Advanced Soil Mechanics Assignment 2018

Advanced Soil mechanics Assignment 2018
Assignment-1
Braja M. Das
ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 1

Q1. From Advanced Soil Mechanics, 3rd Edition, Braja Das (Solve Problem 6.4, 6.6,
6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 6.10, 6.14)
6.4. A25 cm total consolidation settlement of the two clay layers shown in Figure P6.1is expected owing
to the application of the uniform surcharge q. Find the duration after the load application at which 12.5
cm of total settlement would take place.
Given
 2-clay layer
 ST = 25 cm,
 Sd = 12.5 cm
 Cv1 = 0.13cm2/min
 Cv2 = 0.13cm2/min
Solution
Settlement = Uav*ST
12.5 = Uav*25
12.5
Uav= x100
25
Uav= 0.5x100≈ 50%
π U av % 2
From Terzaghi's suggested that for Uav = 0-50%, Tv= ( )
4 100
π 50 2 3+1.5
Tv = ( ) = 0.1963 , H = =2.25m
4 100 2
Cvtc T v (H /2)2 0.1963 x(225 cm)2
Tv= ,∴t= =
( H /2)2 Cv (0.13 cm2 /min)
t = 76463.04min = 1274.38 hours

= 53.1 days…………………… (ANSWER)
6.6. Due to a certain loading condition, the initial excess pore water pressure distribution in a 4-m-thick
clay layer is shown in Figure P6.2. Given that Cv=0.3mm2/s, determine the degree of consolidation after
100 days of load application.
A2
A1
Given
 tc= 100 days,

 H= 4m = 4000mm,
 Cv= 0.3mm2/s
Solution
mm2
Cvt (0.3 ( )x 100 x 24 x 60 x 60)
TV = = s = 0.648
( H /2)2
( 2000 ) 2
∴ Tv = 0.648
A1 = 100KN/m2 x 4m = 400KN/m
z=4 4
πz
A2 = ∑ ∫ 80 sin dz
z=0 0 4
4 πz 4 320
= 80x (-cos ) = (1+1) = 203.72 KN/m
π 4 0 π
For A1, Tv= 0.648 from table 6.1 --------> Uav1 = 83.6% (Constant ui)
For A2, Tv= 0.648 from table 6.1 --------> Uav2 = 79.8% (Sinusoidal ui)
(U av 1 A 1+U av 2 A 2) (83.6∗400+79.8∗203.72)
Uav=
( A 1+ A 2)
= (203.72+ 400)
Uav = 82.3% …..……………… (ANSWER)

6.7 A uniform surcharge of 96kN/m2 is applied at the ground surface of a soil profile, as shown in Figure
below. Determine the distribution of the excess pore water pressure in the 3m thick clay layer after 1 year
of load application. Use the numerical method of calculation given in Sec. 6.4. Also calculate the average
degree of consolidation at that time using the above results.
Given
Let zR = 3m and UR = 0.96
3 U 96 zR 1
So z̅ = = 1, U̅ = = = 100, and∆ z̅ = = =
3 U R 0.96 z̅ 3
0.333
Cv=9.3 x 103 cm2/yr
Let ∆ t = 0.25 yr
Solution
1
(∆ z̅ )2= = 0.333 (∆ zR)2
3
Cv∆t
∆ t̅ = =¿ ¿ = 0.0258
( z R)2
∆ t̅ 0.0258
= = 0.233¿ 0.5 ……..ok!!!
( ∆ z ̅ )2 (0.333)2
For t = 0.25yr
At z̅ = 0, U̅ ∆t = 0
0,t̅ +
∆t
At z̅ = 0.333, U̅ ∆t =
0,t̅ + (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 0.233(0+100-2(100)) +100 = 76.7
( ∆ z R)2
∆t
At z̅ = 0.666, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 0.233(100+0-2(100)) +100 = 76.7
( ∆ z R)2
At z̅ = 1.0, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = 0
For t = 0.5yr
At z̅ = 0, U̅ ∆t = 0
0,t̅ +
∆t
At z̅ = 0.333, U̅ ∆t =
0,t̅ + (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 0.233(0+76.7-2(76.7)) +76.7 = 58.83
( ∆ z R)2
∆t
At z̅ = 0.666, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 0.233(76.7+0-2(76.7)) +76.7 = 58.83
( ∆ z R)2
At z̅ = 1.0, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = 0
For t = 0.75yr
At z̅ = 0, U̅ ∆t = 0
0,t̅ +

∆t
At z̅ = 0.333, U̅ ∆t =
0,t̅ + (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 0.233(0+58.83-2(58.83)) +58.83 = 45.12
( ∆ z R)2
∆t
At z̅ = 0.666, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 0.233(58.83+0-2(58.83)) +58.83 = 45.12
( ∆ z R)2
At z̅ = 1.0, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = 0
For t = 1.0yr
At z̅ = 0, U̅ ∆t = 0
0,t̅ +
∆t
At z̅ = 0.333, U̅ ∆t =
0,t̅ + (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 0.233(0+45.12-2(45.12)) +45.12 = 34.61
( ∆ z R)2
∆t
At z̅ = 0.666, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 0.233(45.12+0-2(45.12)) +45.12 = 34.61
( ∆ z R)2
At z̅ = 1.0, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = 0
So excess pore water pressure u after 1 year of load application: u = U̅ *UR

At z = 0, .….u = U̅ *UR = 0*0.96 = 0
At z = 1m, ….u = U̅ *UR = 34.61*0.96 = 33.23
At z = 2m, ….u = U̅ *UR = 34.61*0.96 = 33.23
At z = 3m, ….u = U̅ *UR = 0*0.96 =0 …..……………… (ANSWER)
Average degree of calculation at t = 1 year

3
Cvtc 9.3∗10 ∗1
TV = 2 = 2 = 0.413
( H /2) (300/2)
For Tv = 0.413, from table 6.1 --------> Uav1 = 70.7%
(Constant ui) …..……………… (ANSWER)
6.8 A two-layered soil is shown in Figure below. At a given

time t = 0, a uniform load was applied at the ground surface
so as to increase the pore water pressure by 60kN/m2 at all
depths. Divide the soil profile into six equal layers. Using the
numerical analysis method, find the excess pore water
pressure at depths of−3m, 6m,9m, 12m,15m, and −18m at t =
25 days. Use t = 5 days.
Given
Let zR= 18m and UR = 0.60

