Is less than

== Is equal to

<= Is less than or equal to

>= Is greater than or equal to

!= Is not equal to

print(5 < 10) o/p: True

print(2 > 1) True

Possible Mistakes:
print(3 = 3)
o/p: SyntaxError: expression cannot contain assignment, perhaps you meant
“==?”

print(2 < = 3)

o/p: SyntaxError: invalid syntax

Note: Space between relational operators == , >= , <= , != is not valid in python.
Comparing Integers, Floats and Strings:
print(12 == 12.0) o/p: True
print(12 == 12.1) False
print("ABC" == "ABC") True
print("CBA" != "ABC") True

Case Sensitive:
print("ABC" == "abc") o/p: False

NOTE: Python is case sensitive. It means X(Capital letter) and x(small letter) are not the same in
Python.

Logical operators: The logical operators are used to perform logical operations on Boolean
values Gives True or False as the result. Following are the logical operators

 and
 or
 not

Logical AND Operator: Gives True if both the Booleans are true else, it gives False.

print(True and True)

o/p: True

Example:

print((2 < 3) and (1 < 2))

o/p: True

Logical OR Operator: Gives True if any one of the Booleans is true else, it gives False.
print(False or False)

o/p: False
Example:

print((2 < 3) or (2 < 1))

o/p: True

Logical NOT Operator: Gives the opposite value of the given Boolean.

print(not(False))

o/p : True
Example:

print(not(2 < 3))

o/p: False

Block of Code: A Sequence of instructions are called block of code. Python executes code in a
sequence.

Condition: An expression that result in either True or False.

Example: 2 < 3 , a == b , True

Conditional Statement: Conditional statement allows you to execute a block of code only when

a specific condition is True.

 Conditional Block: Block of code which executes only if a condition is True.

Indentation:

 space(s) in front of the conditional block is called indentation.

 Indentation(spacing) is used to identify Conditional Block.
 Standard practice is to use Four Spaces for indentation.

Possible Mistakes:

 Each statement inside a conditional block should have the same indentation (spacing).
 If- Else Syntax: When If – Else conditional statement is used, Else block of code executes if the
condition is False.

Note: No code is allowed in between if conditional block and else statement.

a = int(input())
if a > 0:

print("Positive")
else:

print("Not Positive")
print("End")

i/p: 2

o/p: Positive
End
Modulus: To find the remainder, we use modulus operator %

print(6 % 3)

o/p: 0

Exponent: To calculate a power b, we use exponent operator **

print(2 ** 3)

o/p: 8

Square root: To calculate square root of a number, we can use exponent operator with 0.5
print(16 ** 0.5)

o/p: 4.0
 You can use the exponent operator to calculate the square root of a number by keeping the
exponent as 0.5
print(16 ** 0.5)

o/p: 4.0
Nested Conditional Statements: The conditional block inside another if/else conditional
blockis called as nested conditional block.

a = 2

b = 3

c = 1
is_a_greatest = (a > b) and (a > c)
if is_a_greatest:

print(a)
else:

is_b_greatest = (b > c)
if is_b_greatest:

print(b)
else:
Elif Statement:
print(c)Use the elif statement to have multiple conditional statements between if and
else.The elif statement is optional

o/p:3