S11BLH21- Programming in python

SCHOOL OF COMPUTING

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

UNIT-IV S11BLH21 – Programming in python

GUI PROGRAMMING

GUI Programming in Python - Introduction to GUI library - Layout management - Events and
bindings - Fonts – Colours - Canvas - Widgets (frame, label, button, check box, entry, list box,
message, radio button, text, spin box)
S11BLH21- Programming in python

GUI PROGRAMMING WITH PYTHON

In python text only programs can be created using Command line Interface.
Graphical user interface(GUI) can be created using tkinter module in python.

Introduction To GUI Library In Python

Tkinter is a module in the Python standard library which serves as an interface

to Tk (ie) simple toolkit. There are many other toolkits also available to create GUI.

Tkinter provides the following widgets:

• button
• canvas
• checkbutton
• combobox
• entry
• frame
• label
• listbox
• menu
• message
• progressbar
• radiobutton
S11BLH21- Programming in python

• scrollbar
• spinbox
• text

Tkinter also provides three layout managers:

• place - It positions widgets at absolute locations

• grid - It arranges widgets in a grid
• pack - It packs widgets into a cavity

Layout Management

The Layout Managers are used to arrange components in a particular manner. It

is used to organize the conponents. There are three Layout Management in python:

1. Pack Layout
2. Grid Layout
3. Place Layout

Pack Layout Manager

It is a simple layout manager. Here widgets can be organized in horizontal and
vertical boxes. It is used to place each widget next to previous widget. It will be called
without any arguments and it will position and size the widgets in a reasonable way.
Whenever the user wants to have a series of widgets in a vertical or horizontal row, the
pack layout manager is fairly simple to use. The layout is controlled with the fill,
expand, and side options.
S11BLH21- Programming in python

Example:

from tkinter import *

top=Tk()
l1=Label(top,text="Label1",bg="blue")
l2=Label(top,text="Label2",bg="red" )
l1.pack(fill=X,side=TOP,expand=True)
l2.pack(fill=X,side=RIGHT)
top.mainloop()

Output:

The output is shown in Fig 3.1.

Fig 3.1

Explanation: Label l1 has been placed in top position, it is filled in X axis. Label l2
has been placed in Right Position and it is also filled in X axis. Since expand attribute
has the value True for Label l1,it can be stretched.
S11BLH21- Programming in python

Padding Option in Pack Layout:

The pack() manager has four padding options:

1. Internal Padding

2. External padding

3. Padding in X Direction.

4. Padding in Y Direction.

External Padding in Horizontal direction (padx)

Example:

from tkinter import *

top=Tk()
l1=Label(top,text="Label1",bg="blue")
l2=Label(top,text="Label2",bg="red" )
l1.pack(fill=X,side=TOP,expand=True,padx=10)
l2.pack(fill=X,side=TOP,padx=10)
top.mainloop()

Output:
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Fig 3.2

External Padding in Vertical direction (pady)

Example:

from tkinter import *

top=Tk()

l1=Label(top,text="Label1",bg="blue")

l2=Label(top,text="Label2",bg="red" )

l1.pack(fill=X,side=TOP,expand=True,pady=10)

l2.pack(fill=X,side=TOP,pady=10)

top.mainloop()

Output:

The output is shown in Fig 3.3.

S11BLH21- Programming in python

Fig 3.3

Internal Padding in Horizontal direction(ipadx)

Example:

from tkinter import *

top=Tk()

l1=Label(top,text="Label1",bg="blue")

l2=Label(top,text="Label2",bg="red" )

l1.pack(fill=X,side=TOP,expand=True,ipadx=10)

l2.pack(fill=X,side=TOP,ipadx=10)

top.mainloop()

Output:

The output is shown in Fig 3.4.

S11BLH21- Programming in python

Fig 3.4

Internal Padding in Y Direction(ipady):

Example:

from tkinter import *

top=Tk()

l1=Label(top,text="Label1",bg="blue")

l2=Label(top,text="Label2",bg="red" )

l1.pack(fill=X,side=TOP,expand=True,ipadx=10)

l2.pack(fill=X,side=TOP,ipady=10)

top.mainloop()

Output:
The output is shown in Fig 3.5.
S11BLH21- Programming in python

Fig 3.5

Place Layout:
Place is the most complex manager out of the 3 managers. It uses absolute
positioning, when we choose place lay out in our design, then we need to specify the
position of the widgets using x and y coordinates. The size and position of the widgets
will not be changed when we resize the window.

