Advances in Pure Mathematics, 2023, 13, 495-503

https://www.scirp.org/journal/apm
ISSN Online: 2160-0384
ISSN Print: 2160-0368

Existence and Uniqueness Results for a Fully

Third-Order Boundary Value Problem

Xiaoming Liu, Yongxiang Li*

Department of Mathematics, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China

How to cite this paper: Liu, X.M., and Li, Abstract

Y.X. (2023) Existence and Uniqueness
Results for a Fully Third-Order Boundary The boundary value problems of the third-order ordinary differential equa-
Value Problem. Advances in Pure Mathe- tion have many practical application backgrounds and their some special cas-
matics, 13, 495-503. es have been studied by many authors. However, few scholars have studied
https://doi.org/10.4236/apm.2023.138033
the boundary value problems of the complete third-order differential equa-
Received: July 13, 2023 tions u ′′′ ( t ) = f ( t , u ( t ) , u ′ ( t ) , u ′′ ( t ) ) . In this paper, we discuss the existence
Accepted: August 11, 2023
Published: August 14, 2023
and uniqueness of solutions and positive solutions of the fully third-order or-
dinary differential equation on [ 0,1] with the boundary condition
Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and
Scientific Research Publishing Inc.
( 0 ) u=
u= ′ (1) u ′′=
(1) 0 . Under some inequality conditions on nonlinearity f
This work is licensed under the Creative some new existence and uniqueness results of solutions and positive solutions
Commons Attribution International are obtained.
License (CC BY 4.0).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Keywords
Open Access
Fully Third-Order BVP, Solution, Positive Solution, Existence and
Uniqueness, Inequality Conditions

1. Introduction and Main Results

In this paper we discuss existence of solutions for third-order boundary value
problem (BVP) with fully nonlinear term
=u ′′′ ( t ) f ( t , u ( t ) , u ′ ( t ) , u ′′ ( t ) ) , t ∈ I ,
 (1.1)
( 0 ) u=
u= ′ (1) u ′′= (1) 0,
where I = [ 0,1] , f : I × 3 →  is a continuous nonlinearity.
The boundary value problems of the third-order ordinary differential equa-
tion have many practical application backgrounds. They appear in many differ-
ent areas of applied mathematics and physics, such as the deflection of the
curved beam with constant or variable cross section, the three-layer beam, elec-

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X. M. Liu, Y. X. Li

tromagnetic wave or gravity driven flows, etc. [1] [2]. These problems have at-
tracted the attention of many authors, and some theorems and methods of non-
linear functional analysis have been applied to research the solvability of these
problems, such as the topological transversality [3], the monotone iterative tech-
nique [4] [5] [6], the method of upper and lower solutions [7] [8] [9], Le-
ray-Schauder degree [10] [11] [12] [13], the fixed point theory of increasing op-
erator [14] [15], the fixed-point theorem of Guo-Krasnoselskii’s cone expansion
or compression type [16] [17] [18] [19].
However, most of the above work is about the special case of that nonlinearity
f that does not contain derivative term u ′ or u ′′ , only a few authors consider
the case with fully nonlinear term. Recently, the authors of Reference [20] consi-
dered the fully third-order BVP (1.1) and they showed when nonlinearity
f ( t , x, y, z ) is nonnegative and superlinear or sublinear growth on ( x, y, z ) at
origin and infinity, BVP (1.1) has at least one positive solution by using the fixed
point index theory in cones. In this paper, we will use different methods to es-
tablish the existence and uniqueness results of solution and positive solution for
general BVP (1.1) under some simple inequality conditions without restriction
of the growth of nonlinearity.
Let r > 0 be a constant. We define two domains of 3 by
 r r 
Dr ( x, y, z ) | x ≤ , y ≤ , z ≤ r  ,
= (1.2)
 6 2 
 r r 
=Dr+ ( x, y, z ) | 0 ≤ x ≤ , 0 ≤ y ≤ , − r ≤ z ≤ 0  . (1.3)
 6 2 
Let f : I × 3 →  be continuous and set
= {
f r max f ( t , x, y, z ) | t ∈ I , ( x, y, z ) ∈ Dr , } (1.4)

=f r+ max { f ( t , x, y, z ) | t ∈ I , ( x, y, z ) ∈ D }. +
r (1.5)

