Pumping of Liquids

Pumping of liquids
Pumps are devices for supplying energy or head to a flowing

liquid in order to overcome head losses due to friction and also,
if necessary, to raise the liquid to a higher level. The head
imparted to a flowing liquid by a pump is known as the total head
ℎ𝑝 . If a pump is placed between points 1 and 2 in a pipeline, the
heads for steady flow are related by equation
𝒑𝟏 𝒖𝟐𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝒖𝟐𝟐
𝒛𝟏 + + + 𝒉𝒑 = 𝒛𝟐 + + + 𝒉𝒕 + 𝒉𝒍 + 𝒉𝒎
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈
The important heads to consider in a pumping system are the

suction, discharge, total and available net positive suction heads.
The following definitions are given in reference to the typical
pumping system shown in Figure below
1
The total head ∆ℎ which the pump is required to impart to the
flowing liquid is the difference between the discharge and suction
heads:
∑𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒖𝟐
𝒉𝒇𝒔 = 𝒇( )
𝒅𝒊 𝟐𝒈
∑𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒖𝟐
𝒉𝒇𝒅 = 𝒇( )
𝒅𝒊 𝟐𝒈
Net Positive Suction Head

If the absolute pressure in the liquid at the suction flange falls to,
or below, the absolute vapour pressure 𝑃𝑣 of the liquid, bubbles
of vapour (cavitation) will be formed at the pump inlet.
2
In order that cavitation may be avoided, pump manufacturers
specify a minimum value by which the total head at the suction
flange must exceed the head corresponding to the liquid's vapour
pressure. The difference between the suction head and the vapour
pressure head is known as the Net Positive Suction Head, NPSH:
𝒑𝒗
𝑵𝑷𝑺𝑯 = 𝒉𝒔 −
𝝆𝒈
Centrifugal pumps
In centrifugal pumps, energy or head is imparted to a flowing
liquid by centrifugal action. The most common type of centrifugal
pump is the volute pump. In volute pumps, liquid enters near the
axis of a high speed impeller and is thrown radially outward into
a progressively widening spiral casing as shown in Figure below
3
The impeller vanes are curved to ensure a smooth flow of liquid. The velocity head imparted to the liquid
is gradually converted into pressure head as the velocity of the liquid is reduced. The efficiency of this
conversion is a function of the design of $he impeller and casing and the physical properties of the liquid.
The performance of a centrifugal pump for a particular rotational speed of the impeller and liquid
viscosity is represented by plots of
• total head against capacity,

• power against capacity, and
• required NPSH against capacity.
These are known as characteristic curves of the pump.
∆𝒉
∆𝒉
Q Q
Pump curve supplied by a manfucture company System curve calculated by an engineer
A
𝒉𝑨
∆𝒉
Q 𝑸𝑨
Operating point
Calculate the values for a system total head against capacity curve for the initial conditions of
the system shown in Figure given the following data:
4
𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟒𝟖
5
∆ℎ = 6.671
𝑢 𝑅𝑒 𝑓 ∆ℎ 𝑄
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
6
Centrifugal pumps in series and in parallel
For parallel centrifugal pumps as shown below

total head for the pump combination ∆ℎ 𝑇 is the same as the total
head for each pump, ie
∆𝒉𝑻 = ∆𝒉𝟏 = ∆𝒉𝟐

The volumetric flow rate or capacity for the pump combination
𝑄𝑇 is the sum of the capacities for the two pumps, ie
𝑸 𝑻 = 𝑸𝟏 + 𝑸𝟐
7
The operating characteristics for two pumps in parallel are obtained as
follows.
First method
1. Draw the ∆𝒉 against 𝑸 characteristic curves for each pump together
with the system ∆𝒉𝒔 , against 𝑸𝒔 , curve on the same plot as shown in
the above Figure
2. Draw a horizontal constant total head line in the above Figure which
intersects the two pump curves at capacities 𝑸𝟏 and 𝑸𝟐 respectively,
and the system curve at capacity 𝑸𝒔 .
3. Add the values of 𝑸𝟏 and 𝑸𝟐 obtained in Step 2 to give
𝑸 𝑻 = 𝑸𝟏 + 𝑸𝟐
4. Compare 𝑸 𝑻 from Step 3 with 𝑸𝒔 , from Step 2. If they are not equal
repeat Steps 2,3 and 4 until 𝑸 𝑻 = 𝑸𝒔 . This is the operating point of
the two pumps in parallel.
Second method

