Physics 203205- 4

And

Physics (1) 203206- 4

Collected and prepared by:

Dr. Hamdy H. Wahba

Associate Professor
Department of Physics,
Faculty of Science
Taif University 1445- 2024
 Main reference text
2  Physics for Scientists and Engineers (TEXT BOOK)
by Raymond A. Serway, John W., Jr. Jewett, John W. Jewett Jr., Publisher:
Brooks Cole, 9th edition
 Study Plan
Physics 203205- 4 & Physics (1) 203206-4
Week No. Chapters Topics
1 INTRODUCTION • Introduction
3 (PHYSICS AND MEASUREMENTS)
• International system of units
• Conversion of units
• Coordinate Systems
• Vector and Scalar Quantities
Chapter 1: • Some Properties of Vectors
• Sum of vectors
VECTORS • Negative vectors
• Graphical method
Study Plan

• Analytical method
• Components of a Vector
• Unit Vectors
2 Chapter 2: • Position, Velocity, and Speed
• Acceleration
MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION • Motion with constant acceleration (Kinematic
Equations)
• Freely Falling Objects
3 Chapter 3: • The Concept of Force
• Newton’s First Law and Inertial Frames
THE LAWS OF MOTION • Mass
• Newton’s Second Law
• The Gravitational Force and Weight
• Newton’s Third Law
• Some applications of Newton’s Laws
• Forces of Friction
4 Chapter 4: ▪ Work Done by a Constant Force
▪ Work Done by a Varying Force
ENERGY OF THE SYSTEM ▪ Work Done by a Spring (Hook’s law)
▪ Kinetic Energy (KE) and the Work–Kinetic Energy
Theorem
▪ Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE)
▪ Power
Quiz 1 It starts from the end of the 4th week and for 7
days
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 5 Chapter 5: • Temperature and the Zeroth Law of
Thermodynamics
THERMODYNAMICS • Thermometers
• The Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin Temperature

4 •
Scales
Linear of Thermal expansion of solids
6 Chapter 6: • Properties of Electric Charges
• Charging Objects by Induction
ELECTRIC FIELDS • Coulomb’s Law
• Electric Field Lines
7 Periodic exam I
8 Chapter 7: • Electric Potential and Potential Difference
• Potential Difference in a Uniform Electric Field
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
Study Plan

• Electric Potential and Potential Energy Due to

Point Charges
9 Chapter 8: ▪ Electric Current
▪ Resistance (Ohm’s law)
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS OUTLINE ▪ Resistance and temperature
▪ Resistors in Series and Parallel
Quiz 2 It starts from the end of the 9th week and for 7 days
10 Chapter 9: • The Nature of Light
• Internal Reflection
LIGHT AND OPTICS • Images Formed by Flat Mirrors
• Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors and thin
lenses
11 Periodic exam II
12, 13 Revision
14 Lab Assessment
15 Final Exam
Percentage of Total
# Assessment task Week Due
Assessment Score
1 Periodic exam I 7th 20%
2 Periodic exam II 11th 10%
2 Activities (Quizs) Periodically 10%
Lab reports and continuous evaluation Weekly 15%
3
4 Lab Assessment 14th 5%
5 Final exam 15th 40% ‫ م‬05:51 20/01/2024
 Physics
5

 Fundamental Science
 concerned with the basic principles of the
Universe
 foundation of other physical sciences
 Divided into five major areas
 Classical Mechanics
 Relativity
 Thermodynamics
 Electromagnetism
 Optics
 Quantum Mechanics

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 Classical Physics
6
 Mechanics and electromagnetism are basic to all other
branches of classical physics
 Classical physics developed before 1900

 Includes Mechanics
Classical Physics

 Major developments by Newton, and

continuing through the latter part of the
19th century
 Thermodynamics
 Optics
 Electromagnetism
 All of these were not developed until the
latter part of the 19th century

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7 Quantities

 In mechanics, three basic quantities are used

 Length
 Mass
 Time
 Two main physical quantities:
 Basic Quantities
 Derived quantities

