Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region I
Division of Ilocos Sur

SCIENCE 9
Non-Mendelian
Pattern of
Inheritance

Name of Teacher –Writer: Romeo M. Cortez

School: Tagudin National High School

1
 1
4

In Grade 8, you learned the Mendelian laws (Complete Dominance) of inheritance.

In Grade 9, you will focus on explaining and illustrating the different Non -Mendelian
patterns of inheritance. These are principles that were failed to explain by Mendel’s
laws. This time, you work on this self learning kit which contains compilation of
varied activities, puzzles and games which develop your needs to this topic. Read
the different instructions carefully for you to understand every lesson. Perform the
activities comprehensively and answers the evaluation honestly.

You are allotted two weeks to perform the different tasks.

Explain the different patterns of non-Mendelian inheritance

(S9LT-ld-29)

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

1. explain the different patterns of Non-Mendelian
Inheritance;
a. Identify the different Non – Mendelian Inheritance;
b. Appreciate the importance of the different patterns of
Non-Mendelian inheritance; and
c. Illustrate the different patterns of Non-Mendelian.

2
 For your preliminary activity, you are going to answer the
cross word puzzle.

DIRECTIONS: Supply the missing letters in the crossword puzzle to identify what is
being described.
CROSS WORD
3 4
C
1
R E
O
C O
2
G N E I S
S Y
6

5
I E N E
N
7
P E N T

3
 Gregor Mendel is the Father of Modern Genetics because of
his exemplar work on pea plant. He studied the complete
dominance patterns of inheritance. However, there are principles in
heredity that Gregor Mendel failed to publish. These are the
different Non – Mendelian patterns of inheritance that emerged and
have greatly affected speciation and evolution of different species
over time.
Moreover, scientists like Walter Sutton and Theodore Boveri
found the evidence that the traits which are inherited are
determined by chromosomes, where genes are located.
Unlocking of Difficulties

 Dominant trait is a hereditary factor that expresses itself when the genotype is
heterozygous.
 Recessive trait is a hereditary factor that expresses itself only when genotype
is homozygous.
 Homozygous is a pair of similar or like genes for any one character.
 Heterozygous is a pair of contrasting traits of two kinds of genes.
 Genotype is a particular gene a specific traits of an individual that determine
 Phenotype is the outward appearance of an organism, caused by genetic and
environmental influences
 Genotypic ratio describes the number of types a genotype would appear in
the offspring after test cross
 Phenotypic ratio pertains to the relative number of offspring manifesting a
particular trait or combination of traits.

4
 Today you are going to explore the different Non-Mendelian patterns of
inheritance.

Incomplete Dominance
 No trait or characteristics can be observed from the resulting offspring but
instead a combination of the dominant and recessive allele.
 The alleles in a heterozygous pair is unable to express its traits resulting to
the blending of characteristics.

Here is the example of incomplete dominance.

Example:
The homozygous red flower has two dominant alleles and these are
represented by the letters RR. The homozygous white flower is represented by rr.
Their offspring are all heterozygous Rr and they have pink flowers because the two
colors blended or mixed each other in the first filial generation (F1)

So,
R R
Genotype: Rr (heterozygous)
R Rr Rr Phenotype: Pink ( Red mixed
with white)
R Rr Rr
When
the F1 generation cross pollinates their offspring will be RR(Red), Rr(Pink), and

5
rr(white) in a 1:2:1 ratio. Some of their offspring in second filial generation will inherit
the two R alleles, some will inherit the r alleles and some inherit both.
So,

R R Genotype: RR, Rr, rr

Phenotype: red, pink, white
R RR Rr Genotypic ratio: 1:2:1
Phenotypic ratio: 1 red, 2 pink, 1
R Rr Rr white

If you really understood the lesson on incomplete dominance

try to answer this exercises.

Directions: Predict the phenotype and genotype of the parents and offspring of the
following organisms.
1. In snapdragons, flower color is controlled by incomplete dominance. The two
alleles are red (R) and white (R’). The heterozygous genotype is expressed as
pink.
a. What is the phenotype of a plant with the genotype RR? ___________
b. What is the phenotype of a plant with the genotype R’R’? ___________
c. What is the phenotype of a plant with the genotype RR’? ___________
2. A long bottle gourd (upo/tabungaw) (LL)crossed with a round bottle gourd (RR)
produces all oval bottle gourd (RL). Make an illustration using a Punnet square to
show your answer.
3. A pink-flowered (Rr) plant is crossed with a white-flowered (rr) plant. Give the
phenotype, genotype and its percentage. Use a Punnet square to show your
solution.
How many percent are a) pink flowers? b) red flower? And c) white flower?

6
4. In Andalusian fowls, black individuals (BB) and white individuals (B’B’) are
homozygous.
A homozygous black bird is crossed with a homozygous white bird. The offspring
are all bluish-gray. Show the cross as well as the genotypes and phenotypes of
the parents and offspring in a Punnet square.

