WORDS ATTACK

Text vocabulary
New 7 Wonders of nature: New seven wonders of Nature (2007. 2011) was an initiative started
in 2007 to create a list of seven natural wonders chosen by people through a global poll.
Ancient: Very old.
Heritage: The art buildings, traditions, and beliefs that a society considers important to its
history and culture.
Locals: People who live in a particular place rather than a visitor to that place.
Remains: All that is left after other parts have been taken away, used up or destroyed.
Southern: In or from the South of a country or region.
Vineyard: A farm that grows grapes and produces wine.

Idiom
To take one's breath away: To be extremely impressive or beautiful.
 ALL EARS
Vacation spots
Thinking about your destination on your next vacation.Here are some ideas.
Cape Town.South Africa.

Cape Town, which is the most southern point of Africa, is an amazing destination. It is a
place that offers spectacular views and different fun activities.You can go to the top of
table mountains, which is one of the new 7 wonders of nature. There you will have
wonderful views of Cape Town, Robert Island, the peninsula and beyond.

It is also possible to visit some vineyards and taste some of the best wines that are
produced in the world.People who are planning to go there must also go to Robben
Island, the prison where Nelson Mandela was held.
Machu Picchu Peru.

Machu Picchu is a city which holds the remains of the Inca. A fascinating, and extinct
ancient people.

You will easily contact the locals who are proud to share their heritage and help visitors
through remote areas with amazing scenery.

Paris, France.

Paris, whose nickname is the City of Light, offers more tourist attractions than any
tourist can imagine..
To have the real taste of Paris the best thing is to live the city as the natives.Who know
how to enjoy life. do: with fine food and good wine.

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

This is a city which you should visit. You enjoy wonderful beaches and the city night life.
The best time to visit Rio is in low season when there are fewer tourists there.Don't miss
visiting Sugarloaf, where the view will take your breath away.
 Tell me about it.
Can you describe a good vacation spot?Try to complete this sentences below.
Name of the place:________________________________________________
This is a place where_______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

There you will find people

who___________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Another brick in the

wall Relative Clauses
Read this sentence from the text.
Machu Picchu is an ancient city which holds t he remains of the Inca.
In the sentence above, we are using the word “which” to connect the two clauses, observe.:
Machu Picchu is an ancient city which holds the remains of the Inca.
Independent clause. Relative clause.
Which is a relative pronoun.
Other relative pronouns/adverbs are: that who, whom, whose, when, where.
A clause that begins with a relative pronoun is called a relative clause.

Relative clauses give additional information about something/someone/ a place without

you starting another sentence. By combining ideas with a relative pronoun, the text
becomes more fluent and there is no repetition of words.In this sense, relative pronouns
refer to an element which was used in the clause before to avoid repeating the reference
word.
There are two types of relative clauses.
Identifying relative clauses: They are used to identify a word mentioned in the clause
before.This piece of information is essential to know exactly the person, object, place, etc.
we're talking about.

I traveled with a girl who has been my friend for more than 10 years.
These clauses are also called defining or restrictive relative clauses.
Non identifying clauses.
They are used to give extra information about a word mentioned before. The piece of
information is not necessary to know exactly the person, object, place, etc. we are
talking about. It is just adding details about it. E.g:
I traveled with Kate, who has been my friend for more than 10 years.

Non identifying clauses must be placed between commas.

These clauses are also called non defining or nonrestrictive relative clauses.

Important.
That is never used in non-identifying clauses.

Relative pronouns/ adverbs use.

WHO
I have a neighbor.She is from Paris.

It is possible to transform these two sentences into one, using a relative pronoun.
I have a neighbor who is from Paris.
My best friend is Natalie. She is from Paris.

It is possible to transform these two sentences into one using a relative pronoun.

My best friend is Natalie, who is from Paris.

Who is used to refer to a person or people?This pronoun may be the subject or

object of the relative clause.Check.

My mother, who traveled to Paris last vacation, doesn't speak French..

subject verb

My mother, who I traveled to Paris last vacation, doesn't speak French..

object subj verb

WHOM

Read these sentences.