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 Basic Quantities
8
There are seven basic quantities:
Length → meter (m)
Mass → Kilogram (Kg)
Time → second (s)
Temperature → Kelvin (K)
Electric Current → Ampere (A)
Luminous Intensity → Candela (cd)
Amount of substance → mole (M)

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9 Derived Quantities
Other physical quantities are
derived
Area → (m2)
Volume → (m3)
Density → (Kg/ m3)
Pressure → (N/m2)
Force → (N or Kg.m/s2)
Work → (N.m or Joule)
Etc………

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10 Density

 Density is an example of a derived quantity

 It is defined as mass per unit volume
m

V
 Units are kg/m3
 See table 1.5 for some density values

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 Standards of Quantities
11
 Standardized systems
 agreed upon by some authority, usually a governmental
body
 SI – Systéme International
 agreed to in 1960 by an international committee
 main system used in this text

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 Length
12 Definition of meter
 1 meter =(1/10*106) the distance from the
equator to the north pole along one
longitudinal line that pass-through Paris

 1 meter = the distance between two lines on

specific platinum-Iridium (Pt-Ir) bar stored under
controlled conditions in France.

 1 meter =1 650 736 73 wavelengths of orange-

red light emitted from Kr86 atom.

 1 meter = The distance traveled by light in a

vacuum during a time (1/299 792 548) s

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 13
Mass

 Units
 SI – kilogram, kg (Defined in 1887)
 1 Kg = the mass of specific platinum-Iridium alloy
cylinder kept at the International Bureau of
Standards in Paris.

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 Time
14
Units: seconds, s
Before 1960
 The definition of time is the mean of solar day for the year 1900
 Solar day: is the time interval between successive appearance of
the sum at the highest point it reaches in the sky each day.
 1 second (1 s) =(1/60*60*24) of the mean solar day

Now
 1 second (1 s) = 9 192 631 770 oscillation of radiation from a
cesium atom

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 Prefixes
15  Prefixes correspond to powers
of 10
 Each prefix has a specific
name
 Each prefix has a specific
abbreviation

 The prefixes can be used with any

base units
 They are multipliers of the base unit
 Examples:

1 mm = 10-3 m
1 mg = 10-3 g
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Conversion of Units

01 02 03
When units are not Units can be See the inside of
consistent, you treated like the front cover for
may need to algebraic an extensive list of
convert to quantities that can conversion factors
appropriate ones cancel each other
out

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 Conversion of Units

1 mile = 1609 1 foot = 0.3048

m = 1.609 km m = 30.48 cm

1 inch = 0.0254 1 m = 39.37

m = 2.54 cm inch = 3.281 foot

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 18 Conversion

 Always include units for every quantity, you can carry the units through
the entire calculation
 Multiply original value by a ratio equal to one
 Example

15.0 in = ? cm
 2.54 cm 
15.0 in  = 38.1 cm
 1 in 

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Chapter 1
Vectors
 Coordinate Systems

 Used to describe the position of a point in space

 Coordinate system consists of

a fixed reference point called the origin

specific axes with scales and labels
instructions on how to label a point relative to the
origin and the axes
 Cartesian Coordinate System

Also called rectangular

coordinate system
x- and y- axes intersect
at the origin
Points are labeled (x,y)
 Polar Coordinate System

Origin and reference

line are noted
Point is distance r
from the origin in the
direction of angle ,
ccw from reference
line
Points are labeled
(r,)
Polar to Cartesian
Coordinates

Based on forming a right triangle

from r and 
x = r cos 
y = r sin 
Cartesian to Polar
Coordinates

r is the hypotenuse and  an angle

y
tan  =
x
r = x2 + y2

 must be ccw from positive x axis

for these equations to be valid
Example 3.1
 The Cartesian coordinates of a point in
the xy plane are (x,y) = (-3.50, -2.50) m,
as shown in the figure. Find the polar
coordinates of this point.