18 U 60 1
So z̅ = = 1, and U̅ = = = 100cm2, ∆ z̅ = = 0.167
18 U R 0.60 6
Let ∆ t = 5 days
Solution
For layer - 1

C v ∆ t 1.1cm 2/daysx 5 days

∆ t̅ (1) =
( z R)2
= (1800)2
= 1.698x10-6
∆ t̅ 1.698 x 10−6
= = 6.088x10-5¿ 0.5 ……..ok!!!
( ∆ z ̅ )2 (0.167)2
For layer - 2
Cv∆t 4.4 cm2/days∗5 days

∆ t̅ (1) =
( z R)2
= (1800)2
= 6.79x10-6
∆ t̅ 6.79 x 10−6
( ∆ z ̅ )2
= (0.167)2
= 2.435x10-4¿ 0.5 ……..ok!!!
For t = 5days
At z̅ = 0, U̅ ∆t = 0
0,t̅ +
∆t
At z̅ = 0.167, U̅ ∆t =
0,t̅ + (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 6.088x10-5(0+100-2(100))+100 = 99.99
( ∆ z R)2
∆t
At z̅ = 0.333, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 6.088x10-5(100+100-2(100)) +100 = 100
( ∆ z R)2
∆t
At z̅ = 0.5, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t =2.435x10-4(100+100-2(100))+100 = 100
( ∆ z R)2
∆t
At z̅ = 0.667, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 6.088x10-5 (100+100-2(100)) +100 = 100
( ∆ z R)2
∆t
At z̅ = 0.834, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 6.088x10-5 (100+0-2(100)) +100 = 99.99
( ∆ z R)2
At z̅ = 1.0, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = 0
For t = 10 days
At z̅ = 0, U̅ ∆t = 0
0,t̅ +
∆t
At z̅ = 0.167, U̅ ∆t =
0,t̅ + (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 6.088x10-5x(0+100-2(99.99)) +99.99 = 99.99
( ∆ z R)2
∆t
At z̅ = 0.333, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 6.088x10-5 x (99.99+100-2(100)) +100 = 100
( ∆ z R)2
∆t
At z̅ = 0.5, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 2.435x10-4x (100+100-2(100)) +100 = 100
( ∆ z R)2
∆t
At z̅ = 0.667, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 2.435x10-4x (100+99.99-2(100)) +100 = 100
( ∆ z R)2
∆t
At z̅ = 0.834, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+U̅ 0,t = 2.435x10-4x (99.99+100-2(99.99))+99.99 =
( ∆ z R)2
99.81
At z̅ = 1.0, U̅ ∆t = 0
0,t̅ +

For t = 15 days
At z̅ = 0, U̅ ∆t = 0
0,t̅ +
∆t
At z̅ = 0.167, U̅ ∆t =
0,t̅ + (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 6.088x10-5x(0+100-2(99.99)) +99.99 = 99.99
( ∆ z R)2
∆t
At z̅ = 0.333, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 6.088x10-5 x (99.99+100-2(100)) +100 = 100
( ∆ z R)2
∆t
( ∆ z R)2
∆t
( ∆ z R)2
∆t
At z̅ = 0.834, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+U̅ 0,t = 2.435x10-4 x(99.99+100-2(99.99))+99.99 =
( ∆ z R)2
99.81
At z̅ = 1.0, U̅ ∆t = 0
0,t̅ +
For t = 20 days
At z̅ = 0, U̅ ∆t = 0
0,t̅ +
∆t
At z̅ = 0.167, U̅ 0,t̅ + ∆t = (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 6.088x10-5 x (0+100-2(99.99)) +99.99 =
( ∆ z R)2
99.99
∆t
At z̅ = 0.333, U̅ ∆t =
0,t̅ + (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 6.088x10-5 x (99.99+100-2(100)) +100 = 100
( ∆ z R)2
∆t
( ∆ z R)2
∆t
( ∆ z R)2
∆t
At z̅ = 0.834, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t= (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 2.435x10-4 x(99.99+100-2(99.99))+99.99 =
( ∆ z R)2
99.81
At z̅ = 1.0, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = 0
For t = 25 days
At z̅ = 0, U̅ ∆t = 0
0,t̅ +
∆t
At z̅ = 0.167, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆t = (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 6.088x10-5 x (0+100-2(99.99)) +99.99 =
( ∆ z R)2
99.99
∆t
At z̅ = 0.333, U̅ ∆t =
0,t̅ + (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 6.088x10-5 x (99.99+100-2(100)) +100 = 100
( ∆ z R)2

∆t
At z̅ = 0.5, U̅ ∆t =
0,t̅ + (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 2.435x10-4x (100+100-2(100)) +100 = 100
( ∆ z R)2
At z = 0.667, U̅ 0,t̅ + t = (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t =
∆t
̅ ∆
( ∆ z R)2
2.435x10-4x (100+99.99-2(100)) +100 = 100

∆t
At z̅ = 0.834, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t= (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 2.435x10-4 x(99.99+100-2(99.99))+99.99 =
( ∆ z R)2
99.81
At z̅ = 1.0, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = 0
So excess pore water pressure u after 25 year of load application: u = U̅ *UR
At z = 3m, ….u = U̅ *UR = 99.99*0.60 = 59.99

At z = 6m, ….u = U̅ *UR = 100*0.60 = 60
At z = 9m, ….u = U̅ *UR = 100*0.60 = 60
At z = 12m,….u = U̅ *UR = 100*0.60 = 60
At z = 15m,….u = U̅ *UR = 99.81*0.60 = 59.89
At z = 18m,….u = U̅ *UR = 0*0.60 = 0 …..……………… (ANSWER)
6.9. Refer to Figure below. A uniform surcharge q is applied at the ground surface. The variation of q
with time is shown in Figure P6.5b. Divide the 10-m-thick clay layer into five layers, each 2m thick.
Determine the excess pore water pressure in the clay layer at t = 60 days by the numerical method.

