Koutandos 23

SPIROS KOUTANDOS
PHD IN SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
MANIAKIOU 17
AGIA PARASKEVI
ATTICA 15343
GREECE
DO MAGNETIC MONOPOLES EXIST?
Abstract
In this paper we continue previous work discussing the consequences of a curvature
in spacetime caused by the presence of mass and the implications of this. We pose the
question put forward by Dirac as to how a magnetic monopole would affect the
quantum world and discuss the quantization in terms of solid angles of the observer
which may be connected with a magnetic monopole
Introduction
We continue Dirac’s line of thinking [1] in that a magnetic monopole would cause some
kind of quantization in the wavefunction. As referred by Dirac the concept of a
magnetic monopole should be more general and would be connected with the
principle of choosing a beginning for the axes. In our opinion it has to do with the solid
angles of the observer which describe the way the observer witnesses the events in
spacetime.
Our findings are connected with the Berry phase. According to general relativity if an
observer in a reference frame completes a turn in a closed loop the reference frame is
not the same. We should also bear in mind that the lift of degeneracy according to
general relativity happens when an observer accelerates. This resolves a lot of
paradoxes. Circular movement is an accelerating one. Most probably the spin
describes such a situation. The centrifugal potential is found from the radial
Schrodinger equation and it is proportional to the angular momentum squared but the
spin may also enter
Main part
We have found out that because of the curvature of spacetime caused by the presence
of mass the photon once received by the atom becomes a longitudinal wave of
polarization through which the volume vibrates[2]. Associated with the existence of
longitudinal photons are the magnetic monopoles.
The formula for the curvature K of the spacetime is derived from the relativistic radius
of the electron and it is found to be directly inversely proportional to it. It is expressed
with connection to the fine structure constant as following:
𝛼
𝐾 = 𝜆 (1)
𝑐
In equation (1) lambda is the Compton wavelength.

Also associated with the curvature of spacetime is the volume which is the cover of
the particle. It should be thought of as a spacelike hypersurface in four dimensions. It
is connected with the dielectric susceptibility which alters the speed of light by the
following formula:
𝑁
𝜒= (2)
𝑉
From previous work of the author we reproduce the master equation:
ℏ2 𝑉𝑑𝑃 |𝜓|2 𝑉 𝑑Ω 𝑑𝐿
Δ|𝜓|2 = = 𝑚𝑐 2 = 𝑚𝑐 2 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑉 (3)
2𝑚𝑁 𝑑𝑉 𝑁2
The magnetic monopoles as is well known count for the existence of these solid angles.
ℏ 𝑑𝐹⃗ ℏ
𝛼⃗ = 𝑚 ∇|𝜓|2 = 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑚𝐾 |𝜓|2 ∇𝑆 (4)
𝐵
As a result we have the following formula:

ℏ 𝑑Ω
∇ ∙ 𝛼⃗ = (5)
2𝑁𝑚𝑐 2 𝑑𝑉
The other part of the momentum contains yet another vector:

The magnetic current is found to be:
⃗⃗ = 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ℏ ∇𝜙 + 𝑒 𝐴⃗ (6)
𝛫 𝑑𝑡 𝑚 𝑚𝑐
The definition of magnetic current agrees with the phenomena of Berry phase[3].
That way we are entitled to rewrite the current density as:
|𝜓| 2
𝐽⃗ = 𝑁 𝐾⃗⃗ (7)
We assign the small beta to the magnetic field experienced by the electron which
causes a quantized magnetic flux:
⃗⃗ + 𝛽⃗ (8)
⃗⃗ = 𝐵
∇×𝐾
That way we believe the photon is absorbed by the atom in quanta because the angle
phi is not single valued.
The observer witnesses slices of spacetime through solid angles. He witnesses all
possible causal structure of past and future. This is so because the spacetime metric
describes spacelike events in that case. This is mentioned in literature as causal
diamond[3]. The formula is the following:
𝑑Ω
|𝜓|2 = 𝜒 (9)
𝑑𝑉
This solid angle is otherwise described in the theory of relativity as causal cone by
other authors[4]. We agree with the results in that the solid angle should be
proportional to the spacetime tau multiplied by the spacetime curvature K:
Ω = 𝐾𝜏 (10)
Taking in mind Equation (10) we should put forward the Gauss formula for the sum s
of the angles of a geodesic triangle in a surface of a space with curvature K:
180
𝑠 = 180 + ∫ 𝐾 𝑑𝑆 (11)
𝜋
Equation (11) brings us the information that the solid angle should define the
hypersurface spacelike volume in some way.
The connection of angles in spacetime with the spin of the particle also has been
studied by other authors [5]
Conclusions
In our previous work we had described a full quantum thermodynamical system
emerging from requirements of the general relativity applicated in the quantum world.
We have talked about some basic facts of quantum mechanics such as is the quantum
of action. In this paper we have given physical insight to the equations given and have
attacked another problem of quantum mechanics which is the quantization of
magnetic flux in terms of the possible existence of magnetic monopoles.
The existence of magnetic monopoles should not be taken literally but rather it is a
transformation of the electric charge or the mass.
We would like to add that there is rich literature on the problem of hidden variables in
quantum mechanics [6].
We hope we have contributed to this field of research
References
[1]Dirac Paul
Quantised singularities in the electromagnetic field,
Proc. R.Soc, Lond.,A13360-72
[2] What does the wavefunction represent?
Spiros Koutandos
Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: A
Physics and Space Science
Volume 23 Issue 6 Version 1.0 Year 2023
[3] From entanglement to thermodynamics and to gravity
Andrew Svesko
PHYSICAL REVIEW D 99, 086006 (2019)
[4] Ian Jubb
The geometry of small causal cones
2017 Class. Quantum Grav. 34 094005
[5] Barbot, T., Meusburger,
C. Particles with spin in stationary flat spacetimes.
Geom Dedicata 161, 23–50 (2012).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10711-011-9692-y
[6] Andreas Schlatter
On the Reality of Quantum Collapse and the
Emergence of Space-Time
Journal:Entropy, 2019

Koutandos 23

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Koutandos 23

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Koutandos 23

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SPIROS KOUTANDOS

In equation (1) lambda is the Compton wavelength.

From previous work of the author we reproduce the master equation:

As a result we have the following formula:

The other part of the momentum contains yet another vector:

[6] Andreas Schlatter

On the Reality of Quantum Collapse and the

You might also like