Example:
from tkinter import *

top=Tk()

l1=Label(top,text="Label1",bg="blue")

l2=Label(top,text="Label2",bg="red" )

l1.place(x=10,y=50)

l2.place(x=10,y=100)

top.mainloop()
Output:
The output is shown in Fig 3.6.
S11BLH21- Programming in python

Fig 3.6

Explanation:

Here Label1 is placed in the position (10,50) and label2 is placed in the
position (10,100).

Grid Layout

Pack Layout is not easy to understand and it is difficult to change the existing
design. By using place layout, we can control the positioning of widgets but it is
complex than pack. Grid is one of the most versatile layout manager out of the three
layout managers in python. By using Grid layout, the widgets can be placed in rows
and columns.
S11BLH21- Programming in python

Example:

from tkinter import *

top=Tk()
l1=Label(top,text="Label1",bg="blue")
l2=Label(top,text="Label2",bg="red" )
l3=Label(top,text="Label2",bg="green" )
l1.grid(row=0,column=0)
l2.grid(row=0,column=1)
l3.grid(row=1,column=1)
top.mainloop()
Output:

The output is shown in Fig 3.7.

Fig 3.7
S11BLH21- Programming in python

Explanation:

Here Label 1 is placed in 0th row and 0th column. Label 2 is placed in 0th row and 1st
column and Label 3 is placed in 1st row and 1st column.

FONT

There are three ways to specify font in python.

1.By using Font Tuple

2.By using Font Object

3.By using XFont

Simple Font Tuple:

Font can be specified using tuple.Herethe font tuple consists of

threeelements.First element specifies font family ,second element specifies font size
and third element specifies font style.

Ex: t =(“Arial”,14,”Bold”)

Example:

from tkinter import *

top=Tk()
b1=Button(text="submit",font=("Arial","16","bold"))
b1.pack()
top.mainloop()
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Output:

The output is shown in Fig 3.8.

Fig 3.8

Explanation:

Text for the Button has been set in the Arial font with size 16 and Bold style.

Font Object

Font object can be created by importing tkFont module.

Syntax for Font class constructor is:

Import tkFont

Font f1=tkFont.Font(parameters,…..)

Here is the list of parameters:

S11BLH21- Programming in python

Family − The font family name as a string.

size − The font height as an integer in points. To get a font n pixels high,
use -n.

weight − "bold" for boldface, "normal" for regular weight.

Slant − "italic" for italic, "roman" for unslanted.

underline − 1 for underlined text, 0 for normal.

Overstrike − 1 for overstruck text, 0 for normal

Example:

from tkinter import *

from tkFont import *
top=Tk()
f1=Font(family="Helvetica",size=20,weight="bold",slant="italic",underline=1,overst
rike=1)
l1=Label(top,text="Label1",bg="blue",font=f1)
l1.pack()
top.mainloop()

X Window Fonts:

If you are running under the X Window System, you can use any of the X font
names.
S11BLH21- Programming in python

COLORS

Tkinter represents colors with strings. There are two general ways to specify colors
in Tkinter :

• We can use a string specifying the proportion of red, green and blue in
hexadecimal digits. For example,

• "#fff" -- white,
• "#000000" -- black,
• "#000fff000" -- pure green
• "#00ffff" -- pure cyan
• We can also use any locally defined standard following color names.

▪ "white"

▪ "black"

▪ "red"

▪ "green"

▪ "blue"

▪ "cyan"

▪ "yellow"

▪ "magenta"
S11BLH21- Programming in python

The common color options are :

Active background − Specifies Background color for the widget when the
widget is active.

activeforeground − Specifies Foreground color for the widget when the

widget is active.

background − Specifies Background color for the widget. This can also
be represented as bg.

disabledforeground − Specifies Foreground color for the widget when the

widget is disabled.

foreground − Specifies Foreground color for the widget. This can also
be represented as fg.

highlightbackground − Specifies Background color of the highlight region when

the widget has focus.

highlightcolor − Specifies Foreground color of the highlight region when

the widget has focus.

selectbackground − Specifies Background color for the selected items of the

widget.

selectforeground − Specifies Foreground color for the selected items of the

widget.
S11BLH21- Programming in python

Example:

from tkinter import *

top=Tk()
b1=Button(text="submit",bg="red",fg="white")
b1.pack()
top.mainloop()
Output:

The output is shown in Fig 3.9.