CODOMINANCE
 two traits manifest in all the offspring
 both alleles are expressed and their features are both observed in the
individual
 both of the traits of the parents can be seen in the resulting offspring

M Here is the common example of codominance.

The observed pink and white petals of bougainvillea which is

commonly known as Mr. and Mrs. is a typical example of
Codominance.

+ =
bougainvillea + Pink bougainvillea = combination of pink and white
bougainvillea(Mr. & Mrs)

7
 To elaborate more on Codominance, try to answer these exercises.

1. In some chickens, the gene for feather color is controlled by codominance. The
allele for black is B and the allele for white is W. The heterozygous phenotype is
known as erminette (black and white spotted).
a. What is the genotype for black chickens? ____
b. What is the genotype for white chickens? ____
c. What is the genotype for erminette chickens? ____
2. A black chicken and a white chicken are crossed.
% of possible Genotypes: % of possible Phenotypes:
BB: ________ Black: _______
BW: ________ White: ________
WW: ________ Erminette:______
3. Roan cattle are the heterozygous hybrids of a cross between a white bull(WW)
and a red cow(RR). What offspring are expected from mating a roan bull
and a roan cow? Give its percentage.

MULTIPLE ALLELES
 more than two alleles that are possible to code for any one characteristic.
In human there are three common alleles that determine the four blood
types, the IA, IB, and i. The IA and IB are dominant over i.

Human ABO blood types and their genotypes

Blood types Genotype
A IA IA, IA i
B IB IB, IB i
AB I A IB
O Ii

8
Example: A woman with blood Type O and a man who is Type AB are expecting a
child. What are the possible blood types of the kid?

I I
IA IAi IAi
IB IBi IBi
The resulting offspring are blood type A and blood type B.

To test your skills on Multiple alleles, answer the following

exercises.

Answer the following questions. Provide a Punnett square to support your answer.

1. What is the genotype of blood type O? __________

2. What is the blood type if the genotype is IAIA or IA i?________
3. What are the chances of a woman with Type AB and a man with Type A having a
child with Type O?
4. Determine the possible genotypes & phenotypes and its percentage with respect
to blood type for a couple whose blood types are heterozygous A & homozygous
B.
SEX-LINKED TRAITS
 A trait in which a gene is located on a sex chromosome.
 Linked genes are genes that are on the same chromosomes. In human, there
are 46 chromosomes, therefore, there are 46 linkage group. In that 46
chromosomes, 44 (22 pairs) are autosomes and 2 are sex chromosomes, X
and Y. Sex-linked traits are carried on the X chromosome. Since X
chromosome carried the mutated genes, females (XX) should have both X
chromosomes be affected to manifest the trait, but if only one X chromosome
is mutated, the female is a carrier. In males (XY), they have only one X
chromosome, so when the X chromosome is affected the individual manifest
the trait. This is the reason why oftentimes males exhibit Sex-linked traits than
females.

9
 The common examples of Sex-linked trait are the following:
 Hemophilia is a result of poor coagulation.
 Duchene muscular dystrophy is a genetic disorder
characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and
weakness due to the alterations of a protein called
dystropin.
 Hypertrichosis pinnae auris is a genetic disorder in humans
that causes hairy ears.
 Color blindness when a person is unable to distinguish color,
it is commonly known as color deficiency. This happens in
red-green color blindness.

Sample Problem for color blindness: What are the possible offspring of
parents with normal vision father and colorblind mother? Use the Punnet
square to show your solution.

Phenotypes Genotypes
Normal Vision Male XC Yo
Color blind Male Xc Yo
Norma Vision Female XC X C
Normal Vision Female (carrier) XC X c
Color blindness Female Xc X c

XC Yo
Xc XC X c Xc Yo
Xc XC X c Xc Yo
All daughters are normal vision (carrier)
All sons are colorblind

10
 For further understanding on sex – linked traits, try to perform
the following activities.

Activity 1. Boy or Girl

Objective: Discuss how sex in humans is determined.

Materials: activity sheets, pen,

Procedure:
1. Draw a Punnet square which shows the inheritance of the sex
chromosomes. Represent the female sex chromosomes with XX and the male sex
chromosome s with XY.

Guide Questions:
1. What will be the sex of a child produced when an egg is fertilized by a sperm that
has Y chromosome?
2. What type of sperm must fertilize an egg to result in a female child?
3. Based on this Punnet Square, what percent of children would you expect to be
male?
4. Which sex chromosome is present in both male and female?
5. Infer which sex chromosomes determine a person’s sex.
6. What are the other factors that may influence the expression of human sexuality.

Activity 2. Think Tank

Directions: Answer the questions below about sex linked traits.
1. Which sex chromosome is the X-linked?
2. Which gender (male or female) is most likely to have X-linked traits? __________
3. How many X chromosomes do males have? _______

11
4. How many X chromosomes do females have? ______
5. Why does a single X chromosome that carriers the allele for red-green
colorblindness cause males to be color blind but doesn’t cause females to be color
blind?