Our main results are as follows:

Theorem 1.1. Let f : I × 3 →  be continuous. If there exists a constant
r > 0 such that f r ≤ r , then BVP (1.1) has a solution u satisfies
( u ( t ) , u′ ( t ) , u′′ ( t ) ) ∈ D ,
r t ∈ I. (1.6)

Theorem 1.2. Under the assumptions of Theorem 1.1, if f satisfies the fol-
lowing Lipschtz type condition in Dr
(H1) there exist constants a0 , a1 , a2 ≥ 0 restricted by
a0 a1
+ + a2 < 1, (1.7)
6 2
such that
f ( t , x2 , y2 , z2 ) − f ( t , x1 , y1 , z1 ) ≤ a0 x2 − x1 + a1 y2 − y1 + a2 z2 − z1 , (1.8)

for any t ∈ I and ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) , ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) ∈ Dr , then BVP (1.1) has a unique so-

lution satisfies (1.6).
Let R=+
[0, ∞ ) , R − = ( −∞,0] . When nonlinearity f is nonnegative, we have

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 X. M. Liu, Y. X. Li

the following existence theorems of positive solution:

Theorem 1.3. Let f : I ×  + ×  + ×  − →  + be continuous. If there exists a
constant r > 0 such that f r+ ≤ r , then BVP (1.1) has a solution u satisfies
( u ( t ) , u′ ( t ) , u′′ ( t ) ) ∈ D
+
r , t ∈ I. (1.9)

Theorem 1.4. Under the assumptions of Theorem 1.3, if there exist constants
a0 , a1 , a2 ≥ 0 restricted by (1.7) such that f satisfies the Lipschtz condition (1.8)
in Dr+ , then BVP (1.1) has a unique solution satisfies (1.9).
Note that (1.9) implies u ( t ) ≥ 0 for every t ∈ I , and hence it is a positive
solution of BVP (1.1).
If f satisfies that
fr
liminf < 1, (1.10)
r →∞ r
we easily verify that for any R > 0 , there exists r > R such that f r < r . Hence
by Theorem 1.1, we have:
Corollary 1.5. If f : I × 3 →  be continuous and satisfies (1.10), BVP (1.1)
has at least one solution.
Similarly, by Theorem 1.3, we have:
Corollary 1.6. Let f : I ×  + ×  + ×  − →  + be continuous and satisfy
f r+
liminf < 1. (1.11)
r →∞ r
Then BVP (1.1) has at least one positive solution.
The proof of Theorems 1.1 - 1.4 will be given in next section. Some applica-
tions and examples are presented in Section 3 to illustrate the applicability of our
results.

2. Proof of the Main Results

Let C ( I ) denote the Banach space of all continuous function u ( t ) on I with
norm u C = max t∈I u ( t ) . Generally for n ∈  , we use C n ( I ) to denote the
Banach space of all nth-order continuous differentiable function on I with the
{
norm u C n = max u C , u ′ C ,, u ( n )
C
}
. Let C + ( I ) be the cone of nonnega-
tive functions in C ( I ) .
To discuss BVP (1.1), we first consider the corresponding linear boundary
value problem (LBVP)
u ′′′ ( t ) h ( t ) ,
= t ∈ I,
 (2.1)
( 0 ) u=
u= ′ (1) u ′′=
(1) 0.
where h ∈ C ( I ) is a given function.
Lemma 2.1. For every h ∈ C ( I ) , LBVP (2.1) has a unique solution
u=: Sh ∈ C 3 ( I ) , which satisfies
1 1
u ≤ h , u′ C ≤ h , u ′′ C ≤ h C . (2.2)
C
6 C 2 C
Moreover, the solution operator S : C ( I ) → C 3 ( I ) is a bounded linear opera-

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X. M. Liu, Y. X. Li

tor. When h ∈ C + ( I ) , the solution of LBVP (2.1) satisfies

u ( t ) ≥ 0, u ′ ( t ) ≥ 0, u ′′ ( t ) ≤ 0, t ∈ I . (2.3)

