Human Rights Cover

Prepared By : Ameera Surti
Class : XII F
Roll No :4
Year : 2023 – 2024
History of Human Rights

• The history of human rights can be traced to past
documents, particularly Constitution of Medina
(622), Al-Risalah al-Huquq (659-713), Magna
Carta (1215), the Twelve Articles of Memmingen
(1525), the English Bill of Rights (1689), the
French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of
the Citizen (1789), and the Bill of Rights in the
United States Constitution (1791).
• The modern sense of human rights can be traced
to Renaissance Europe and the Protestant
Reformation
• One of the oldest records of human rights is the
statute of Kalisz (1264)
The responsibility of individuals,

communities
Individuals:
 Education and Awareness: Individuals can educate themselves
and others about human rights. Understanding one's own rights
and the rights of others is the first step in promoting them.
Communities:
 Education and Training: Communities can organize workshops
and training sessions to educate their members about human
rights and how to advocate for them.
The relationship between
human rights and sustainable
• Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights: Sustainable
development includes
addressing economic, social, and
cultural rights, such as the right
to adequate food, clean water,
and education. These rights are
closely tied to sustainability
because sustainable practices
ensure access to these resources
for current and future generations.
• Poverty Eradication:
Sustainable development aims
to reduce poverty and improve
Classification
• At an international level the most common categorization of

human rights has been to split them into civil and political
rights, and economic, social and cultural rights.
• However, there are three major classifications:
indivisibility
ssification
categorization
Indivisibility
• The UDHR included both economic, social and cultural rights and
civil and political rights because it was based on the principle that
the different rights could only successfully exist in combination.
• The indivisibility and interdependence of all human rights has been

confirmed by the 1993 Vienna Declaration and program of action:
All human rights are universal, indivisible and interdependent and

related. The international community must treat human rights
globally in a fair and equal manner, on the same footing, and with
the same emphasis.
— Vienna Declaration and Program of Action, World Conference

on Human Rights, 1993
Categorization
Economic, social and cultural rights Similarly civil and political rights are
are argued to be: categorized as:
• aspirations or goals • capitalist
• ideologically divisive/political • cost-free
• non-justiciable • immediate
• Positive • justiciable
• Progressive • negative
• resource-intensive • non-ideological/non-political
• Socialist • precise
• vague • real 'legal' rights
THREE GENERATIONS
• Out of these generations, the third generation is the most debated and
lacks both legal and political recognition.
• Some human rights are said to be "inalienable rights". The term

inalienable rights (or unalienable rights) refers to "a set of human
rights that are fundamental, are not awarded by human power, and
cannot be surrendered."
Three generations
Civil and political Economic, social

and cultural rights Solidarity rights
rights
UNITED NATIONS
• The foundation of the
United Nations and the
provisions of the United
Nations Charter provided
a basis for a
comprehensive system of
international law and
practice for the
protection of human
rights.
• The Universal
Declaration of Human
Rights (UDHR) was adopted by the United
Nations General Assembly in 1948.
• Canadian law professor John Humphrey and

French lawyer René Cassin were responsible for
much of the cross-national research and the
structure of the document respectively, but the
document was structured by Cassin.
UNITED NATIONS
• The purposes of the UN: The United Nations shall

1. to achieve international promote:
cooperation in solving  higher standards of living, full
international problems of an employment, and conditions of
economic, social, cultural, or economic and social progress
humanitarian character and development
2. promoting and encouraging  solutions of international
respect for human rights and for economic, social, health, and
fundamental freedoms for all related problems
without distinction as to race, sex,  international cultural and
language, or religion educational cooperation

 Universal respect for, and
observance of, human rights
and fundamental freedoms for
all without distinction as to
race, sex, language, or
religion.
INTERNATIONAL TREATIES
• Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) (adopted 1979, entry
into force: 1981)
• Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (CERD) (adopted 1966, entry into force: 1969)
• Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
(CRPD) (adopted 2006, entry into force: 2008)
• Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) (adopted 1989,
entry into force: 1989)
• United Nations Convention Against Torture (CAT) (adopted
1984, entry into force: 1987)
• International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of
All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families (adopted
1990, entry into force: 2003)
• The Geneva Conventions came into being between 1864 and
1949 as a result of efforts by Henry Dunant, the founder of the
International Committee of the Red Cross.
POLITICAL BODIES
 The United Nations Security Council has the primary
responsibility for maintaining international peace and security
 The United Nations General Assembly, under Article 13 of the

UN Charter, has the power to initiate studies and make
recommendations on human rights issues.
 The United Nations Human Rights Council, created at the

2005 World Summit to replace the United Nations Commission
on Human Rights, has a mandate to investigate violations of
human rights.
Non-governmental actors
• International non-governmental human rights
organizations such as Amnesty
International, Human Rights
Watch, and International Service
for Human Rights and FIDH
monitor what they see as human
rights issues around the world
and promote their views on the
subject.
• A new (in 2009) non-

governmental human-rights conference
is the Oslo Freedom Forum.
• Amnesty International (commonly known as
Amnesty and AI) is a non-governmental
organization focused on human rights that claims
to have over 7 million members and supporters
around the world.

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Prepared By : Ameera Surti

History of Human Rights

The responsibility of individuals,

• At an international level the most common categorization of

• However, there are three major classifications:

• The indivisibility and interdependence of all human rights has been

All human rights are universal, indivisible and interdependent and

— Vienna Declaration and Program of Action, World Conference

• aspirations or goals • capitalist

• ideologically divisive/political • cost-free

• Some human rights are said to be "inalienable rights". The term

Civil and political Economic, social

• Canadian law professor John Humphrey and

• The purposes of the UN: The United Nations shall

language, or religion educational cooperation

 The United Nations General Assembly, under Article 13 of the

 The United Nations Human Rights Council, created at the

• A new (in 2009) non-

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