Fig 3.9

Explanation:

Here the back ground of the button is red in color and foreground color of the button
is white in colour.
S11BLH21- Programming in python

CANVAS
The Canvas is a rectangular area used for drawing pictures or other complex
layouts. Graphics, text, widgets or frames can be placed on a Canvas.

Syntax:
w = Canvas ( top, option=value, ... )
top – It represents the parent window.
Options − commonly used options for this widget. These options can be used
as key-value pairs separated by commas.

Commonly used Options are:

bd - Border Width of the canvas
bg - Background color of the canvas
cursor - Cursor used in the canvas like circle,arrow and dot.
relief - Type of the border
width - Width of the canvas
Items supported by canvas:

1.Arc
2.Image
3.Line
4.Oval
5.Polygon
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ARC
Creates an arc item, which can be a chord or a simple arc.

Syntax:

create_arc(x0, y0, x1, y1, options…..)

x0,y0,x1,y1-Top Left and Bottom Right coordinates of Bounding Rectangle

Commonly used Options:

start,extend-Specifies which section to draw

Example:

from tkinter import *

root=Tk()
w = Canvas(root, width=500, height=500)
coord = 10, 50, 240, 210
arc = w.create_arc(coord, start=0, extent=150, fill="blue")
w.pack()

Output:

The output is shown in Fig 3.10.

S11BLH21- Programming in python

Fig 3.10

Explanation:

Here Arc is drawn with blue color and within the bounded rectangle with top
left(10,50)position and bottom right(240,210) position and started from angle 0 and
extended till 150 degree.

Image

Creates an image , which can be an instance of either the BitmapImage or the

PhotoImage classes.

Syntax:

Create_image(x,y,options….)

x,y-Specifies the position of the image

commonly used options:

S11BLH21- Programming in python

anchor=Where to place the image relative to the given position. Default is

CENTER.

image=image object

Example:

from tkinter import *

root=Tk()

w = Canvas(root, width=500, height=500)

w.create_image("F:\img2",50,50)

w.pack()

root.mainloop()

Line

Creates a line item.

Syntax:

canvas.create_line(x0, y0, x1, y1, ...,xn, yn, options)

x0,y0,x1,y1->coordinates of line

Commonly used options:

activefill-Color of the line when it is active

width -Width of the line

S11BLH21- Programming in python

Example:

from tkinter import *

root=Tk()
w = Canvas(root, width=500, height=500)
w.create_line(10,10,100,100,activefill="red")
w.pack()
root.mainloop()
Output:

The output is shown in Fig 3.11.

Fig 3.11
S11BLH21- Programming in python

OVAL

Creates a circle or an ellipse at the given coordinates. It takes two pairs of coordinates;
the top left and bottom right corners of the bounding rectangle for the oval.

Syntax:

canvas.create_oval(x0, y0, x1, y1, options)

x0, y0, x1, y1- the top left and bottom right corners of the bounding rectangle

Options:

activefill-Color of the oval when it is active

width -Width of the line

Example:

from tkinter import *

root=Tk()
w = Canvas(root, width=500, height=500)
w.create_oval(10,10,100,100,activefill="red")
w.pack()
root.mainloop()
Output:

The output is shown in Fig 3.12.

S11BLH21- Programming in python

Fig 3.12

Polygon

Creates a polygon item that must have at least three vertices.

Syntax:

canvas.create_polygon(x0, y0, x1, y1,...xn, yn, options)

x0, y0, x1, y1,...xn, yn-Coordinates of polygon

Options:

Activefill-Color of the oval when it is active

width -Width of the line

S11BLH21- Programming in python

Example

from tkinter import *

root=Tk()
w = Canvas(root, width=500, height=500)
w.create_polygon(50,50,20,20,100,100,activefill="red")
w.pack()
root.mainloop()

WIDGETS IN PYTHON

Widgets are standard graphical user interface (GUI) elements, like different kinds of
buttons and menus.