Proof. Let h ∈ C ( I ) . Integrating the Equation (2.1), we obtain that

t 1 1 1
u (t ) =
∫0 τ dτ ∫τ h ( s ) ds + ∫t t dτ ∫τ h ( s ) ds :=
Sh ( t ) , t ∈ I . (2.4)

by this expression we have

1 1
=u′ ( t ) ∫t dτ ∫τ h ( s ) ds, t ∈ I,
1
u ′′ ( t ) =
− ∫t h ( s ) ds, t ∈ I , (2.5)
u ′′′ ( t ) h ( t ) , t ∈ I .
=

Hence u ∈ C 3 ( I ) is a unique solution of LBVP (2.1). For every t ∈ I , by (2.4)

and (2.5), we have
t 1 1 1
u ( t ) ≤ ∫0 τ dτ ∫τ h ( s ) ds + ∫t t dτ ∫τ h ( s ) ds
t 1
≤ ∫0 τ (1 − τ ) dτ h C
+ ∫t t (1 − τ ) dτ h C

=
1
6
(
1 − (1 − t ) h
3
) C
1
≤ h C,
6
1 1 1
u ′ ( t ) ≤ ∫t dτ ∫τ h ( s ) ds ≤ ∫t (1 − τ ) dτ h C

1 1
≤ (1 − t ) h
2
≤ h C,
2 C
2
1
u ′′ ( t ) ≤ ∫t h ( s ) ds ≤ (1 − t ) h C
≤ h C,

u ′′′ ( t ) ≤ h ( t ) ≤ h C .

This means that (2.2) holds and

Sh=
C3
u C3
≤ h C.

Hence S : C ( I ) → C 3 ( I ) is bounded. When h ∈ C + ( I ) , by (2.4) and (2.5), (2.3)

holds. 
Proof of Theorem 1.1. Define a mapping F : C ( I ) → C ( I ) by
2

=F ( u )( t ) : f ( t , u ( t ) , u ′ ( t ) , u ′′ ( t ) ) , t ∈ I . (2.6)

Then by the continuity of f, F : C 2 ( I ) → C ( I ) is continuous and it maps every

bounded in C 2 ( I ) into a bounded set in C ( I ) . By the compactness of the
embedding C 3 ( I ) ↪ C 2 ( I ) , the solution operator of LBVP (2.1)
S : C ( I ) → C 2 ( I ) is completely continuous. Hence, the composition operator
of S and F
=A : S  F :C 2 ( I ) → C 2 ( I ) (2.7)

is completely continuous. By the definitions of S and F, the solution of BVP (1.1)

is equivalent to the fixed point of A. We use the Schauder fixed point theorem to
show A has a fixed u satisfied (1.6).
For the positive constant r in Theorem 1.1, define a bounded subset of

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 X. M. Liu, Y. X. Li

C 2 ( I ) by
 r r 
Ω r = u ∈ C 2 ( I ) | u ≤ , u ′ C ≤ , u ′′ C ≤ r  . (2.8)

C
6 2 
Clearly, Ω r is convex and closed in C 2 ( I ) . We show that
A(Ω
= r) S ( F ( Ωr ) ) ⊂ Ωr . (2.9)

For any u ∈ Ω r , set h = F ( u ) . Then h ∈ C ( I ) and

= ( F ( u ) ) Sh . By
Au S=
the definitions of Ω r and Dr , u satisfies

( u ( t ) , u′ ( t ) , u′′ ( t ) ) ∈ D ,r t ∈ I.

For every t ∈ I , by the definition of f r , we obtain that

h ( t ) F ( u=
= )( t ) f ( t , u ( t ) , u ′ ( t ) , u ′′ ( t ) ) ≤ f r ≤ r , (2.10)

and hence h C ≤ r . By this and (2.2) of Lemma 2.1, Au= Sh ∈ Ω r . Thus (2.9)
holds. By the Schauder fixed point theorem, A has a fixed u in Ω r . By the defi-
nition of Ω r , u satisfies (1.6) and it is a solution of BVP (1.1). 
Proof of Theorem 1.2. By Theorem 1.1, BVP (1.1) has at least one solution
satisfies (1.6). Let u1 , u2 ∈ C 3 ( I ) be two solutions of BVP (1) satisfied (1.6). Then
u1 = S ( F ( u1 ) ) , u2 = S ( F ( u2 ) ) . Set u
= u2 − u1 and
= h F ( u2 ) − F ( u1 ) . Then
u = S ( F ( u2 ) ) − S ( F ( u2 ) ) = S ( F ( u2 ) − F ( u2 ) ) = Sh.

