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The use of
Trapezoidal Rule and
Simpson’s Rule
Presented by Sibonga, San Pedro, Salvatierra, Santuyo and

Sicagan
Advanced Trim, Stability and Stress
Trapezoidal Rule
The trapezoidal rule is a numerical integration
method used to estimate the area under a curve
representing various parameters related to ships,
vessels, or maritime structures. This method
involves dividing the area into trapezoids and
summing their areas to approximate the total
area.
Trapezoidal Rule
Naval architects and marine engineers use
the trapezoidal rule to calculate the areas of
hull cross-sections. By dividing the hull
profile into segments and approximating
each segment as a trapezoid, they can
estimate the total cross-sectional area. This
information is crucial for determining
buoyancy, stability, and hydrodynamic
performance of the vessel.
Trapezoidal Rule
When planning cargo loading and
distribution on a vessel, it's essential to
know the volume and shape of cargo holds.
The trapezoidal rule can help in estimating
the volume of irregularly shaped cargo
compartments by dividing them into
smaller sections and approximating each
section's shape with a trapezoid. This
information ensures efficient and safe cargo
stowage.
Trapezoidal Rule
Accurate calculations of buoyancy, stability,
and weight distribution are critical for
ensuring the safety of a vessel. The
trapezoidal rule helps in estimating relevant
areas under curves representing hydrostatic
curves or weight distributions, enabling
engineers to assess stability conditions and
make necessary adjustments to maintain
safe operating conditions.
Trapezoidal Rule
Formula
A=1/2 (b1+b2) × h, where b1 and b2 are the
lengths of the two parallel sides (draft values
at adjacent data points), and h is the
distance between them (spacing between
data points).
Simpsons Rule
Simpson's rule approximates the area under
a curve by fitting second-degree (quadratic)
polynomials between three adjacent data
points and summing their areas. It assumes
that the curve is approximately parabolic
between data points.
Simpsons Rule
It is a collection of guidelines used in ship
stability and naval
architecture, to compute the volumes and
areas of asymmetrical shapes.
When three consecutive ordinates are
known, Simpson's third rule—also known as
the 5–8–1 rule—is used to calculate the area
between two successive ordinates.
Simpsons Rule
At particular points along a ship's length, the
cross-sectional area of the hull can be
precisely estimated using Simpson's rule.
Compared to linear techniques like the
trapezoidal rule, Simpson's rule yields a
more accurate approximation of the area by
fitting quadratic polynomials to consecutive
data points representing the hull profile.
Simpsons Rule
To optimize hull shape and obtain required
hydrodynamic performance characteristics,
accurate estimation is essential.
Simpsons Rule
Determining the ship's stability
characteristics under various circumstances,
such as loading, wave action, and dynamic
forces, is the goal of ship stability study. By
giving exact estimates of pertinent areas
under curves that represent hydrostatic
curves, metacentric stability curves, and
weight distributions, Simpson's formula
helps improve the accuracy of stability
computations.
Simpsons Rule
Simpson's rules are used to calculate the
volume of lifeboats and by surveyors to
calculate the volume of sludge in a ship's oil
tanks. For instance, in the latter, Simpson's
3rd rule is used to find the volume between
two co-ordinates. To calculate the entire
area / volume, Simpson's first rule is used.
Simpson’s 1st Rule

Simpson's First Rule This rule is also called
the 3-ordinate rule because you need at least
three ordinates to be able to apply this rule.
When you have an even number of strips
and hence an odd number of half ordinates,
you can use Simpson's First Rule

Simpson's first rule formula requires that we
multiply the half-ordinates by a series of
constants called Simpson's multipliers.
Half-ordinate values and their corresponding
multipliers. For each half-ordinate, an area
function is calculated by multiplying the half-
ordinate by its corresponding Simpson's
multiplier. Total area function is calculated by
summing the individual area functions.

For 3 ordinates, the Simpson's multipliers
are 1, 4, 1.
For 5 ordinates, the Simpsons' multipliers
are 1, 4, 2, 4, 1.
are 1, 4, 2, 4, 2, 4, 1.
are 1, 4, 2, 4, 2, 4, 2, 4, 1.
For 11 or more ordinates, the same pattern
of multiplier values is applied.
Simpson’s 2nd Rule

Also known as the 1–3–3–1 rule, Simpson's
second rule is a simplified version of Simpson's
3/8 rule.
Simpson’s 3rd Rule

The Five/Eight Rule (Simpson’s Third Rule)
This rule may be used to find the area between
two consecutive ordinates when three
consecutive ordinates are known.

The rule states that the area between
two consecutive ordinates is equal to
five times the first ordinate plus eight
times the middle ordinate minus the
external ordinate, all multiplied by of
the common interval.

Simpson’s 2nd Rule


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You
Presented by Sibonga, San Pedro, Salvatierra, Santuyo and
Sicagan

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STI - NAMEI

Presented by Sibonga, San Pedro, Salvatierra, Santuyo and

Simpson’s 1st Rule

Simpson’s 1st Rule

Simpson’s 1st Rule

Simpson’s 2nd Rule

Simpson’s 3rd Rule

Simpson’s 3rd Rule

Simpson’s 1st Rule

Simpson’s 2nd Rule

Simpson’s 3rd Rule

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