Physics Notes

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Physics Notes

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mamboian01

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PHYSICS NOTES FOR YEAR 7, 8 & 9

Compiled by;
Joseph Amin
Mathematics & physics teacher
Riara International school
Contact: +7254 728704847
aminjoseph28@gmail.com
FORCES AND ENERGY
Gravity

This is the force which pull objects towards the centre of the earth. The force of gravity on earth is 10N

Force of gravity acting towards the centre of the earth

Question; who discovered gravity………………….

Weight
This is the force of gravity on an object. Its SI unit is Newton (N). Force is changes from one place to
another.

Force of gravity making it difficult to lift a weight

Weight and Mass
Mass is the quantity of matter in object. Its SI unit is kg. Mass is constant it does not change.

To get weight you multiply Mass by gravity.

Therefore, W = mg, where W is weight, Mass and g is gravity

Question; 1. list two differences between mass and weight?

Force of gravity for different planets

Question:
Calculate the weight of an adult who has a mass of 75 kg in,
(a) Planet earth
(b) Planet mars
(c) Planet Jupiter
(d) What will be his mass in Pluto? Explain

Formation of the solar system

When the solar system was formed no one was there to observe. Scientist have
come up with difference ways to explain how it was formed.
They look for evidence and in form of facts and try to explain the observations.
They also think of testable theory like hypothesis and look for evidence to support
it.
Some facts about the solar system
• All the planets in the solar system follow a path called orbit as they move
around the sun in the same direction.
• Most of the moons af the planets orbit their planets in the same direction.
• All palnets orbit the sun in the same plane, meaning the solar system looks
flat.
Solar system

Formation of stars
Stars are formed from cloud of dust and gas. A cloud of dust and gas is called nebula.
Movement in space
The sun

Objects with mass have more gravity. The sun has more gravity than the planets. That explain why
planets are kept in their place without colliding. All planets are pulled towards the centre of the sun.

The gravity of the sun is 270N/kg. which is _________________times to that of the earth.

Speed in space

As objects move on earth they face air resistance due to friction of air.

In space there is no air. It is Vacuum. Objects in the space move at high speed because there is no
resistance. In 2016 a spacecraft reached a speed of 266 000 km/h as it passed Jupiter.

In July 2016 Juno spacecraft reached a speed of 2666 00km/h

TIDES

Tide is the change of the depth of the water in ocean. The difference in depth of water between high
and low tides is tidal range.

Tides are caused by force of gravity between the earth and the moon. Water can easily be pulled from
earth by the force of gravity of the moon. This pull from the moon is called tidal force.

Effects of tides

(i) High tides can bring flooding

(ii) Tides affect food chains ie in low tides birds can feed on shellfish which are not covered by
water
(iii) They can cause volcano eruptions
(iv) They can cause earthquakes
ENERGY

Enegy is something that must be changed or transferred in order to do something. There are many ways
that energy can be stored or transferred, ie kinetic energy is energy in motion

The SI unit of energy is Joule (J)

Energy stores and transfers

Energy transformation

Thermal energy is temporary, it is not stored for long. Wasted energy like thermal is lost into the
environment.
EARTH PHYSICS
Sound waves
Sound is produced due to vibration of particles. For sound to travel it needs material media to
travel like air. The speed of sound waves in the air is 343 m/s.
Volume is the loudness or softness of sound
Pitch is highness or lowness of sound

When sound hits a flat surface it bounces back due to reflection. Reflected sound is called echo.
Useful echo
✓ Bats use echoes to find insects for food
✓ Boats can use echo to find the depth of the water under the boat
✓ Echoes can be used in medical scans to detect images in the body ie images of unborn
babies

If echo is not needed, rooms are designed in a special way to absorb all the sound like in
theatre rooms and music studios.

Thick curtains can be used to absorb all the echoes

Structure of the earth

The earth is about 4500 million years old. The earth crust is made of solid rocks. Under the crust
is the mantle which is molten then the inner core
Common minerals in the earth’s crust

In 1992 a German scientist Alfred Wegener suggested that the Earth was once a solid then
broke up and drifted apart due to continental drift.
The earth crust is made up of large tectonic plates. The plates in the ocean are called oceanic
plates
Plates which form the continents are called continental plates. The plates only move 4 cm each
year about the same speed as your fingernails grow.
Volcanoes
Volcanicity is occurs when magma erupts to the surface of the earth. Violent eruptions can
cause earthquakes.
There are three types of volcanoes:
✓ Active volcanoes which can erupt anytime
✓ Inactive or dormant volcanoes which have not erupted for long
✓ Extinct volcanoes which will never erupt again
Solar and lunar eclipse

Solar eclipse

Lunar eclipse
Electrical circuits
Circuit symbols

Current
Current is the flow of electrons. The SI unit of current is Amperes or Amps. Current is measured
using Ammeter.
Conductors
Conductors are materials which conduct electricity. That means they allow current to flow. All
metals are good conductors.
Wires which carry electricity are made of metals. Most wire in houses and schools are made
from copper with plastic coating.

Wires which cover long distances are made from aluminum or steel. These metals are
cheaper than copper
Circuit in phones and laptops don’t have wires they use printed circuits with copper tracks
instead of wires. They appear green because the copper is coated with another metal.

Insulators
Insulators are materials which do not allow electricity to flow through. These materials are
mostly no metals like plastic and wood. The electron in insulators are not free to move.