Label

A Label widget shows text to the user about other widgets used in the application.
The widget can be updated programmatically.

Syntax to create Label:

w=Label (root ,options)

root - Parent Window

List of commonly used options are given in Table 3.1.

S11BLH21- Programming in python

Table 3.1

Option Description

anchor It specifies the exact position of the text within the size provided to the
widget. The default value is CENTER, which is used to center the text
within the specified space.

bg Specifies background color of the widget

bd Specifies border width. Default is 2 pixels

cursor Specifies type of cursor.eg:dot,arrow,circle

font Specifies font type of the text written inside the widget

fg Foreground color of the widget

height Height of the widget

width Width of the widget

image Specifies image to be displayed in the widget

padx Horizontal padding of text

pady Vertical padding of text

relief Specifies type of border

text Text to be displayed in the widget

undeline Underline the label text

S11BLH21- Programming in python

Example:

from tkinter import *

root=Tk()
l1=Label(root,text="Enter User Name",bg="green",fg="white")
l1.pack()
root,mainloop()
Output:

The output is shown in Fig 3.13.

Fig 3.13

Explanation:

Here Label has been created with green background color and white foreground
color with the text “Enter User Name”.
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ENTRY

The Entry widget is used to create the single line text-box to the user to accept a value
from the user. It can accept the text strings from the user. It can receive one line of text
from the user. For multiple lines of text, the text widget will be used.

Syntax for creating Entry Widget:

w=Entry(root, options)

root-Main Window

List of commonly used options are given in Table 3.2

Table 3.2

Optio Description
n
bg Specifies background color of the widget

bd Specifies border width. Default is 2 pixels

cursor Specifies type of cursor.eg:dot,arrow,circle

font Specifies font type of the text written inside the widget

fg Foreground color of the widget

height Height of the widget

S11BLH21- Programming in python

width Width of the widget

image Specifies image to be displayed in the widget

padx Horizontal padding of text

pady Vertical padding of text

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Option Description
relief Specifies type of border
text Text to be displayed in the widget
undeline Underline the label text
selectbackground Background color of the selected text
selectforeground Foreground color of the selected text
show Specifies the character used to mask characters in the text box

Example:

from tkinter import *

root=Tk()
l1=Label(root,text="Enter User Name",bg="green",fg="white")
e1=Entry(root,show="*")
l1.pack(side=LEFT)
e1.pack(side=RIGHT)
root.mainloop()
Output:

The output is shown in Fig 3.14.

S11BLH21- Programming in python

Fig 3.14

Explanation:

Here Label and entry widgets are created.Since the show attribute value is *,the
characters entered in the text box appeared as “*”.

Button

Button Widget is used to create various kinds of buttons.The user can interact with
the button.They can contain text or images.

Syntax for creating Button:

b=Button(root,options)

root-main window

List of commonly used options are given in Table 3.3

S11BLH21- Programming in python

Table 3.3

Option Description
bg Specifies background color of the widget
bd Specifies border width. Default is 2 pixels
cursor Specifies type of cursor.eg:dot,arrow,circle
font Specifies font type of the text written inside the widget
fg Foreground color of the widget
height Height of the widget
width Width of the widget
image Specifies image to be displayed in the widget
padx Horizontal padding of text
pady Vertical padding of text
relief Specifies type of border
text Text to be displayed in the widget
underline Underline the label text
command It is set to function name which will be called the button is
clicked

Example:
S11BLH21- Programming in python

from tkinter import *

root=Tk()
b1=Button(root,text="Submit",bg="blue",fg="white")
b1.pack()
root.mainloop()

Output:
The output is shown in Fig 3.15.
S11BLH21- Programming in python

Checkbutton

The Checkbutton is used to track the user's choices provided to the application.
Checkbutton is used to implement the on/off selections. TheCheckbutton can contain
the or images or text. The Checkbutton is mostly used to provide many choices to the
user among which, the user needs to choose the one.