Solution
Let ZR = 10m and UR = 1.5KN/m2

z 10
z̅ = = =1
Zr 10
For t = (0 – 10) days U̅ = u/UR = 165/1.5 = 110
For t = (10 – 20) days U̅ = u/UR = 40/1.5 = 26.67
For t = (20 – 30) days U̅ = u/UR = 20/1.5 = 13.33
For t = (30 – 40) days U̅ = u/UR = 10/1.5 = 6.67
Cv∆t
Let ∆ z = 2m and ∆ t = 10days ∆ t̅ = = 2*10-210/102 = 0.002
( r R)2
∆ z̅ = 2/10 = 0.2. ………. ∆ t̅ /∆ z̅ 2 = 0.02/0.22 = 0.05 < 0.5 ……………….. OK!!
For t = 10 days
At z = 0, U̅ ∆t = 0
0,t̅ +
∆t
At z = 2m, U̅ ∆t =
0,t̅ + (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 0.05x(0+110-2(110)) +110 = 104.5
( ∆ z R)2
∆t
At z = 4m, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 0.05 x (110+110-2(110)) +110 = 110
( ∆ z R)2
∆t
At z = 6m, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 0.05x (110+110-2(110)) +110 = 110
( ∆ z R)2
∆t
At z = 8m, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 0.05x (110+0-2(110)) +110 = 104.5
( ∆ z R)2
At z̅ = 10m, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = 0
For t = 20 days U̅ will increase by 26.67
At z = 0, U̅ ∆t = 0
0,t̅ +

∆t
At z = 2m, U̅ ∆t =
0,t̅ + (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 0.05x(0+110-2(104.5)) +104.5 = 99.55
( ∆ z R)2
U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = 99.55 + 26.67 = 126.22
∆t
At z = 4m, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 0.05 x (104.5+110-2(110)) +110 = 109.72
( ∆ z R)2
U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = 109.72 + 26.67 = 136.40
∆t
At z = 6m, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 0.05x (104.5+110-2(110)) +110 = 109.72
( ∆ z R)2
U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = 109.72 + 26.67 = 136.4
∆t
At z = 8m, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 0.05x (110+0-2(104.5)) +104.5 = 99.55
( ∆ z R)2
U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = 99.55 + 26.67 = 126.22
At z̅ = 10m, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = 0
At z = 0, U̅ ∆t = 0
0,t̅ +
∆t
At z = 2m, U̅ ∆t =
0,t̅ + (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 0.05x(0+136.4-2(126.22)) +126.22 = 120.42
( ∆ z R)2
U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = 120.42 + 13.33 = 133.75
∆t
At z = 4m, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 0.05 x (126.22+136.4-2(136.4)) + 136.4 = 135.89
( ∆ z R)2
U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = 135.89 + 13.33 = 149.21
∆t
At z = 6m, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 0.05x (136.4+126.22-2(136.4)) +136.4 = 135.89
( ∆ z R)2
U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = 135.89 + 13.33 = 149.21
∆t
At z = 8m, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 0.05x (136.4+0-2(126.22)) +126.22 = 120.42
( ∆ z R)2
U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = 120.42 + 13.33 = 133.75
At z̅ = 10m, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = 0
At z = 0, U̅ ∆t = 0
0,t̅ +
∆t
At z = 2m, U̅ ∆t =
0,t̅ + (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 0.05x(0+149.21-2(133.75)) +133.75 = 127.84
( ∆ z R)2
U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = 127.84 + 6.67 = 134.51
∆t
At z = 4m, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t= (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 0.05x(133.75+133.75-2(149.21)) + 149.21 =
( ∆ z R)2
148.45
U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = 148.45 + 6.67 = 155.12

∆t
At z = 6m, U̅ ∆ t=
0,t̅ + (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 0.05x(133.75+133.75-2(149.21)) + 149.21 =
( ∆ z R)2
148.45
U̅ ∆ t = 148.45 + 6.67 = 155.12
0,t̅ +
∆t
( ∆ z R)2
U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = 127.84 + 6.67 = 134.51
At z̅ = 10m, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = 0
For t = 50 days
At z = 0, U̅ ∆t = 0
0,t̅ +
∆t
At z = 2m, U̅ ∆t =
0,t̅ + (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 0.05x(0+155.12-2(134.51)) +134.51 = 128.81
( ∆ z R)2
∆t
At z = 4m, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 0.05x(134.51+155.12-2(155.12))+155.12 =
( ∆ z R)2
154.01
∆t
At z = 6m, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+U̅ 0,t = 0.05x(155.12+134.51-2(155.12))+155.12 = 154.01
( ∆ z R)2
∆t
( ∆ z R)2
At z̅ = 10m, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = 0
For t = 50 days
At z = 0, U̅ ∆t = 0
0,t̅ +
∆t
At z = 2m, U̅ ∆t =
0,t̅ + (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 0.05x(0+154.01-2(128.81)) +128.81 = 123.63
( ∆ z R)2
∆t
At z = 4m, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t = 0.05x(128.81+154.01-2(154.01))+154.01 =
( ∆ z R)2
152.83
∆t
At z = 6m, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+U̅ 0,t = 0.05x(154.01+128.81-2(154.01))+154.01 = 152.83
( ∆ z R)2
∆t
( ∆ z R)2
At z̅ = 10m, U̅ 0,t̅ +∆ t = 0
Therefore the variation of u with depth at t = 60 days is given by u = U̅ *UR
At z = 0m, …..u = U̅ *UR = 0*1.5 = 0

At z = 2m, …..u = U̅ *UR = 123.63*1.5 = 185.40
At z = 4m, …..u = U̅ *UR = 152.83*1.5 = 229.24

At z = 6m,……u = U̅ *UR = 152.83*1.5 = 229.24

At z = 8m,……u = U̅ *UR = 123.63*1.5 = 185.40
At z = 10m,..…u = U̅ *UR = 0*1.5 = 0 …..……………… (ANSWER)

6.10 Refer to Figure below. The uniform surcharge is time dependent. Given q (kN/m2)=2t (days)(for t≤
100 days), and q = 200kN/m2 (for t≥ 100 days), determine the average degree of consolidation for the
clay layer at t = 50 days and t= 1 year. Use Figure 6.8c.
Given
For t ≤ 100 days ---- q (kN/m2) = 2t (days)

For t ≥ 100 days----- q = 200kN/m2
tc = 100days
Cv = 2*10-2m2/day
Ht = H = 10m
Required
Uav @ t = 50 days and t = 1 year
Solution
Cvtc
Tc = = 0.02*100/102 = 0.02
( H )2
Uav @ t = 50 days
Cvt
Tv = = 0.02*50/102 = 0.01
( H )2
From fig 6.8c for Tc = 0.02 and Tv = 0.01, Uav = 8% …..……………… (ANSWER)
Uav @ t = 1 years
Cvt
Tv = = 0.02*365/102 = 0.073
( H )2
From fig 6.8c for Tc = 0.02 and Tv = 0.073, Uav = 25%…..……………… (ANSWER)

Q2. The results of laboratory consolidation test on a clay sample are given below:
Pressure, Void ratio,

P (KN/m2) e
23.940 1.112
47.760 1.105
95.760 1.080
191.520 0.985
383.040 0.850
766.080 0.731
Draw
a. An e-log p plot
b. Determine the pre-consolidation pressure, pc
c. Find the compression index, Cc
Solution
a) An e-log p plot

b) Determine the pre-consolidation pressure, ’c
By using graphical procedure suggested by casagrande, steps are
1. Visually determine the point P