By the definition of the operator S, u is the solution of LBVP (2.1). Hence, u = Sh

satisfies (2.2). By the assumption (H1) and (2.2), for every t ∈ I , we have
h ( t ) F ( u2 )( t ) − F ( u1 )( t )
=
= f ( t , u2 ( t ) , u2′ ( t ) , u2′′ ( t ) ) − f ( t , u1 ( t ) , u1′ ( t ) , u1′′( t ) )
≤ a0 u2 ( t ) − u1 ( t ) + a1 u2′ ( t ) − u1′ ( t ) + a2 u2′′ ( t ) − u1′′( t )
≤ a0 u2 − u1 C
+ a1 u2′ − u1′ C
+ a2 u2′′ − u1′′ C
= a0 u C
+ a1 u ′ C + a2 u ′′ C
a a 
=  0 + 1 + a2  h C .
 6 2 

From this it follows that

a a 
h ≤  0 + 1 + a2  h C . (2.11)
C
 6 2 
This implies that h C = 0 , so that = u Sh = 0 . Hence u2 = u1 . This means BVP
(1.1) has only one solution satisfied (1.6). 
Proof of Theorem 1.3. Define a closed convex cone of C ( I ) by
2

{
K = u ∈ C 2 ( I ) | u ( t ) ≥ 0, u ′ ( t ) ≥ 0, u ′′ ( t ) ≤ 0, t ∈ I . } (2.12)

By the continuity of f : I ×  + ×  + ×  − →  + , the mapping F : K → C + ( I )

defined by (2.6) is continuous and it maps every bounded in K into a bounded
set in C + ( I ) . By (2.3), the solution operator S of BVP (2.1) satisfies

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X. M. Liu, Y. X. Li

( )
S C + ( I ) ⊂ K. (2.13)

Hence, the composition operator

= A S  F : K → K is completely continuous.
Set
Ω +r =Ω r ∩ K . (2.14)

Then Ω +r is a bounded closed convex set in C 2 ( I ) . Similar to the proof of

(2.9), we can obtain that

( )
A Ω
= +
r ( ( )) ⊂ Ω .
S F Ω +r +
r (2.15)

Therefore, by the Schauder fixed point theorem, A has a fixed u in Ω r+ . By the

definition of Ω +r , u satisfies (1.9) and is a solution of BVP (1.1). 
Proof of Theorem 1.4. The existence of a solution satisfied (1.9) is guaran-
teed by Theorem 1.3. Let u1 , u2 ∈ C 3 ( I ) be two solutions of BVP (1) satisfied
(1.9). Then u1 , u2 ∈ Ω +r and u1 = S ( F ( u1 ) ) , u2 = S ( F ( u2 ) ) . Set u
= u2 − u1
=
and h F ( u2 ) − F ( u1 ) . Then h ∈ C ( I ) and u = Sh . Similar to the argument
in Theorem 1.2, we can prove that h satisfies (2.11). From (2.11) it follows that
h = 0 . So we have = u Sh = 0 , that is u1 = u2 . Hence BVP (1.1) has a unique
solution satisfied (1.9).

3. Applications
In this section, we use the main results obtained in Section 1 to deduce some
concrete existence and uniqueness theorems for some third-order boundary
value problems.
Firstly, our main results can be applied to BVP (1.1) under the nonlinearity
f ( t , x, y, z ) is linear growth on x, y and z.
Theorem 3.1. Let f : I × 3 →  be continuous and satisfy the following li-
near growth condition.
(H2) there exist constants a0 , a1 , a2 ≥ 0 restricted by (1.7) and c > 0 , such
that
f ( t , x, y, z ) ≤ a0 x + a1 y + a2 z + c, ( t , x, y , z ) ∈ I ×  3 . (3.1)

Then BVP (1.1) has at least one solution.

Proof. For r > 0 , when t ∈ I and ( x, y, z ) ∈ Dr , by (3.1) and the definition
of Dr , we have
a a 
f ( t , x, y, z ) ≤ a0 x + a1 y + a2 z + c ≤  0 + 1 + a2  r + c.
 6 2 
Hence, by (1.4) and (1.7) we have
f r a0 a1 c a a
≤ + + a2 + → 0 + 1 + a2 < 1, r → ∞. (3.2)
r 6 2 r 6 2
fr
Hence when r large enough, < 1 , and the assumption of Theorem 1.1 is satis-
r
fied. By Theorem 1.1, BVP (1.1) has at least one solution. 
In Theorem 3.1, when f is nonnegative, any solution u of BVP (1.1) is positive.