 Solution: From Equation 3.4,

r = x 2 + y 2 = ( −3.50 m)2 + ( −2.50 m)2 = 4.30 m

and from Equation 3.3,

y −2.50 m
tan  = = = 0.714
x −3.50 m
 = 216
 Vectors and Scalars

 A scalar quantity is completely specified by a single value

with an appropriate unit and has no direction.

 A vector quantity is completely described by a number and

appropriate units plus a direction.
 Vector Notation

 When handwritten, use an arrow: A
 When printed, will be in bold print: A

 When dealing with just the magnitude of a vector in print,

an italic letter will be used: A or |A|

 The magnitude of the vector has physical units

 The magnitude of a vector is always a positive number

Vector Example
 A particle travels from A to B along
the path shown by the dotted red line
 This is the distance traveled and is a
scalar
 The displacement is the solid line from
A to B
 The displacement is independent of
the path taken between the two
points
 Displacement is a vector
Equality of Two Vectors

Two vectors are equal if

they have the same
magnitude and the
same direction
A = B if A = B and they
point along parallel
lines
All of the vectors shown
are equal
Adding Vectors
 When adding vectors, their directions must be taken
into account
 Units must be the same

 Graphical Methods
 Use scale drawings

 Algebraic Methods
 More convenient
 Adding Vectors Graphically
 Choose a scale
 Draw the first vector with the appropriate length
and in the direction specified, with respect to a
coordinate system

 Draw the next vector with the appropriate

length and in the direction specified, with
respect to a coordinate system whose origin is
the end of vector A and parallel to the
coordinate system used for A
Adding Vectors Graphically, cont.

 Continue drawing the vectors “tip-to-

tail”
 The resultant is drawn from the origin of
A to the end of the last vector
 Measure the length of R and its angle

Use the scale factor to

convert length to actual
magnitude
Adding Vectors Graphically, cont.

Vector addition.
Walking first 3.0 m due east
and then 4.0m due north
leaves you 5.0 m from your
starting point.
Adding Vectors Graphically, final

When you have many

vectors, just keep
repeating the process
until all are included

The resultant is still drawn

from the origin of the first
vector to the end of the
last vector
Adding Vectors, Rules

commutative law of
addition
When two vectors are
added, the sum is
independent of the order
of the addition.
This is the commutative law
of addition
A + B = B + A
Adding Vectors, Rules cont.
 Associative Property of Addition
 When adding three or more vectors, their sum is independent of the way
in which the individual vectors are grouped
 This is called the Associative Property of Addition
 (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
 Adding Vectors, Rules final

 When adding vectors, all of the vectors must have the

same units

 All of the vectors must be of the same type of quantity

 For example, you cannot add a displacement to a velocity
 Negative of a Vector

 The negative of a vector is defined as the vector that,

when added to the original vector, gives a resultant of zero
 Represented as –A
 A + (-A) = 0
 The negative of the vector will have the same magnitude,
but point in the opposite direction
 Subtracting Vectors

Special case of vector

addition
If A – B, then use A+(-B)
Continue with standard
vector addition
procedure
 Multiplying or Dividing a Vector
by a Scalar
 The result of the multiplication or division is a vector

 The magnitude of the vector is multiplied or divided

by the scalar

 If the scalar is positive, the direction of the result is

the same as of the original vector

 If the scalar is negative, the direction of the result is

opposite that of the original vector
 Algebraic Addition of Vectors

The magnitude equal:

R = A + B − 2 AB cos( )
2 2

 The direction equal:

sin(  ) sin( )
=
B R
B sin( )
sin(  ) =
R
Example 3.2 A Vacation Trip
A car travels 20.0 km due north and then 35.0 km in a direction
60.0° west of north, as shown in Figure 3.12a.