2. Draw horizontal line PQ.
3. Draw tangent line PR at P
4. Draw line PS bisecting the angle QPR.
5. Produce straight line portion of the e-versus logᵟ' plot intersect PS at T.
6. The effective pressure corresponding to point T is pre-consolidation pressure, ’c
Therefore, from the above table chart σ ’c ≈ 150 KN/m2 …..……………… (ANSWER)
c) Find compression Index Cc?
From the above table, we have e1, e2, ’1, ’2…. Hence Cc is computed below as:
Δe ( e 1−e 2) (0.90−0.78)
Cc = σ2 = σ2 = 520 = 0.5 …..……………… (ANSWER)
log ⁡( ) log ⁡( ) log ⁡( )
σ1 σ1 300

Q3. From Advanced Soil Mechanics, 3rd Edition, Braja Das (Solve Problem 8.3, 8.4,
8.7, 8.8, 8.9)
8.4. A rectangular foundation is shown in Figure below, given B = 2m_ L= 4m q = 240kN/m2_ H = 6m,
and Df= 2m.
(a) Assuming E = 3800KN/m2, calculate the average elastic settlement. Use Eq. (8.24).
(b) If the clay is normally consolidated, calculate the consolidation settlement.
Use Eq. (8.35) and sat = 17.5kN/m3, Cc = 0.12, and e0 = 1.1.
Given
B = 2m, L= 4m, Df = 2m, H = 6m

E = 3800KN/m2
sat = 17.5kN/m3, Cc = 0.12, and e0 = 1.1
q̅ ̅ = 240KN/m2
Solution
a) Average elastic settlement

H 6 L 4
= = 3 and = = 2 using this two value we read from chart which is Christian and
B 2 B 2
carrier 1978 we get μ1 = 0.7 and μ0 = 0.95
μ1= correction factor finite thickness of elastic soil layer, H, as shown in figure 8.6
μ0= correction factor for depth of embedment of foundation, D f, as shown in figure 8.6
qB
Se(average )=μ1 μ 0 , ( v=0.5 )
E
240 KN /m2 x 2 m
Se(average)= 0.7x0.95x = 0.084m = 8.4cm …..……………… (ANSWER)
3800 KN /m 2
b) Consolidation settlement for NCC
∆ eHt
Sc =
1+ e 0

1
∆ σ av= (∆ σ t +4∆ σ m+∆ σ b)
6
{ ( |( ) ) }
∆ σ i= q̅ ̅ 1− 1
b
z
2+1
3
2
{ ( |( ) ) }
∆ σ m = 240 1− 1
2
3
2+1
3
2
= 101.752 KN/m2
{ ( |( ) ) }
∆ σ b = 240 1− 1
2
6
2+1
3
2
= 35.084 KN/m2
1
∆ σ av= (240+4(101.75)+35.084)σ ’0 +∆ σ av σ ’0
6
∆ σ av= 113.68 KN/m2
6
∆ e=Cc log(σ ’ 0+∆ σ av)/(σ ’ 0) , σ ’0 = (17.5-9.81) = 23.07 KN/m2
2
∆ e=0.12 log(23.07+113.68 )/(23.07) = 0.09275
Sc = = 0.265m = 26.5cm …..………………
0.0928 x 6
1+1.1
(ANSWER)
8.7. A permanent surcharge of 100kN/m2 is to be applied on the ground surface of the soil profile shown
in Figure P8.3. It is required to eliminate all of the primary consolidation in 3 months. Estimate the total
surchargeσ = σ s + σ f needed to achieve the goal.
Given
σ f = 100 KN/m2, t= 300 month σ = σ s + σ f needed to achieve 1502

Solution
Tv = tC v
H2
T
v=
30 x 3 x 24 x 60 x 13 x 10−3
= 0.7488
(150)2
From fig 8.3 for Tv=0.7488 and U(f+s) ≈ 0.78
σ ’0= 17.3(1.5) + 1.5(19.5-9.81) + 1.5(17.3-9.81) = 51.72 KN/m2
σf 100
= = 1.933
σ ’ 0 51.72
σf σs
From fig 8.25 for U (f+s) ≈ 0.78 and = 1.93 we get = 0.65
σ ’0 σf
∴ σ s = 0.65x σ f = 0.65 x 100 = 65 KN/m2
σ = σ s + σ f = 100+65 = 165 KN/m2 …..……………… (ANSWER)
Q4. It is proposed to construct an overhead tank on a raft foundation of size 8 x 16 m with the
foundation at a depth of 2m below ground level. The subsoil at the site is stiff homogeneous clay
with the water table at the base of the foundation the subsoil is divided into 3 layers and the
properties of each layer are shown given in figure below. Estimate the consolidation settlement
by the Skempton-Bjerrun Method.

Given
Raft foundation 8x16 m

Df = 2m below ground level
Solution
The average pore pressure coefficient is
0.74+0.83+ 0.58
A= = 0.7167
3
Layer Log
Hi (m) Po(KN/m2) P(KN/m2) Cc eo Soed(cm)
No
1 5 58.725 123.22 0.18 0.85 0.0973 0.491 0.23
2 6 108.92 58.25 0.16 0.73 0.0925 0.186 0.103
3 5 163.62 39.175 0.13 0.68 0.0773 1.242 0.48
 0.813
σ ’o(1) = 2x1.85 + (18.5-9.81)x2.5 = 58.725KN/m2
σ ’o(2) = 2x18.5 +5(18.5-9.81) + (19.3-9.81)x3 = 108.92KN/m2
σ ’o(3) = 2(18.5) + 5(18.5-9.81) +6(19.3-9.81) + 2.5(20.3-9.81) = 163.62 KN/m2
For H/B = 16/8 = 2, A = 0.72 using this value, from settlement coefficient versus pore pressure
coefficient chart we get β = 0.8
Using the following equation fill the table for each layers

∆ σ t = 150 KN/m2
1
∆ σ m = 150(1-
[( ) ]
b
z
2+1 3 /2
)=
1
σ b = 150(1-
([ bz )2+1] 3 /2 ) =
1
σ av= (∆ σ t + 4∆ σ m +σ b)
6
Cc P o+∆ p
Soe = Hi 1+ eo Log Po
Sc= β Soe= 0.72 x 81.30 cm = 58.54cm …..……………… (ANSWER)

Q5. A footing of size 10x10 m is founded at a depth of 2.5 m below ground level on sand
deposit. The water table is at the base of the foundation. The saturated unit weight of soil from
ground level to a depth of 22.5 m is 20 KN/m 3. The compressible stratum of 20 m below the
foundation base is divided into three layers with corrected SPT values (N) and CPT values (qc)
constant in each layer as given below
Layer No Depth from foundation level (m) Ncor(av) qc (av) MPa

From To
1 0 5 20 8
2 5 11 25 10
3 11 20 30 12
Compute the settlement by Schemertmann’s method.
Assume the net contact pressure at the base of the foundation is equal to 70 KPa and t= 10 years
Solution
γ s=20KN/m2
0
s =20KN/m2
2.5
11
20
P0 = effective average overburden pressure at depth below ground level.