Syntax for creating Check Button:

b=CheckButton(root,options)

root-main window
S11BLH21- Programming in python

List of commonly used options are given in Table 3.2

Table 3.2

Option Description
bg Specifies background color of the widget
bd Specifies border width. Default is 2 pixels
cursor Specifies type of cursor.eg:dot,arrow,circle
font Specifies font type of the text written inside the widget
fg Foreground color of the widget
height Height of the widget
width Width of the widget
image Specifies image to be displayed in the widget
padx Horizontal padding of text
pady Vertical padding of text
relief Specifies type of border
text Text to be displayed in the widget
undeline Underline the label text
command It is set to function name whicjh will be called the button is clicked
offvalue Set value to the control variable if the button is checked.Default
Value is 1
onvalue Set value to the control variable if the button is unchecked.Default
Value is 0
selectcolor Set color of the check button when it is checked.
selectimage Set the image to be shown when it is checked.
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Example:

from tkinter import *

root=Tk()
c1 = Checkbutton(root, text = "C", onvalue = 1, offvalue = 0, height = 2, width = 10)
c2 = Checkbutton(root, text = "C++", onvalue = 1, offvalue = 0, height = 2, width =
10)
c3 = Checkbutton(root, text = "JAVA", onvalue = 1, offvalue = 0, height = 2, width =
10)
c1.pack()
c2.pack()
c3.pack()
root.mainloop()
Output:

The output is shown in Fig 3.16.

Fig 3.16
S11BLH21- Programming in python

Radiobutton

The Radiobutton widget is used to implement one-of-many selection. It shows multiple

options to the user out of which, the user can select only one option. It is possible to
display the multiple line text or images on the radiobuttons. To keep track the user's
selection ,theradiobutton is associated with a single variable.EachRadio button
displays a single value for that particular variable.

Syntax for creating Radio Button:

b=RadioButton(root,options)

root-main window

List of commonly used options are given in Table 3.3

Table 3.3

Option Description
bg Specifies background color of the widget
bd Specifies border width. Default is 2 pixels
cursor Specifies type of cursor.eg:dot,arrow,circle
font Specifies font type of the text written inside the widget
fg Foreground color of the widget
height Height of the widget
width Width of the widget
image Specifies image to be displayed in the widget
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Option Description
padx Horizontal padding of text
pady Vertical padding of text
relief Specifies type of border
text Text to be displayed in the widget
underline Underline the label text
command It is set to function name whicjh will be called the button is
clicked
value Set value to the control variable if the button is selected.
selectcolor Set color of the check button when it is checked.
selectimage Set the image to be shown when it is checked.
variable It is used to keep track of user choices.

Example:
from tkinter import *
root=Tk()
r1 = Radiobutton(root, text = "C", value = 1, height = 2, width = 10)
r2 = Radiobutton(root, text = "C++", value = 2, height = 2, width = 10)
r3 = Radiobutton(root, text = "JAVA",value = 3, height = 2, width = 10)
r1.pack()
r2.pack()
r3.pack()
root.mainloop()
S11BLH21- Programming in python

Output:

The output is shown in Fig 3.17.

Fig 3.17

Listbox

The Listbox widget is used to display the list items to the user. The user can choose
one or more items from the list depending upon the configuration.

Syntax for creatingListBox:

b=Listbox(root,options)

root-main window
S11BLH21- Programming in python

Table 3.4

Option Description

bg Specifies background color of the widget

bd Specifies border width. Default is 2 pixels

cursor Specifies type of cursor.eg:dot,arrow,circle

font Specifies font type of the text written inside the widget

fg Foreground color of the widget

height Height of the widget

width Width of the widget

image Specifies image to be displayed in the widget

padx Horizontal padding of text

pady Vertical padding of text

relief Specifies type of border

value Set value to the control variable if the button is selected.

selectbackground Set back ground color of the selected text.

xscrollcommand User can scroll the list box horizontally

yscrollcommand User can scroll the list box vertically

List of commonly used options are given in Table 3.4.

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Example:

from tkinter import *

top = Tk()
lbl = Label(top,text = "A list of favourite countries...")
listbox = Listbox(top)
listbox.insert(1,"India")
listbox.insert(2, "USA")
listbox.insert(3, "Japan")
listbox.insert(4, "Austrelia")
lbl.pack()
listbox.pack()
top.mainloop()

Output:

The output is shown in Fig 3.18.