- Find the magnitude and direction of the car’s resultant

displacement.
 Components of a Vector

A component is a part
It is useful to use
rectangular components
These are the projections
of the vector along the x-
and y-axes
Vector Component
Terminology
 Ax and Ay are the component vectors of A
 They are vectors and follow all the rules for vectors

 Ax and Ay are scalars, and will be referred to as the

components of A
 Components of a Vector, 2

 The x-component of a vector is the projection along the

x-axis

Ax = A cos 
 The y-component of a vector is the projection along the
y-axis

A y = A sin 
 Then,

A = Ax + A y
 Components of a Vector, 3

The y-component is
moved to the end of the
x-component

This is due to the fact that

any vector can be
moved parallel to itself
without being affected
This completes the triangle
 Components of a Vector, 4

 The previous equations are valid only if θ is measured with

respect to the x-axis
 The components are the legs of the right triangle whose
hypotenuse is A

Ay
A= A +A
2
x
2
y and  = tan −1

Ax

 May still have to find θ with respect to the positive x-axis

 Components of a Vector, final

The components can be positive or

negative and will have the same units as the
original vector
The signs of the components will depend on
the angle
 Unit Vectors

 A unit vector is a dimensionless vector with a magnitude of

exactly 1.

 Unit vectors are used to specify a direction and have no

other physical significance
Unit Vectors, cont.

➢ The symbols

î , ĵ, and k̂
represent unit vectors

They form a set of

mutually perpendicular
vectors
 Unit Vectors in Vector
Notation

Ax is the same as Ax îand

Ay is the same as Ay ĵ etc.
The complete vector can
be expressed as
A = Ax ˆi + Ay ˆj + Az kˆ
 Trig Function Warning

 The component equations (Ax = A cos  and Ay = A

sin ) apply only when the angle is measured with
respect to the x-axis (preferably ccw from the
positive x-axis).

 The resultant angle (tan  = Ay / Ax) gives the angle

with respect to the x-axis.

 You can always think about the actual triangle being

formed and what angle you know and apply the
appropriate trig functions
Adding Vectors with Unit
Vectors
Adding Vectors Using Unit
Vectors
 Using R = A + B
 Then
( ) (
R = Ax ˆi + Ay ˆj + Bx ˆi + B y ˆj )
R = ( Ax + Bx ) ˆi + ( Ay + By ) ˆj
R = Rx + Ry

 and so Rx = Ax + Bx and Ry = Ay + By

Ry
R= R +R 2
x
2
y  = tan −1

Rx
 Adding Vectors Using Unit
Vectors – Three Directions
 Using R = A + B

( ) (
R = Ax ˆi + Ay ˆj + Az kˆ + Bx ˆi + B y ˆj + Bz kˆ )
R = ( Ax + Bx ) ˆi + ( Ay + B y ) ˆj + ( Az + Bz ) kˆ
R = Rx + Ry + Rz
 Rx = Ax + Bx , Ry = Ay + By and Rz = Az + Bz

etc.
Rx
R= R +R +R
2
x
2
y
2
z  x = tan −1

R
 Example 3.5: Taking a Hike
 A hiker begins a trip by first walking 25.0 km southeast from her
car. She stops and sets up her tent for the night. On the second
day, she walks 40.0 km in a direction 60.0° north of east, at which
point she discovers a forest ranger’s tower.

 (A) Determine the

components of the
hiker’s displacement for
each day.
 Example 3.5
Solution: We conceptualize the problem by
drawing a sketch as in the figure above. If we
denote the displacement vectors on the first and
second days by A and B respectively, and use the
car as the origin of coordinates, we obtain the
vectors shown in the figure. Drawing the resultant
R, we can now categorize this problem as an
addition of two vectors.
 We will analyze this problem by using our new knowledge of vector
components. Displacement A has a magnitude of 25.0 km and is
directed 45.0° below the positive x axis.
From Equations 3.8 and 3.9, its components are:

Ax = A cos( −45.0) = (25.0 km)(0.707) = 17.7 km

Ay = A sin( −45.0) = (25.0 km)( −0.707) = −17.7 km
The negative value of Ay indicates that the hiker walks in the negative y
direction on the first day. The signs of Ax and Ay also are evident from the
figure above.
Example 3.5