B 10
20KN/m2 x 2.5 + (20KN/m2–9.8KN/m2)x20 = =[2+ ] = [2+ 2 ] = 7m
2
P’0= 20KN/m2 x 2.5 + (20KN/m2–9.8KN/m2)x20 = 253.8 KN/m2
The depth of the compressibility layer = 2B = H = 20m.
Influence factor Ι z(max= 0.5 + 0.1

√ P ’0
qn √
= 0.5 + 0.1 253.8 = 0.553
70

qn = 70 Kpa
4
B/2=5
6
10
12
14
16
18
2B= 20
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
q0 2.5 x 20
C1 = 1- 0.5 = 1- 0.5 = 0.643
qn 70
t 10
C2 = 1+0.2log = 1+0.2log = 1.4
0.1 0.1
Es = 4qc for qc¿10MPa
Es = (2qc + 20) for 10¿qc¿ 50Iz∆ z
Iz ∆ z
Layer No ∆ z(cm) q(mpa) Es(mpa) Iz (av)
Es
1 5 8 32 0.35 0.0547
2 6 10 40 0.55 0.0825
3 9 12 44 0.45 0.0921
Total 0.229m
Then substituting in the equation for settlement S, we have

Iz ∆ z
Se = C1C2qn ∑ = 0.643x1.4x0.07x22.9 = 1.443cm = 14.43mm …..……………… (ANSWER)
Es
Q6. Square rigid footing of size 10x10m is founded at a depth of 2m below ground level. The
type of strata met at the site is
Depth below G.L (m) Type of soil

0 to 5 Sand
5 to 7m Clay
Below 7m Sand
The water table is at the base level of the foundation. The saturated unit weight of soil above the
foundation base is 20 KN/m3. The coefficient of volume compressibility of clay, mv, is
0.0001m2/KN, and the coefficient of consolidation Cv is 1 m2/year. The total contact pressure qn =
100KN/m2.
Compute primary consolidation settlement.
Given
mv= 0.0001 m2/KN

Cv= 1m2/year
qn = 100KN/m2
First calculate effective stress at the middle of in each layer
σ ’o(1)= 2x10.19 +5x10.19 + 0.5x10.19 = 76.43KN/m2

σ ’o(2)= 76.43 + 1(10.19) = 86.62KN/m2
Then let us calculate excessive pressure ∆ σ ’0 + ∆ σ ’1
1 1
∆ σ 1 = q(1-
[( ) ]
b
z
2+1 3 /2
) = 100(1- 5
6 [( ) ]
2+1 3 /2
) = 54.66KN/m2
1
∆ σ 2 = 100(1- 5
7 [( ) ]
2+1 3 /2
) = 46.12KN/m2
∆ σ ’ 0+ ∆ σ ’ 1
∆ e =Cclog
∆ σ ’0
H(cm
Layer No (Mpa) e
) (m)
1 1 76.43 0.096 0.046
2 1 86.62 0.076 0.036

Total 0.082

Assignment-2
Mid Exam

Q1. Explain in detail the components of settlement and different methods to determine
settlements. Choose the best method for clay soils.
 Components of settlement
Settlement
S = S e + Sc + Ss
Immediate Primary Secondary

Settlement Consolidation Consolidation
Se Sc Ss
Immediate Settlement: Occurs immediately after the construction. This is computed using elasticity
theory (Important for Granular soil)
Primary Consolidation: Due to gradual dissipation of pore pressure induced by external loading and
consequently expulsion of water from the soil mass, hence volume change.
(Important for Inorganic clays)
Secondary Consolidation: Occurs at constant effective stress with volume change due to rearrangement
of particles. (Important for Organic soils)
 Different methods to determine settlements
A. Immediate settlement
I. Elastic settlement:
II. Strain Influence Factor Method for Sandy Soil: Schmertmann and Hartman (1978):
III. Burland and Burbidges method for sandy soils:

B. Primary Consolidation Settlement
C. Secondary Consolidation Settlement
 Choose the best method for clay soils.
Secondary consolidation settlement is more important in case of organic and highly-compressible

inorganic clays.

Q2. Derive the basic differential equation for one dimensional consolidation which was
developed by Terzaghi's (1943)? Use all necessary steps
Solution
∂v
Rate of change of volume of soil element is =( q z + dq z )−q z=
∂t
where v=d x d y d z
q z - is flow rate = k z i z A z and A z= d x d y
( )
2
∂h ∂ h ∂h
Therefore ( q z + dq z )−q z=k + 2 d z d x d y −k d d
∂z ∂z ∂z x y
2
∂v ∂ h u
∂t
=k 2 , but h- is pressure head =
γw
then
∂z
2
∂v ∂ u ∂ v ∂ vv
∂t
=k 2 d x d y d z , but during one dimensional consolidation or compressibility of soil, = ,
γw∂ z ∂t ∂t
v
but v v =v s e∧v s =
1+e
∂ vv 2
∂ u
=k 2 dxdy dz
∂t γw ∂z
2
v ∂e k ∂ U
= d x d y d z but v=d x d y d z
1+ e ∂t γ w ∂ z 2
d x d y d z ∂ e k ∂2 U
= d d d
1+ e ∂ t γ w ∂ z 2 x y z
2
1 ∂e k ∂ U
but ∂ e=−a v ∂ ( ∆ σ ) where ∆ σ =u
' '
= 2
1+ e ∂t γ w ∂ z
av ∂u k ∂ U
2
av
= 2
let =mv then
1+ e ∂t γ w ∂ z 1+e
2 2
k ∂U ∂u ∂ u k ∂ U k
=m v ↔ = but c v = then substitute c v in equation
γw ∂ z 2
∂t ∂t m v γ w ∂ z 2 mv γ w
2 2
∂u ∂ u k∂ u
→ ∂ t =c v 2 = 2 ... is differential equation of 1D-Consolidation developed by Terzaghi
∂ z mv γ w ∂ z

