Module 12

IPv4 Addressing and Subnetting

Objectives

1. 2.3 Explain the properties and characteristics of

TCP/IP and IPv4 subnetting

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NETWORKING
AND IP ADDRESSING

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Addressing Schemes
Flat Hierarchical
1. Used by Intranetworks 1. Used by Internetworks
2. Used by Layer 2 2. Used by Layer 3
3. Used in MAC address 3. Used by IP address
4. Is assigned statically 4. Is assigned dynamically
based on next available based on you location
number or random
A. Social Security Number A. Phone System
B. Your Name B. ZIP Code
C. MAC- C0:AD:00:23:4F:89 C. IP- 182.157.63.219

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Internet Protocol address (IP address)

1. A numerical label assigned to each device participating in a

network
2. Every device on the Internet must have a unique IP address
to identify itself
3. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
4. Manages the IP address space allocations globally
5. Delegates five regional Internet registries (RIRs) to allocate
IP address blocks to local Internet registries (Internet service
providers)
6. For an IP to be routable over the Internet, it must have:
A. IP address
B. Subnet Mask
C. Default Gateway
D. DNS address (only for address lookup, i.e. web sites)

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Types of Addressing

1. Static IP address
A. Manually assigned to a device by an administrator
B. Constant and does not change.
2. Dynamic IP address
A. Assigned to device each time it starts
B. Requires less human intervention
C. Less administration
D. Uses Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
E. Enabled by default
F. No user intervention

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Classful vs Classless

Classful Classless
1. Divided into 5 classes A, B, 1. Also known as CIDR (Classless
C, D (multicast) and Inter-Domain Routing)
E (reserved)
2. Does not send subnet 2. Sends subnet information
information
3. All networks are the same 3. Network can be different sizes
size
4. Have the same subnet 4. Networks can have different
mask subnet masks using VLSM
(Variable Length Subnet Mask)
5. Can NOT use first or last 5. Can use first and last subnets
subnets
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Network & Host Numbers

1 Byte 1 Byte 1 Byte 1 Byte

8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits
Class A N H H H
Class B N N H H
Class C N N N H
The formulas are the default configuration for each class:
1. N = Network Number
A. Assigned by the American Registry for Internet Numbers
(ARIN)
B. Administrator has no control over this part of the address
2. H = Host Number
A. Assigned and controlled by the network administrator

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Class A Addresses

Class A
8 Bits 24 Bits
Network Host Host Host
1. First octet only identifies the network
2. When written in a binary format, the first (leftmost) bit of a Class A
address is always 0 (zero)
3. Class A IP address example: 124.95.44.15
4. Range from 1-126 in their first octet
5. 127 is part of a class A range but has been reserved for loopback
testing
6. Zero (0) can’t be used
7. Remaining three octets can be used for the host portion of the
address
8. 224 or 16,777,216, possible IP addresses per class A network

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Class B Addresses

Class B
16 Bits 16 Bits
Network Network Host Host

1. When written in a binary format, the first (leftmost) bit of a

Class B address is always 10 (one and zero)
2. Class B IP address example: 151.10.13.28
3. The first two octets identify the network number assigned by
ARIN
4. Range from 128 to 191 in their first octet
5. Remaining two octets can be used for the host portion of the
address
6. 216 or 65,536, possible IP addresses per class B network

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Class C Addresses

Class C
24 Bits 8 Bits
Network Network Network Host

1. When written in a binary format, the first (leftmost) bit of a

Class C address is always 110 (one, one and zero)
2. Class C IP address example: 201.110.213.28
3. The first three octets identify the network number assigned by
ARIN
4. Range from 192 to 223 in their first octet
5. Last octet can be used for the host portion of the address
6. 28 or 256, possible IP addresses per class C network

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Address Ranges

IMPORTANT!!!
MEMORIZE

Class A 1 – 126 N.H.H.H

Class B 128 – 191 N.N.H.H
Class C 192 – 223 N.N.N.H

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Converting to Binary

1. An IP Address is made up of 32 bits broken

down into 4 Octets (8 bits each)

2. 11000000.00001100.00000101.10101010
or
192.12.5.170

3. Known as the Dotted Decimal

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Converting to Binary

27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

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Network Address

Network Host
32 Bits
152 . 21 . 0 . 0

1. Ends with binary 0s in all host bits

2. Also know as the wire address
3. Never used as a device IP address
4. Used by routers to forward data
5. Example IP address: 152.21.2.3
A. Class B
B. First two octets are assigned
C. Last two octets are host numbers used for devices in the
network
D. Network address: 152.21.0.0

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Examples of Network Numbers

What is the network number for this IP address?