My best friend is Natalie.I teach English to her sometimes.

It is possible to transform these two sentences into one using a relative pronoun.
My best friend is Natalie, whom I teach English to sometimes.
My best friend is Natalie, to whom I teach English sometimes.

I met a friend last weekend.I used to teach English to her.

It is possible to transform these two senses into one using a relative pronoun.
I met a friend whom I used to teach English to last weekend.
I met a friend to whom I used to teach English last weekend.

Whom is used to refer to a person or people.This pronoun is used as the object of a

relative clause. Check
My mother, whom I traveled to Paris with last vacation, doesn't speak French..
obj subj verb

Important
If there is a preposition being used with the verb, it may be used at the end of the
relative clause or before whom..
My mother, with whom I traveled to Paris with last vacation, doesn't speak French..
prep obj subj verb

THAT

Read these sentences

The passport is an important document.You need it to travel to a different country.
It is possible to transform these two sentences into one using a relative pronoun.
The best party is an important document that you need to travel to a different
countryRead these sentences.

I prefer to take you only one suitcase when I travel.It contains everything I need.

It is possible to transform these two sentences into one using a relative pronoun.
I prefer to take only one suitcase that contains everything I need when I travel.

That is used to refer to a person, thing, or animal.

Here are some more examples.

I visited the city that my friend had talked about.
I talked to a Brazilian guy who had traveled the whole world.

IMPORTANT
That cannot be used in non identifying clauses. It is only used to identify, defining the
reference word.E.g.:

The city that is my hometown is a good place to travel to.(correct)

Rio de Janeiro that is my hometown, is a good place to travel to. (wrong)
WHICH

Read these sentences.

I have gotten the visa.I need the visa to travel to Canada.

It is possible to transform these two sentences into one using a relative pronoun.
I have gotten the visa, which I need to travel to Canada.

I will get a shuttle when I arrive at the airport.The shuttle will take me to my hotel.

It is possible to transform these two sentences into line using a relative pronoun.
I will get a shuttle which will take me to my hotel when I arrive at the airport.

Which is used to refer to a person, thing or animal.

Here are some more examples.

I visited the city which my friend had talked about.
At home I will buy many souvenirs, which I will give to my family members and friends.

IMPORTANT
If there is a preposition being used with the verb, it may be used at the end of the
relative clause or before wich. E.g.:

I visited the city about which my friend had talked.

WHOSE

Read these sentences

I'm going to Australia next vacation.Its capital is Canberra.

It is possible to transform these two senses into one using a relative pronoun.
I'm going to Australia whose capital is combat next vacation.

Read these sentences.

When I was in London I met an interesting British lady.Her name was Doris.

It is possible to transform these two sentences into one using a relative pronoun.

When I was in London I met an interesting British lady whose name was Doris.

Whose is used to indicate possession for people, animals and things.

Here are some more examples.
Nicole, whose family lives in London, has traveled around Europe.
I don't remember the name of the flight company whose logo is blue.

WHERE
Read these sentences.
I have forgotten my passport in the apartment.My sister lives in the apartment.

It is possible to transform these two senses into one using a relative pronoun.
I have forgotten my best supporting the apartment where my sister lives.

Where is used to refer to places.

It is commonly used to replace a preposition + a relative pronoun.
I'm from Sydney, a city where you can visit Sydney's Opera House.
Or I am from Sydney, a city in which you can visit is Sydney's Opera house.

WHEN
Read these sentences.

I will travel to the USA in November.I will have a vacation in November.

It is possible to transform these two sentences into one using a relative pronoun.
I will travel to the USA in November when I will have a vacation.

When is it to refer to time expressions or dates.

It is commonly used to replace a preposition + a relative pronoun.
Rio de Janeiro is hot in the summer, a season when the temperature may be around
50º
Rio de Janeiro is hot in the summer, a season in which the temperature may be
around 50º
OMITTING THE PRONOUN

It is possible to admit the reflexive pronoun or adverb when they are the object of
an identifying clause.
Observe.
The plane that Susan is supposed to take is late.