Q3. Laboratory test on a 25mm thick clay specimen drained at both top and bottom show
that 45% consolidation (Tv=0.4) takes place in 8.5minutes. How long it takes for a similar
clay layer in the field, 4m thick but drained at the top only, to undergo 65% consolidation
(Tv=0.34)
Solution
From Terzaghi's suggestion the consolidation Time unit less is equal at the field and in the lab
( c v t )lab ( c v t )field
T v(lab)= 2
=T v(field )= 2 then calculate the value of time ( t )field
H dr (lab) H dr (field )
a) Time for 45% consolidation at field

2 2
t field ( c v )lab H dr (field ) ( c v )lab H dr (field )
= 2 therefore t field = 2 *t lab
t lab H dr(lab) ( c v )field H dr(lab) ( c v )field
where ( c v ) lab=( c v )field are 45%

2
8.5 min∗(4000 mm)
t field 45% = 2
=8.704∗105 min
( 12.5 mm )
t field 45% = 1.656 years…..……………… (ANSWER)
b) Time for 65% consolidation at field

( c v t )45 %
2 2
T v(45 %) H dr c v t 45 H dr
= =
T v(65% ) ( c v t )65 % 2
H dr c v t 65
H 2dr
T v(45 %) t 45 % t 45 % T v(65 %)
T v(65% )
=
t 65 %
then t 65% =
T v(45 %)
0.34∗1.656
t 65% = years=3.754 years
0.15
t field 65 %= 3.754 years…..……………… (ANSWER)

Q4. Consider the case of initial excess pore water that is constant with depth i.e. U t=Uo. For
Tv=0.4. Determine the degree of consolidation at a depth H/3 measured from the top of the
layer.
Solution
T v =0.4 , Z=H /3 and U t =U 0 but

∞
2 MZ
U a v =1− ∑ exp(
Tv )
2
−M
sin Where M =( 2 m+1 ) π /2 and
m=0 M H
m=0 ,1 , 2 ,3 , … … . ∞
Let’s prepare a tabular form for more clarity
Sin 2 MZ
( −M 2 T v ) (−M 2
T v)
Step Tv Z/H M M MZ/H 2/M (MZ/H exp sin exp
) M H
1 0.4 1/3 0 1.6 0.52 1.27 0.50 0.3730809 0.237521883
2 0.4 1/3 1 4.7 1.57 0.42 1.00 0.00014 5.94615E-05
3 0.4 1/3 2 7.9 2.62 0.25 0.50 1.973E-11 2.51885E-12
∞
∑ M2 sin MZ exp(
−M T )
2
=¿0.237581345v
m=0 H
Note in the above table we need not go beyond m=3, since the expiration in step 3 is negligible for m ≥ 3
Therefore the value of Uav is calculated from the table above

∞
2 MZ
U av =1− ∑ exp(
T v)
2
−M
sin
m=0 M H
U av =1−¿0.237581345 = 0.762418655

U av =0.7624
Uav = 76.24% …..……………………………..……… (ANSWER)

Q5. A square footing of size 8*8m at a depth of 2m below the ground surface in loose to
medium dense sand with qn =120KN/m2 (net contact pressure at the base of foundation ),
standard penetration tests conducted at the site give the following corrected N 60 Values. The
water table is at the base of foundation. The saturated unit weight of soil from ground level
to depth of 18m is 16.5KN/m3.
Use the Equation Es = 250 (Avg Ncor +15) for computing the modulus of Elasticity of the sand. Assume
µ=0.3 and the depth of the compressible layer =2B= 16m (=H)
Estimate the elastic settlement by Schmetmann's method by making use of the relationship q c = static
cone penetration value in kg/cm2. Assume settlement is required at the end of 3 years.
Layer No. Depth from (m) Foundation level Average

From To Ncor
1 2 5 9
2 5 11 12
3 11 18 17
Solution
Iz
Se =C 1 C 2 ( q ) ∑ ∆Z
E
( )
q
Where C 1=1−0.5 0 ∧C1=1+ 0.2 log
q ( ) t
0.1
First calculate the value of Iz at the middle of each layer and ∆Z
( )
0.5
q
I z ( peak )=0.5+0.1 q is net pressure =120KN/m3
σ0
where Z ( peak )=0.5 B=0.5∗8=4 m then determine the stress at Z peak
σ o ( peak )= ( 2+ 4 )∗γ sat
KN 2
¿ ( 2+ 4 )∗16.5 3 =6∗16.5 KN /m
m
2
σ o ( peak )=99 KN /m and q 0=16.5∗2=33 kn /m2
I z =0.1 at Z=0
( )
0.5
120
I z ( peak )=0.5+0.1 =0.647
99
I z ( peak )=0.647
I z =0 at Z=Z o=2 B
Using the above value of Iz and draw the diagram to determine the Iz at the middle of each layer

Layer Depth in m from Averag Es=250( Ncor +15)

foundation level e Ncor
1 2m-5m 9 6000
2 5m-11m 12 6750
3 11m-18m 17 8000
qn=120 KN/m2
Df =2m
IZ
E=6000Mpa 1
3
2
E=6750Mpa
4 B/2=5
3
E=6750Mpa
4
E=8000Mpa
16
0.647= Iz(peak)
0 0.1
2B=Z0=16m
Using the Tabular form calculate the value of E from the given equation ( E s=250( Avg N cor + 15) and the
value of Iz at the middle of each layer from the above diagram.
Layer Average Es (Kpa) ∆Z Iz Iz

Ncor ∆z
(m) E
1 9 6000 3m 0.305125 0.0001526
2 9 6000 1m 0.578625 9.644E-05
3 12 6750 5m 0.51221 0.0003794
4 17 8000 7m 0.18871 0.0001651

I
∑ Ez ∆ z=¿ ¿0.0007935
Iz
Se =C 1 C 2 ( q ) ∑ ∆Z
E
Where C 1=1−0.5 ( qq )=1−0.5( 120