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 X. M. Liu, Y. X. Li

In fact, since= h F ( u ) ∈ C + ( I ) , by Lemma= ( F ( u ) ) Sh satisfies

2.1, u S=
(2.2), and u is a positive solution of BVP(1.1). That is:
Corollary 3.2. Let f : I × 3 →  + be continuous and satisfy the assumption
(H2). Then BVP (1.1) has at least one positive solution.
Strengthening the condition of Theorem 3.1, we have the following unique-
ness result:
Theorem 3.3. Let f : I × 3 →  be continuous and satisfy the following
global Lipschitz condition.
(H3) there exist constants a0 , a1 , a2 ≥ 0 restricted by (1.7) such that
f ( t , x2 , y2 , z2 ) − f ( t , x1 , y1 , z1 ) ≤ a0 x2 − x1 + a1 y2 − y1 + a2 z2 − z1 , (3.3)

for any t ∈ I and ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) , ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) ∈ 3 , Then BVP (1.1) has a unique so-

lution.
Proof. For any t ∈ I and ( x, y, z ) ∈ 3 , in Condition (H3) choosing
( x2 , y2 , z2 ) = ( x, y, z ) , ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) = ( 0,0,0 ) , and setting
=c max t∈I f ( t ,0,0,0 ) + 1 , we obtain that (H1) holds. By Theorem 1.1, BVP (1.1)
has at least one solution.
By (3.2), there exists R0 > 0 such that f r < r for r > R0 . Let u1 , u2 ∈ C 3 ( I )
be two solutions of BVP (1). Setting

{
r1 = max 6 u1 C
, 2 u1′ C , u1′′ C ,}
(3.4)
r2 = max {6 u 2 C , 2 u2′ C
, u ′′ } ,
2 C

and choosing r > max { R0 , r1 , r2 } , we have

r r
f r < r and ui ≤ , ui′ ≤ , ui′′ C ≤ r , i =
1, 2. (3.5)
C
6 C
2
Hence u1 and u2 satisfy (1.6). By the uniqueness conclusion of Theorem 1.2,
u1 = u2 . Hence BVP (1.1) has a unique solution. 
By Theorem 3.3 and Corollary 3.2, we have:
Corollary 3.4. Let f : I × 3 →  + be continuous and satisfy the assumption
(H3). Then BVP (1.1) has a unique positive solution.
Secondly, our main results can be also applied to BVP (1.1) with superlinear
growth nonlinearity f.
Example 3.1. Consider the following superlinear third-order boundary value
problem
 ′′′ 1
u ( t ) =u ( t ) + u ′ ( t ) + u ( t ) u ′′ ( t ) + sin πt , t ∈ [ 0,1] ,
2 2 2

 6 (3.6)
 (
u= 0 ) u=′ (1 ) u ′′
= (1 ) 0.

Corresponding to BVP (1.1), the nonlinearity is

1
f ( t , x, y, z ) = x 2 + y 2 + xz 2 + sin πt , (3.7)
6
which is superlinear on x, y and z. We verify that f satisfies the condition of
Theorem 1.3 for r = 1 .
For every t ∈ I and ( x, y, z ) ∈ D1+ , by (3.7)

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X. M. Liu, Y. X. Li

1 1 1 1 17
0 ≤ f ( t , x, y , z ) ≤ + + + = < 1. (3.8)
36 4 2 6 18
Hence f1+ ≤ 1 . That is, f satisfies the condition of Theorem 1.3 for r = 1 . By
Theorem 1.3, BVP (3.6) has at least one positive solution.
It should be noted that this existence result of BVP (3.6) can not be obtained
from ([20], Theorem 1.1), since the corresponding nonlinearity f does not satisfy
the Condition (F1) of ([20], Theorem 1.1).

Funding
This research is supported by NNSFs of China (12061062, 11661071).

Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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DOI: 10.4236/apm.2023.138033 503 Advances in Pure Mathematics