S11BLH21- Programming in python

Message

Its functionality is very similar to Label widget, except that it can automatically wrap
the text, maintaining a given width.

Syntax for creating Message:

m=Message(root,options)

root-main window

List of commonly used options are given in Table 3.5.

Table 3.5

Option Description
bg Specifies background color of the widget
bd Specifies border width. Default is 2 pixels
cursor Specifies type of cursor.eg:dot,arrow,circle
font Specifies font type of the text written inside the widget
fg Foreground color of the widget
height Height of the widget
width Width of the widget
image Specifies image to be displayed in the widget
padx Horizontal padding of text
S11BLH21- Programming in python

Option Description

pady Vertical padding of text

relief Specifies type of border

Example:

from tkinter import *

top = Tk()
msg = Message( top, text = "Welcome to Javatpoint")
msg.pack()
top.mainloop()

Output:

The output is shown in Fig 3.19.

Fig 3.19
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Text

Tkinter provides us the Entry widget which is used to implement the single line text
box. Text widget provides advanced capabilities that allow us to edit a multiline text
and format the way it has to be displayed, such as changing its color and font. We can
also use the structures like tabs and marks to locate specific sections of the text, and
apply changes to those areas.

Syntax for creating Message:

T=Text(root,options)

root-main window

List of commonly used options are given in Table 3.6.

Table 3.6

Option Description
bg Specifies background color of the widget
bd Specifies border width. Default is 2 pixels
cursor Specifies type of cursor.eg:dot,arrow,circle
font Specifies font type of the text written inside the widget
fg Foreground color of the widget
height Height of the widget
width Width of the widget
image Specifies image to be displayed in the widget
padx Horizontal padding of text
S11BLH21- Programming in python

Option Description
pady Vertical padding of text
relief Specifies type of border
xscrollcommand User can scroll the text widget horizontally
yscrollcommand User can scroll the text widget vertically
selectbackground Background color of the selected text

General Methods are given in Table 3.7.

Table 3.7

Method Description

delete(startindex, This method is used to delete the characters of the specified

endindex) range

get(startindex,endindex) It returns the characters present in the specified range.

insert(index, string) It is used to insert the specified string at the given index.

Mark Handling Methods :

Marks are used to bookmark the specified position between the characters of the
associated text.List of Mark handling methods are given in Table 3.8.
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Table 3.8

Method Description

mark_set(mark,index) It is used to create mark at the specified index.

mark_unset(mark) It is used to clear the given mark

mark_names() It is used to return names of all the marks

Tag Handling Methods:

The tags are the names given to the specific areas of the text. The tags are used to
configure the different areas of the text separately. The list of tag-handling methods
are given in Table 3.9.

Table 3.9

Method Description

tag_add(tagname, startindex, It is used to tag the characters in the given

endindex) range

tag_config() It is used to configure the tag properties

tag_delete(tagname) It is used to delete the given tag

tag_remove(tagname, startindex, It is used to remove the tag from the

endindex) specified range
S11BLH21- Programming in python

Example:

from tkinter import *

top = Tk()
text = Text(top)
text.insert(INSERT, "Name .... ")
text.insert(END, "Salary .... ")
text.pack()
text.tag_add("Write Here", "1.0", "1.4")
text.tag_add("Click Here", "1.8", "1.13")
text.tag_config("Write Here", background="yellow", foreground="black")
text.tag_config("Click Here", background="black", foreground="white")
Output:

The output is shown in Fig 3.20.

Fig 3.20
S11BLH21- Programming in python

Explanation:

The tag “Write Here” tags the characters from the index 0 to 4.The tag “Click Here”
tags the characters from the index 8 to 13.These tags are configured using the method
tag_config().

3.6.1 SPINBOX

The Spinbox control is an alternative to the Entry control. It provides the range of
values to the user, out of which, the user can select only one value.It is used in the
case where a user is given some fixed number of values to choose from.