0 33
)= 0.8625 and
¿ C 2=1+0.2 log ( 0.1t )=1.295424

Iz
Se =C 1 C 2 ( q ) ∑
∆ Z=0.8625∗1.295∗120∗0.0007935
E
Se =¿ 0.106394m =106.394mm …..……………………………..……… (ANSWER)
Assignment-3
Final Exam
Q1. A 5-m-thick clay layer, drained at the top only, has some sand drains. A uniform
surcharge is applied at the top of the clay layer. Calculate the average degree of
consolidation for combined vertical and radial drainage after 100 days of load application,
given Cvr= Cv= 4mm2/ min, de = 2m, and rw= 0.2m. Use the equal-strain solution.
Solution
Given
H dr =5 m ,t=100 days , C vr =C v =4 mm2 /min, d e =2 m , γ w =0.2 m
U vr=1−( 1−U r ) (1−U v )
Cvt
First calculate for Vertical drainage Tv , T v = 2
H dr
2
4 mm ∗24∗60∗100 days
T v= = 0.02304
( 5000 mm )2
C vr t
Calculate Radial drainage of Tr where T r= 2
de
2
4 mm ∗24∗60∗100 min
T r= =0.144
( 2000 mm )2
T r= 0.144
Then calculate the radial consolidation and vertical degree of consolidation
Radial Degree of consolidation Ur
( )
−8 T r 2 2
n 3 n −1
U r =1−exp where F (n)= 2 ln (n)− 2
F( n) n −1 4n
re de 2 m
but n= where r e = = =1m∧r w =0.2 m
rw 2 2
1m
then n= =5
0.2m
2 2
5 3¿ 5 −1 25 74
Therefore F (n)= 2 ln (5)− 2
= ln (5)−
5 −1 4 ¿5 24 100
F (n)=0.9365
U r =1−exp (−8∗0.144
0.9365 ) =0.708
U r =0.708
Then calculate the vertical degree of consolidation using table 6.1 or the below formula
∞
2
U z=1−∑ 2 exp(−M 2 T v ) using the tabular form calculate Uz
m=0 M
M M 2 2 where M =(2 m+1)π /2 where m= 0,1,2,3,4......∞
2
exp(−M T v )
M
0 π /2 0.766596
1 3 π /2 0.054077 for m≥4 the value is almost negligible
2 5 π /2 0.007847
3 7 π /2 0.001024
4 9 π /2 0.000101
∞
ASTU ∑
SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization)
¿ 0.829645 Page 34
m=0
∞
2
U z=1−∑
2
2
exp(−M T v )=1−0.829645
m=0 M
U z=0.17
Now calculate the U vr
U vr=1−( 1−U r ) ( 1−U v )
U vr=1−( 1−0.17 )( 1−0.708 )=0.758
U vr = 0.758 = 75.8% …..……………………………… (ANSWER)
Q2. Figure 1 represents a steady state one dimensional seepage situation in which the
upstream and downstream water levels are maintained constant. The container in which
the soil (permeability K=1.2*10-5m/sec, and porosity n=0.2) has been placed consists of two
sections having different diameters. The area of upper (AU) and Lower (AL) sections are
28cm2 and 14cm2 respectively.
a) Determine the rate of seepage flow through the soil.
b) Calculate the actual velocity of the flow through the upper section of the soil.
c) Plot the total head, pressure Head and elevation head along the tube.
(Hint; Firstly it is necessary to establish an arbitrary datum from which the elevation head may be
measured. Let this datum be located a distance of 4cm below the lower boundary of the soil.)
Solution
a) the rate of seepage flow through the soil is q=kAi

Where A & i is vary for the given soil sample but the rate of seepage is equal in the upper and lower.

∆H
i.e. q up= Aup iup k where i=
Lup
∆H
¿ Aup k
Lup
but from continuity of equation the flow of rate are equal for inflow and outflow
∆ H low ∆ H low
so, q up=q low → Aup k up =A low k low
Lup Llow
but k low=k up becausethe soil properties are Homogeneous
∆ H low
then from the above equation find
∆ H up
∆ H low Llow∗A up 28 c m2∗20 cm

= =
∆ H up A low∗Lup 14 c m2∗16 cm
∆ H low
=2.5 then ∆ H low =2.5∗∆ H up ..............................eq 1
∆ H up
Total head=Pressure head + Elevation head but
h e=44 cm
h p =20 cm
ht =h e +h p=44 cm+20 cm=64 cm
ht =64 cm but ∆ H l ow + ∆ H up =Total head
∆ H low + ∆ H up=64 cmthen substitute eq 1 now where ∆ H low =2.5 ∆ H up
2.5 ∆ H up + ∆ H up =64 cm → 3.5 ∆ H up=64 cm
64 cm
∆ H up = =18.29 cm → ∆ H up=18.29 cm
3.5
∆ H low =2.5 ∆ H up=2.5∗18.29 → ∆ H low =45.71 cm
∆ H low =45.71cm
from this, now we calculate the value of q rate of seepage flow
∆ H up 18.29 cm
Where q up=k Aup iup , iup = =
Lup 16 cm

−5 2 18.29 cm −3 3
q up=1.2∗10 m/ sec∗28 cm =38.41∗10 cm /sec
16 cm
∆ H low 45.71 cm
q low=k A low ilow , i low= =
Llow 20 cm
−5 2 45.71cm −3 3
q low=1.2∗10 m/sec∗14 cm =38.41∗10 cm /sec
20 cm
therefore q low=qupp =38.41∗10−3 cm3 /sec ........................................Answer
b) Calculate the actual velocity of flow through upper soil Vsupp

V upp
V s (upp)= , wher e V upp=k iupp ∧n=0.2 which is porosity of soil
n
−5 m/sec∗18.29 cm −5
V upp =k i upp =1.2∗10 =1.372¿ 10 m/ sec
16 cm
V upp 1.372m/ sec −5

V s (upp)= = =6.86 ¿ 10 m/sec
n 0.2
−5
V s (upp)=6.86 ¿ 10 m/sec .............................................................................Answer
c) Calculate the total head, elevation head and pressure head

the total head= 64cm
h p =20 cm , which is a head lo ss
h e=44 cm
The head at the junction of upper and lower soil is, let it say B
h B=h tot −hupp
h B=64 cm−45.71 cm=18.21cm
18.21+64 cm
and let it say the center of upper h D = =41.15 cm
2
The pore water pressure at the junction
cm∗9.81 KN
U B=41.15 3
=0.4115∗9.81 Kpa
m
U B=4.037 Kpa Then plot using the value of ht ,h e , h p , hB ,∧h D

Q3. In a material with a Poisson ratio of µ=0.33, how much stiffer is material if its sides are
constrained (not allowed to move in or out)?
Solution
When the side is constrained means the strain ∈x ∧ y direction are equal ¿ zero
∈x =∈ y =0 , σ x =σ y but ≠ 0
1
∈x = ( σ −v ( σ y +σ z ) )
E x
1
0= [ σ −v σ y −v σ z ] but σ x =σ y ,therefore
E x
1
0= [ σ −v σ x −v σ z ] → 0=σ x −v σ x −v σ z
E x
σx v
v σ z =σ x (1−v)→ = which means the stiffness k 0
σ z (1−v)
v 0.33
Then calculate the stiffness using the above equation k 0= =
(1−v ) 1−0.33
k 0=0.4925=49.25 % ............................................................Answer