1. 194.78.112.6 194.78.112.0

2. 117.23.8.3 117.0.0.0

3. 156.132.64.12 156.132.0.0

4. 208.150.112.16 208.150.112.0

5. 91.118.125.2 91.0.0.0

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Broadcast Address

Network Host
32 Bits
152 . 21 . 255 . 255

1. End with binary 1s in host bits

2. Used to send data to all devices on a network
3. Never used as a device IP address
4. Example IP address: 152.21.2.3
A. Class B address
B. First two octets are assigned
C. Last two octets are host numbers used for devices in the
network
D. Broadcast address: 152.21.255.255

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Examples of Broadcast Address

What is the Broadcast address for this IP address?

1. 194.78.112.6 194.78.112.255

2. 117.23.8.3 117.255.255.255

3. 156.132.64.12 156.132.255.255

4. 208.150.112.16 208.150.112.255

5. 91.118.125.2 91.255.255.255

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Network Number and Broadcast Address

1. All 0’s in the host address is the Network

Number
2. All 1’s in the host address in the Broadcast
Address
3. These two addresses can never be used when
assigning IP’s
4. When finding the number of useable host
addresses, you will always subtract 2 (network &
Broadcast)

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Why Subnet?

Before Subnetting
Network Host
After Subnetting
Network Subnet Host

1. A way of breaking networks into smaller more

manageable pieces
2. More efficiently use IP addresses
3. Reduces the amount of wasted space
4. Reduce the size of a broadcast domains
5. Better bandwidth utilization

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Subneting

Network Network Network Host

8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

11 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 00000101 . 00100010 . 000 0 1 0 11

Subnet Host

1. Subnet addresses include:

A. The Class A, Class B, or Class C network portion
B. A subnet field
C. A host field
2. Subnet field and the host field are created from the original host portion
3. Provides addressing flexibility
4. To create a subnet address:
A. Network administrator borrows bits from the original host portion
B. Designates them as the subnet field (gives up control)

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IMPORTANT!!!

1. You must always borrow at least 2 bits and you

must always leave at least 2 bits

2. One for the network number and one for the

broadcast

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What is a Subnet Mask?
Class B Default Subnet Mask Class B Subnet Mask with
255.255.0.0 4 bits borrowed
255.255.240.0
1. Formal name: extended network prefix
2. Tells the network devices which part of an address is the network
field and which part is the host field
3. 32 bits long and 4 octets, just like an IP address
4. Bits are always borrowed from the left most available bit
5. Allow numbers: 255, 254, 248, 240, 224, 192, 128, 0
6. Step to determine the subnet mask:
A. Express the subnetwork IP address in binary form
B. Replace the network and subnet portion of the address with all
1s
C. Replace the host portion of the address with all 0s
D. Convert the binary expression back to dotted-decimal notation

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Subnet Mask

If you have a class C address:

1. How many bits are used without subneting?
24
2. What is the subnet mask?
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 or 255.255.255.0
3. If you borrowed 4 bits, how many are used?
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4. What is the subnet mask?
11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000 or 255.255.255.240

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Examples of Subnet Mask

What is the Subnet Mask for this IP address?

1. 194.78.112.6/28 255.255.255.240

2. 117.23.8.3/10 255.192.0.0

3. 156.132.64.12/19 255.255.224.0

4. 208.150.112.16/30 255.255.255.252

5. 91.118.125.2/16 255.255.0.0

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Subneting

1. Always remember that there are two reserved/unusable

subnets
2. Each time you borrow another bit from the host field, the
number of subnets created increases by a power of 2
(doubles)
3. Examples:
A. Borrowing 2 bits creates four possible subnets 22
(2x2)
B. Eight possible subnets are created by borrowing 3
bits: 23 (2 x 2 x 2)
C. Sixteen possible subnets are created by borrowing 4
bits: 24 (2 x 2 x 2 x 2)
D. What if you borrow one bit?