the above Figure
2. Draw a horizontal constant total head line in the above Figure which
intersects the two pump curves at capacities 𝑸𝟏 and 𝑸𝟐 respectively
3. Repeat the above step many times to get many points for ∆𝒉𝑻 versus
𝑸𝑻
(∆𝒉𝑻𝟏 , 𝑸𝑻𝟏 ),
(∆𝒉𝑻𝟐 , 𝑸𝑻𝟐 ),
(∆𝒉𝑻𝟑 , 𝑸𝑻𝟑 )
4. The last step draw both
8
(∆𝒉𝑻 versus 𝑸𝑻 )
(∆𝒉𝒔 versus 𝑸𝒔 )
At the same chart and from the cross point, we can find the operating
point
Consider two centrifugal pumps in series as shown in the following figure.
The total head for the pump combination ∆𝒉𝑻 is the sum of the total heads for the two pumps,
ie
∆𝒉𝑻 = ∆𝒉𝟏 + ∆𝒉𝟐
9
The volumetric flow rate or capacity for the pump combination 𝑸 𝑻 is the
same as the capacity for each pump, ie
𝑸 𝑻 = 𝑸𝟏 = 𝑸𝟐
The operating characteristics for two pumps in series are obtained as
follows
First method
the above Figure
2. raw a vertical constant capacity line in the above Figure which
intersects the two pump curves at total heads ∆𝒉𝟏 and ∆𝒉𝟐
respectively, and the system curve at total head ∆𝒉𝒔 .
3. Add the values of ∆𝒉𝟏 and ∆𝒉𝟐 obtained in Step 2 to give
∆𝒉𝑻 = ∆𝒉𝟏 + ∆𝒉𝟐
4. Compare ∆𝒉𝑻 from Step 3 with ∆𝒉𝒔 , from Step 2. If they are not
equal repeat Steps 2,3 and 4 until ∆𝒉𝑻 = ∆𝒉𝒔 . This is the operating
point of the two pumps in series.
Second method

the above Figure
2. Draw a vertical constant capacity line in the above Figure which
intersects the two pump curves at capacities ∆𝒉𝟏 and ∆𝒉𝟐
respectively
∆𝒉𝑻 = ∆𝒉𝟏 + ∆𝒉𝟐
10
3. Repeat the above step many times to get many points for ∆𝒉𝑻
versus 𝑸𝑻
(∆𝒉𝑻𝟏 , 𝑸𝑻𝟏 ),
(∆𝒉𝑻𝟐 , 𝑸𝑻𝟐 ),
(∆𝒉𝑻𝟑 , 𝑸𝑻𝟑 )
4. The last step draw both

(∆𝒉𝑻 versus 𝑸𝑻 )
(∆𝒉𝒔 versus 𝑸𝒔 )
At the same chart and from the cross point, we can find the operating
point
11
Two centrifugal pumps are connected in parallel in a given pumping
system. Plot total head ∆ℎ against capacity 𝑄 pump and system curves for
both pumps running on the basis of the following data:
operating data for pump 1

∆𝒉, 𝒎 40 35 30 25
𝑸𝒔 , 𝒎𝟑 /𝒉 169 209 239 265

∆𝒉, 𝒎 40 35 30 25
𝑸𝒔 , 𝒎𝟑 /𝒉 0 136 203 267
Data for system

∆𝒉, 𝒎 20 25 30 35
𝑸𝒔 , 𝒎𝟑 /𝒉 0 244 372 470
Two centrifugal pumps are connected in series in a given pumping system.

Plot total head Ah against capacity Q pump and system curves and
determine the operating points for
a. only pump 1 running
b. only pump 2 running
c. both pumps running
on the basis of the following data:

∆𝒉, 𝒎 50 49.5 48.5 48 46.5 44 42 39.5 36 32.5 28.5
𝑸𝒔 , 𝒎𝟑 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
/𝒉
12
∆𝒉, 𝒎 40 39.5 39 38 37 36 34 32 30.5 28 25.5
𝑸𝒔 , 𝒎𝟑 /𝒉 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
Data for system

∆𝒉, 𝒎 35 37 40 43.5 46.5 50.5 54.5 59.5 66 72.5 80
𝟑
𝑸𝒔 , 𝒎 /𝒉 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
13

Pumping of Liquids

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Pumping of Liquids

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Pumping of liquids

Pumps are devices for supplying energy or head to a flowing

The important heads to consider in a pumping system are the

Net Positive Suction Head

• total head against capacity,

These are known as characteristic curves of the pump.

Pump curve supplied by a manfucture company System curve calculated by an engineer

For parallel centrifugal pumps as shown below

∆𝒉𝑻 = ∆𝒉𝟏 = ∆𝒉𝟐

1. Draw the ∆𝒉 against 𝑸 characteristic curves for each pump together

4. The last step draw both

Consider two centrifugal pumps in series as shown in the following figure.

∆𝒉𝑻 = ∆𝒉𝟏 + ∆𝒉𝟐

∆𝒉𝑻 = ∆𝒉𝟏 + ∆𝒉𝟐

1. Draw the ∆𝒉 against 𝑸 characteristic curves for each pump together

4. The last step draw both

operating data for pump 1

operating data for pump 2

Data for system

Two centrifugal pumps are connected in series in a given pumping system.

on the basis of the following data:

operating data for pump 1

Data for system

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