Syntax for creating Message:

S=Spinbox(root,options)

root-main window

List of commonly used options are given in Table 3.10

Table 3.10

Option Description
bg Specifies background color of the widget
bd Specifies border width. Default is 2 pixels

cursor Specifies type of cursor.eg:dot,arrow,circle

font Specifies font type of the text written inside the widget

fg Foreground color of the widget

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Option Description
height Height of the widget
width Width of the widget

padx Horizontal padding of text

pady Vertical padding of text

relief Specifies type of border

xscrollcommand User can scroll the text widget horizontally

from_ It is used to show the starting range of the widget.

to It specify the maximum limit of the widget value. The other is
specified by the from_ option.

values It represents the tuple containing the values for this widget.

Example:

from tkinter import *

top = Tk()
spin = Spinbox(top, from_= 0, to = 25)
spin.pack()
top.mainloop()

Output:

The output is shown in Fig 3.21.

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Fig 3.21

3.6.2 Frame

Frame widget is used to organize the group of widgets. It acts like a container which
can be used to hold the other widgets. The rectangular areas of the screen are used to
organize the widgets to the python application.

Syntax for creating Frame:

S=Frame(root,options)

root-main window

List of commonly used options are given in Table 3.11.

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Table 3.11

Option Description
bg Specifies background color of the widget
bd Specifies border width. Default is 2 pixels
cursor Specifies type of cursor.eg:dot,arrow,circle
height Height of the widget
width Width of the widget
Relief Specifies type of border

Example:
from tkinter import *
top = Tk()
Topframe = Frame(top)
Topframe.pack(side = TOP)
Bottomframe = Frame(top)
Bottomframe.pack(side =BOTTOM)
btn1 = Button(Topframe, text="Submit", fg="red",activebackground = "red")
btn1.pack(side = LEFT)
btn2 = Button(Topframe, text="Remove", fg="brown", activebackground = "brown")
btn2.pack(side = RIGHT)
btn3 = Button(Bottomframe, text="Add", fg="blue", activebackground = "blue")
btn3.pack(side = LEFT)
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btn4 = Button(Bottomframe, text="Modify", fg="black", activebackground =

"white")
btn4.pack(side = RIGHT)
top.mainloop()
Output:

The output is shown in Fig 3.23.

Fig 3.23

Explanation:

Here two frames (Top Frame and Bottom Frame) have been created.Topframe contains
submit and remove buttons and Bottom frame contains Add and modify buttons .
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EVENTS AND BINDINGS IN PYTHON

Binding function is used to deal with the events. We can bind Python’s Functions and
methods to an event as well as we can bind these functions to any particular widget.
Events can come from various sources, including key presses and mouse operations by
the user. Tkinter provides a powerful mechanism to let you deal with events yourself.
For each widget, you can bind Python functions and methods to events.

widget.bind(event, handler)

If an event matching the event description occurs in the widget, the given handler is
called with an object describing the event.

Handling Mouse Button event in Python

Example:
from tkinter import *
from tkinter.ttk import *
# creates tkinter window or root window
root = Tk()
# function to be called when button-2 of mouse is pressed
def pressed2(event):
print('Button-2 pressed at x = % d, y = % d'%(event.x, event.y))
# function to be called when button-3 of mouse is pressed
def pressed3(event):
print('Button-3 pressed at x = % d, y = % d'%(event.x, event.y))
## function to be called when button-1 is double clocked
defdouble_click(event):
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print('Double clicked at x = % d, y = % d'%(event.x, event.y))

frame1 = Frame(root, height = 100, width = 200)
# Binding mouse buttons with the Frame widget
frame1.bind('<Button-2>', pressed2)
frame1.bind('<Button-3>', pressed3)
frame1.bind('<Double 1>', double_click)
frame1.pack()
root.mainloop()

Output:

The output is shown in Fig 3.24.

Fig 3.24
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Handling Key Press Event in Python

Example:

from tkinter import *

from tkinter.ttk import *

# function to be called when

# keyboard buttons are pressed
defkey_press(event):
key = event.char
print(key, 'is pressed')

# creates tkinter window or root window

root = Tk()
root.geometry('200x100')

# here we are binding keyboard

# with the main window
root.bind('<Key>', lambda a : key_press(a))

mainloop()
Output:

The output is shown in Fig 3.25.

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Fig 3.25