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Useable Subnets and Host

MEMORIZE
1. Formula for calculating USEABLE Subnets (borrowed
bits):

2b - 2 = useable subnets

2. Formula for calculation USEABLE Hosts (unused bits):

2u - 2 = useable hosts

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Calculating Subnets and Hosts

Example: Class C network, borrowing 3 bits:

1. What is the subnet mask?
255.255.255.224
2. How many usable subnets?
2b-2= ? 23 (8) - 2 = 6 usable subnets
3. How many useable hosts per subnet?
2u-2= ? 25 (32) - 2 = 30 usable hosts

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Calculating Subnets and Hosts
The more subnets you create, the less hosts
each subnet will have

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Boolean Operations

1. The term "operations" in mathematics refers to rules

that define how one number combines with other
numbers
2. Boolean operators binary numbers:
A.AND is like multiplication
B.OR is like addition
C.NOT changes 1 to 0, and 0 to 1
3. In order to route a data packet, the router must first
determine the destination network/subnet address
by performing a logical AND using the destination
host's IP address and the subnet mask
4. Result will be the network/subnet address

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 ANDing

Find the network address for this class B IP:

1. 180.160.120.8/18

2. What the subnet mask? 255.255.192.0

3. Change IP to binary 10110100.10100000.01111000.00001000
4. Change SM to binary 11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000
5. AND function 10110100.10100000.01000000.00000000
6. Convert back to decimal
7. Network address 180.160.64.0

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Classful Subnetting

Things you know by default: Things you must always find out
first before finding your IP’s:

1. Class 1. Bits Borrowed

2. Formulas 2. Subnet Mask
3. Default Mask 3. Number of subnets
4. Numbers of hosts
5. Increment

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An IP address of 196.112.48.12 with the most
hosts:

1. Bits Borrowed 2

2. Subnet Mask 255.255.255.192

3. Number of subnets 22 (4) - 2 = 2 usable

4. Numbers of hosts 26 (64) - 2 = 62 usable

5. Increment 64

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An IP address of 196.112.48.12/27:

1. Bits Borrowed 3

2. Subnet Mask 255.255.255.224

3. Number of subnets 23 (8) - 2 = 6 usable

4. Numbers of hosts 25 (32) - 2 = 30 usable

5. Increment 32

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A class C address with 4 bits borrowed would
have:

1. Bits Borrowed 4

2. Subnet Mask 255.255.255.240

3. Number of subnets 24 (16) - 2 = 14 usable

4. Numbers of hosts 24 (16) - 2 = 14 usable

5. Increment 16

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An IP address of 196.112.48.12/29:

1. Bits Borrowed 5

2. Subnet Mask 255.255.255.248

3. Number of subnets 25 (32) - 2 = 30 usable

4. Numbers of hosts 23 (8) - 2 = 6 usable

5. Increment 8

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An IP address of 196.112.48.12 with the most
subnets:

1. Bits Borrowed 6

2. Subnet Mask 255.255.255.252

3. Number of subnets 26 (64) - 2 = 62 usable

4. Numbers of hosts 22 (4) - 2 = 2 usable

5. Increment 4

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Class C Subnetting Chart

Subnet Network Usable Broadcast

Number Address Range Address

SN0 196.112.48.0 196.112.48.1 – 196.112.48.63

196.112.48.62

SN1 196.123.48.64 196.112.48.65 – 196.112.48.127

196.112.48.126

SN2 196.112.48.128 196.112.48.129 – 196.112.48.191

196.112.48.190

SN3 196.112.48.192 196.112.48.193 – 196.112.48.255

196.112.48.254

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Private Addresses
The following rages are available for private
addressing:
Class A 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
Class B 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
Class C 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255
1. Found in each class
2. Preserve IP addresses used on the Internet
3. Not routable or usable on the Internet
4. Added security
5. Used by:
A. Hosts that use Network Address Translation (NAT)
B. Proxy server to connect to a public network
C. Hosts that do not connect to the Internet at all

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Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)

1. Feature of modern operating systems

2. Automatically self-configures an IP address and
subnet mask when a DHCP server isn't available
3. IP address range: 169.254.0.1 through
169.254.255.254
4. Configures a default class B subnet mask of
255.255.0.0
5. Used until a DHCP becomes available
6. APIPA cannot be routed over the Internet

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Summary

In this module we discussed:

1. Flat and Hierarchical address schemes
2. What is Internet Protocol (IP)
3. Types of addressing
4. Classful and Classless addressing
5. Network/Host formulas
6. The different classes and how they are used
7. Ranges for each class
8. Network and Broadcast addresses
9. Subnetting and the Subnet Mask
10.Calculating subnets and hosts
11.Private IP addressing

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