When we have a person after the proposition it is possible to use the proposition.

The plane Susan is supposed to take is late.

Here are some more examples.

With the pronoun.

I visited the city which my friend had talked about. (with the pronoun)
I visited the city my friend had talked about. (omiting the pronoun)

I read the travel book that you recommended me. (with the pronoun)
I read the travel book you recommended me. (omiting the pronoun)

The hotel that we stayed in was great. (with the pronoun)

The hotel we stayed in was great. (omiting the pronoun)

IT'S TIME

1-Choose the best alternative. More than one alternative may be possible.
a-This is the woman who/ whom gave me the job.
b-This is the woman who/whom I used to have classes with.
c-The house that /which I live in is white.
d-My house, that/ which is white, is on the corner of Main Street and Oxford St.
e-The writer who/ whom /whose wrote this book is from Brazil.
f-The writer who /whom/ whose book I bought is giving autograph during the book fair.
g-The writer with who/ whom/ whose I worked is from New Zealand.
h-He has a car that /wich /whose costs a fortune.
i-John has bought a car.The car that/wich /whose costs a fortune is a Porsche.
j-He has bought a car that/ witch/ whose price is ridiculous.

2.Choose the right alternative between a defining or non defining clause. Pay

attention
to the punctuation and context when you make this choice.
a-Context: I have three sons.Only the son who lives in Italy is coming to visit me next
week.
1-My son who lives in Italy is coming to visit me next week.
2-My son, who lives in Italy, is coming to visit me next week.

b-Context.I have only one brother.He's younger than I am.He's getting married.
1-My brother who is younger than I am is getting married.
2-My brother, who is younger than I am, is getting married.

c-Context.I have one friend called Jason.His married to Nicole.My friend Jason has
opened a new business.
1-My friend Jason whose wife is Nicole has opened a new business.
2-My friend Jason, whose wife is Nicole, has opened a new business.
d-Context.Tony has two big dogs.Both dogs like to play outside.
1-Tony's dogs which like to play outside are big.
2-Toms dogs, which like to play outside are big.

e-Context. Two cats. A white cat and a black cat.The black cat likes to play outside.
1-The cat which is black likes to play outside.
2-The cat, which is black, likes to play outside.

Link the two sentences using a relative pronoun.

a-I worked with a girl.The girl had won a beauty pageant.
_____________________________________________________________

b-My kids went to a dentist.The dentist had graduated in Yale.

_____________________________________________________________

c-I bought a present for my best friend.She lives in New York.

_____________________________________________________________

d-The audience liked the singer.His voice is beautiful.

_____________________________________________________________

e-London is the capital of England.You can visit the Parliament in London.

_____________________________________________________________

f-The man is a lawyer.I hit his car by accident.

_____________________________________________________________

g-The girl works at a bank.My brother is in love with the girl.

_____________________________________________________________

h-I will travel to the USA in the winter.I will be able to see the snow in the winter.
_____________________________________________________________

LOOK BACK

1-Choose the correct alternative.

a-Both you help me or you leave.

b-Either you help me or you leave.
c-Neither you help me and you leave.
2-Match the columns.
a-Have you been traveling volleyball since you were a child.
b-How many buses have you played?
c-Have you been playing for more than 10 hours to get here?
d-How many volleyball championships. have you taken to get there?

3-Write “C” if the sentence is correct, or “I'' if the sentence is incorrect.Pay attention

to
the use of Simple Past, Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous.

( ) After it had been raining all morning, the streets were flooded.
( ) I studied Spanish for four years before I visited Madrid.
( ) Stewart drove for 18 hours when he got involved in car accident.

4-Choose the correct alternative to make a correct to conditional sentences.

a-If it snows, the kids will not go/ would not go/ had not gone to school.
b-He would visit the Eiffel Tower if he travel/ traveled /had traveled to Paris.
c-Would you have sold your house If you don't need/ didn't need/had not needed
money?