 The second displacement B has a magnitude of

40.0 km and is 60.0° north of east.
Its components are:
Bx = B cos60.0 = (40.0 km)(0.500) = 20.0 km
By = B sin 60.0 = (40.0 km)(0.866) = 34.6 km
Example 3.5

 (B) Determine the components of

the hiker’s resultant displacement
R for the trip. Find an expression
for R in terms of unit vectors.
Solution: The resultant displacement for the trip R = A + B
has components given by Equation 3.15:
Rx = Ax + Bx = 17.7 km + 20.0 km = 37.7 km
Ry = Ay + By = -17.7 km + 34.6 km = 16.9 km
In unit-vector form, we can write the total displacement as
R = (37.7 î + 16.9 ĵ) km

 R has a magnitude of 41.3 km and is directed

24.1° north of east.
Problem Solving Strategy –
Adding Vectors
 Select a coordinate system
 Try to select a system that minimizes the number of components you
need to deal with
 Draw a sketch of the vectors
 Label each vector
 Find the x and y components of each vector and the x and y
components of the resultant vector
 Find z components if necessary
 Use the Pythagorean theorem to find the magnitude of the
resultant and the tangent function to find the direction
 Other appropriate trig functions may be used
 Problem 1 (3.1)

The polar coordinates of a point are r =5.50 m and =240°. What are the
Cartesian coordinates of this point?

x = rcos = ( 5.50 m ) cos240 = ( 5.50 m )( −0.5) = −2.75 m

y = rsin  = ( 5.50 m ) sin 240 = ( 5.50 m )( −0.866) = −4.76 m

 Problem 4 (3.1)
Two points in the xy plane has Cartesian coordinates (2.00, -4.00) m and
(-3.00, 3.00) m. Determine (a) the distance between these points and
(b) What is its location in polar coordinates?

(a) d= ( x2 − x1 )2 + ( y2 − y1 )2 = ( 2.00 −  −3.00)2 + ( −4.00 − 3.00) 2

d = 25.0 + 49.0 = 8.60 m

 4.00
(b) r1 = ( 2.00) 2
+ ( −4.00) = 20.0 = 4.47 m
2
1 = tan−1  −
 2.00
= −63.4

r2 = ( −3.00) 2 + ( 3.00) 2 = 18.0 = 4.24 m  2 = 135

measured from the +x axis.

 Problem 19 (3.1)

A vector has an x component of −25.0 units and a y component of 40.0 units.

Find the magnitude and direction of this vector.

A x = −25.0
A y = 40.0

A = A x2 + A y2 = ( −25.0) 2 + ( 40.0) 2 = 47.2 units

 Ay  40.0
−1
 = tan   = tan = tan−1 ( 1.60) = 58.0
 Ax  25.0

The diagram shows that the angle from the +x axis

can be found by subtracting from 180°
 Problem 22 (3.1)

A displacement vector lying in the xy plane has a magnitude of 50.0

m and is directed at an angle of 120 to the positive x axis. What are
the rectangular components of this vector?

x = dcos = ( 50.0 m ) cos( 120) = −25.0 m

y = dsin  = ( 50.0 m ) sin ( 120) = 43.3 m

d= ( −25.0 m ) iˆ+ ( 43.3 m ) ˆj

 Problem 49 (3.1)

Three displacement vectors of a croquet ball are shown in Figure

P3.49, where |A| = 20.0 units, |B| = 40.0 units, and |C| = 30.0 units.
Find (a) the resultant in unit-vector notation and (b) the magnitude
and direction of the resultant displacement.

(a) R x = 40.0cos45.0 + 30.0cos45.0 = 49.5

R y = 40.0sin 45.0 − 30.0sin 45.0 + 20.0 = 27.1
ˆ+ 27.1ˆ
R = 49.5i j

(b) R = ( 49.5) 2 + ( 27.1) 2 = 56.4

−1 
27.1
 = tan   = 28.7
 49.5