Sex – influenced traits

 are autosomal traits that are influenced by sex
 are expressed in both sexes but more frequently in one than in the other sex.
o example: baldness refers to excessive hair loss from your scalp

Sex – limited traits

 are generally expressed exclusively in one sex
 For example, barred coloring in chicken is only common to roosters.

Non-Mendelian inheritance is a pattern in which the

characteristics of individuals do not conform with Gregor
Mendel’s law of inheritance. These include, Incomplete
dominance where traits blend together; Codominance where
both traits of parents are seen in the offspring; Multiple alleles
when two or more alleles are present in a gene; Sex – Link
traits when the trait is carried in the X chromosome; Sex
limited traits when traits are manifested in one sex; and Sex
influenced traits when genes are carried by autosomes that
are influenced by sex.

1. What are the applications of Non-Mendelian Inheritance in

real life situation. Explain.

2. How did Non – Mendelian patterns of inheritance affect

evolution or changes of individuals over a period of time?

12
I. True or False: Write T if the statement is correct and F if it is incorrect.
Write your answer on the space provided.
____1. When a round watermelon is crossed with long water melon, all the
offspring are oval. When two oval watermelon are crossed the
percentage of getting a round watermelon is 25%.
____2. Codominance is a pattern of inheritance where the traits of both
parents are not observed in the offspring.
____3. When the parents are blood type AB and blood type O their child
is blood type O.
____4. Baldness is a common example of sex-linked traits.
____5. XX chromosome is for female.
____6. There are three blood types in human.
____7. Colorblindness can be manifested in females.
____8. Incomplete dominance is blending of traits.
____9. Sex influenced traits are autosomal.
____10. There are two sex chromosomes in human.

II. Identification: Identify the different examples of Non – Mendelian

Inheritance. Choose your answer in the box

Codominance Sex - influenced Traits

Incomplete dominance Sex - limited Traits
Multiple allele Sex - linked traits

1. A black sheep and white sheep mate and have a grey sheep.
2 ABO blood groups
3. Red and white striped petals of carnation
4. Baldness
5. Hemophilia

13
III. Problem Solving:

Solve the possible offspring of the following crosses. Illustrate your answer
using the Punnet Square.

1. A crossed between a Roan cow(RW) and white bull (WW).

2. A crossed between homozygous blood type B and heterozygous blood
type A.
3. A crossed between a female carrier of hemophilia and normal male.

14
Alvarez, Liza A., et. Al., Science 9 Learner’s Module

Goldberg, Deborah T. AP Biology 3rd Edition 2010

Reyes, Nasudi and Martinez, J.P., Science for Millenials Grade 9

Garcia, Ryan John G., et. Al., Science for the 21st Century Learners

Ching, Johnny A., General Biology Compendium Revised Edition 2007

https://www.google.com/search?
ei=jBnkXr_YMpu7wAO7poOYDw&q=incomplete+dominance+example&oq=in
complete&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQARgBMgQIABBDMgUIABCRAjIECAAQQzI
ECAAQQzIFCAAQsQMyBAgAEEMyBAgAEEMyBQgAELEDMgQIABBDMgUI
ABCxAzoECAAQRzoICCEQFhAdEB46DggAEOoCELQCEJoBEOUCOgUIAB
CDAToHCAAQsQMQQ1C6KljrUGCZb2gBcAF4BIAB3QOIAdobkgEJMC42Ljg
uMC4xmAEAoAEBqgEHZ3dzLXdperABBg&sclient=psy-ab ( June 13, 2020)

biology dictionary.net . (July 22, 2020)

https://www.sciencedirect.com>topics (July 22, 2020)
https://www.google.com/search?
q=incomplete+dominance&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=Nb9LLu63DAmdL
M%252CZSgu1J5ItYphPM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-
kT2QwBiDx35IcClaiyXGU8JLko57g&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjS-
63BhIPrAhXsxYsBHX9-
BQwQ_h0wAHoECAkQBA&biw=1034&bih=620#imgrc=Nb9LLu63DAmdLM
(August 5, 2020)

15
Motivation

INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE CODOMINANCE

SEX – LINKED TRAITS

Multiple Allele B. Think Tank

ASSESSMENT

16
 APPENDIX A

RUBRICS FOR ANSWERING THE ESSAY

CATEGORY 4 3 2 1 SCORE

Content The essay The essay The essay The essay

clearly communicate indirectly does not
communicates s some of the communicates sufficiently
the main idea important idea the idea and communicates
and strongly and slightly hardly any idea that
promotes promotes promotes can promote
appreciation appreciation appreciation appreciation
and and and and
awareness awareness awareness awareness
Grammar No Minor Few Many
grammatical grammatical capitalization, capitalization,
errors, correct errors, few spelling and spelling and
capitalization, capitalization, punctuation or punctuation
spelling and spelling and grammatical and
punctuation punctuation errors grammatical
marks errors errors

17