Q4. Two identical samples of clay are isotropically normally compressed to an all round effective
pressure of 200 Kpa and are then allowed to swell back to an effective isotropic pressure of 100
Kpa. The first sample is then subjected to standard drained compression test. What is the deviator
stress at failure and what is the volumetric strain experienced by the sample at failure? The second
sample is subjected to a standard undrained compression test. What are the deviator stress and
pore pressure at failure, if there is initially a back pressure of 100 Kpa?
Assume that the soil has the following critical state properties;
M =0.95 , λ=0.095 , Γ =2.06, κ=0.036 , and N= 2.12.
Solution


E
Q5. Derive the relationship for Bulk modulus (B); B= , show all necessary steps
3(1−2 μ)
and assumptions.
Solution
σ0
From initial bulk modulus B=
∈Vol
1 1
Where ∈Vol =∈x +∈ y + ∈z and ∈x = ( σ −v ( σ y +σ z ) ) , ∈ y = E ( σ y −v ( σ x + σ z ) )
E x
1
¿ ∈z = ( σ −v ( σ y + σ x ) )
E z
But for isotropic and homogeneous soils σ x =σ y =σ z =σ 0 ∧¿ ∈x =∈ y =∈z
So ∈Vol =∈x +∈ y + ∈z=3 ∈ x =3∈ y =3∈ z
σ0 σ0 1
Therefore B= = where ∈= ( σ x −v ( σ y + σ z ) ) but σ x =σ y =σ z =σ 0
∈Vol 3∈ E
σ0 σ0
¿ =
1 1
3 ( σ −v ( σ 0+ σ 0 ) )
E 0
3 ( σ −v ( 2 σ 0 ) )
E 0
σ0 σ0 σ0
= =
= 1 1 3
3 ( σ −v ( 2 σ 0 ) ) 3 E ( σ 0−v 2 σ 0 )
E 0
σ (1−2 v)
E 0
E
B= ............................................................Answer
3(1−2 v)

Q6. Traxial test data for the soil sample collected from Ayer Tena area given below in
Table. The cell pressure (sc) = 300KPa and it was zero before application. The initial height
of the sample (Lo) = 100cm.
L (cm) 0 2.5 5 7.5 10 15 20

 300 500 720 920 1050 1200 1250
U 120 150 150 120 80 10 -60
Estimate:
a. The value of B (Skempton pore pressure parameter), state where the sample is saturated or not
b. Plot deviator stress Vs strain
c. Plot A Vs strain
Solution
a. Skempton pore pressure parameter, B
B =U/ …..……………………………… (ANSWER)
b. Deviator stress Vs strain
Strain (L/Lo
Deviator stress = 
Strain 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1 0.15 0.2

q 200 420 620 750 900 950
1000
900
800
700
Deviatoric stress
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1 0.125 0.15 0.175 0.2 0.225
Strain

c. “A” Vs Strain
A = A’/B, A’ = U
L (cm) 2.5 5 7.5 10 15 20

Strain( 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1 0.15 0.2
U 30 30 0 -40 -110 -180
 200 420 620 750 900 950
A' 0.15 0.07 0.00 -0.05 -0.12 -0.19
A 0.38 0.18 0.00 -0.13 -0.31 -0.47
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
A
0 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1 0.125 0.15 0.175 0.2 0.225

-0.20
-0.40
-0.60
Strain

Advanced Soil Mechanics Assignment 2018

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Advanced Soil mechanics Assignment 2018

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 1

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 2

= 53.1 days…………………… (ANSWER)

 tc= 100 days,

Uav = 82.3% …..……………… (ANSWER)

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 3

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 4

So excess pore water pressure u after 1 year of load application: u = U̅ *UR

Average degree of calculation at t = 1 year

6.8 A two-layered soil is shown in Figure below. At a given

Let zR= 18m and UR = 0.60

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 5

C v ∆ t 1.1cm 2/daysx 5 days

Cv∆t 4.4 cm2/days∗5 days

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 6

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 7

At z = 0.667, U̅ 0,t̅ + t = (U̅ 1,t+ U̅ 3,t -2U̅ 0,t)+ U̅ 0,t =

2.435x10-4x (100+99.99-2(100)) +100 = 100

So excess pore water pressure u after 25 year of load application: u = U̅ *UR

At z = 3m, ….u = U̅ *UR = 99.99*0.60 = 59.99

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 8

Let ZR = 10m and UR = 1.5KN/m2

For t = 20 days U̅ will increase by 26.67

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 9

For t = 30 days U̅ will increase by 13.33

For t = 40 days U̅ will increase by 6.67

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 10

Therefore the variation of u with depth at t = 60 days is given by u = U̅ *UR

At z = 0m, …..u = U̅ *UR = 0*1.5 = 0

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 11

At z = 6m,……u = U̅ *UR = 152.83*1.5 = 229.24

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 12

For t ≤ 100 days ---- q (kN/m2) = 2t (days)

Uav @ t = 50 days and t = 1 year

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 13

Pressure, Void ratio,

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 14

b) Determine the pre-consolidation pressure, ’c

By using graphical procedure suggested by casagrande, steps are

1. Visually determine the point P

c) Find compression Index Cc?

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 15

B = 2m, L= 4m, Df = 2m, H = 6m

a) Average elastic settlement

b) Consolidation settlement for NCC

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 16

Sc = = 0.265m = 26.5cm …..………………

σ f = 100 KN/m2, t= 300 month σ = σ s + σ f needed to achieve 1502

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 17

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 18

Raft foundation 8x16 m

The average pore pressure coefficient is

σ ’o(1) = 2x1.85 + (18.5-9.81)x2.5 = 58.725KN/m2

σ ’o(2) = 2x18.5 +5(18.5-9.81) + (19.3-9.81)x3 = 108.92KN/m2

σ ’o(3) = 2(18.5) + 5(18.5-9.81) +6(19.3-9.81) + 2.5(20.3-9.81) = 163.62 KN/m2

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 19

Sc= β Soe= 0.72 x 81.30 cm = 58.54cm …..……………… (ANSWER)

ASTU SoCEA Civil Engineering Dpt. (Geotechnical Eng. Specialization) Page 20

Layer No Depth from foundation level (m) Ncor(av) qc (av) MPa

At z = 3m, ….u = U̅ UR = 99.990.60 = 59.99

At z = 0m, …..u = U̅ UR = 01.5 = 0

At z = 6m,……u = U̅ UR = 152.831.5 = 229.24