Applied Mechanics

Study effect of forces/ force system on body

Statics Dynamics
(Body is at rest) (Body is in Motion)

Kinematics Kinetics
(Force and Mass not consider) (Force and Mass consider)
 Applied
Dynamics
Mechanics

Statics Kinematics Kinetics

PRESENTATION OF UNITS AND THEIR VALUES
Composition and Resolution of forces

Force: It is an external agency which can changes the state of rest of body or
body in motion.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A FORCE

PRINCIPLE OF TRANSMISSIBILITY OF FORCES

It states, “If a force acts at any point on a †rigid body, it may also be considered to
act at any other point on its line of action, provided this point is rigidly connected
with the body.”

SYSTEM OF FORCES
RESULTANT FORCE

COMPOSITION OF FORCES

The process of finding out the resultant force, of a number of given forces, is called
composition of forces or compounding of forces.

METHODS FOR THE RESULTANT FORCE

Though there are many methods for finding out the resultant force of a number of
given forces, yet the following are important from the subject point of view:
1. Analytical method. 2. Method of resolution.

ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR RESULTANT FORCE

The resultant force, of a given system of forces, may be found out analytically by
the following methods :
1. Parallelogram law of forces. 2. Method of resolution.
PARALLELOGRAM LAW OF FORCES

It states, “If two forces, acting simultaneously on a particle, be represented in

magnitude and direction by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram; their
resultant may be represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the
parallelogram, which passes through their point of intersection.” Mathematically,
resultant force,

Add diagram
Add Examples on Law of Parallelogram
RESOLUTION OF A FORCE

The process of splitting up the given force into a number of components, without
changing its effect on the body is called resolution of a force. A force is, generally,
resolved along two mutually perpendicular directions. In fact, the resolution of a
force is the reverse action of the addition of the component vectors.

PRINCIPLE OF RESOLUTION
It states, “The algebraic sum of the resolved parts of a no. of forces, in a given
direction, is equal to the resolved part of their resultant in the same direction.”

Note: In general, the forces are resolved in the vertical and horizontal directions.
Example 1. The forces 20 N, 30 N, 40 N, 50 N and 60 N are acting at one of the angular points of
a regular hexagon, towards the other five angular points, taken in order. Find the magnitude and
direction of the resultant force.
Solution. The system of given forces is shown in Fig.

Fig

Magnitude of the resultant force

Resolving all the forces horizontally (i.e., along AB),

and now resolving the all forces vertically (i.e., at right angles to AB),

We know that magnitude of the resultant force,

Let Ø = Angle, which the resultant force makes with the horizontal (i.e., AB).
We know that

Note. Since both the values of ∑H and ∑V are positive, therefore actual angle of resultant force
lies between 0° and 90°.
Example 2. The following forces act at a point:
(i) 20 N inclined at 30° towards North of East,
(ii) 25 N towards North,
(iii) 30 N towards North West, and
(iv) 35 N inclined at 40° towards South of West.
Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force.
Solution. The system of given forces is shown in Fig.

Magnitude of the resultant force

Resolving all the forces horizontally i.e., along East-West line,

And now resolving all the forces vertically i.e., along North-South line,

We know that magnitude of the resultant force,

Direction of the resultant force

Since ∑H is negative and ∑V is positive, therefore resultant lies between 90° and 180°. Thus
actual angle of the resultant = 180° – 47.7° = 132.3° Ans.

MOMENT OF A FORCE

It is the turning effect produced by a force, on the body, on which it acts. The moment of
a force is equal to the product of the force and the perpendicular distance of the point, about
which the moment is required and the line of action of the force.

UNITS OF MOMENT
kN-m (i.e. kN - m), N-mm (i.e. N - mm) etc.
YPES OF MOMENTS
Broadly speaking, the moments are of the following two types:
1. Clockwise moments. 2. Anticlockwise moments.
VARIGNON’S PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS (OR LAW OF MOMENTS)

It states, “If a number of coplanar forces are acting simultaneously on a particle, the algebraic
sum of the moments of all the forces about any point is equal to the moment of their resultant
force about the same point.”
COUPLE

A pair of two equal and unlike parallel forces (i.e. forces equal in
magnitude, with lines of action parallel to each other and acting in
opposite directions) is known as a couple.

MOMENT OF A COUPLE

CLASSIFICATION OF COUPLES

CHARACTERISTICS OF A COUPLE

A couple (whether clockwise or anticlockwise) has the following characteristics:

1. The algebraic sum of the forces, constituting the couple, is zero.

2. The algebraic sum of the moments of the forces, constituting the couple, about any point
is the same, and equal to the moment of the couple itself.
3. A couple cannot be balanced by a single force. But it can be balanced only by a couple of
opposite sense.
4. Any no. of co-planer couples can be reduced to a single couple, whose magnitude will be
equal to the algebraic sum of the moments of all the couples.
Equilibrium of Forces
A little consideration will show that if the resultant of a number of forces, acting on a
particle is zero, the particle will be in equilibrium. Such a set of forces, whose resultant is zero,
are called equilibrium forces.

The force, which brings the set of forces in equilibrium, is called an equilibrant.

As a matter of fact, the equilibrant is equal to the resultant force in magnitude, but
opposite in direction.

PRINCIPLES OF EQUILIBRIUM
Though there are many principles of equilibrium, yet the following three are important
from the subject point of view:

1. Two force principle. As per this principle, if a body in equilibrium is acted upon by two
forces, then they must be equal, opposite and collinear.
2. Three force principle. As per this principle, if a body in equilibrium is acted upon by
three forces, then the resultant of any two forces must be equal, opposite and collinear
with the third force.
3. Four force principle. As per this principle, if a body in equilibrium is acted upon by four
forces, then the resultant of any two forces must be equal, opposite and collinear with the
resultant of the other two forces.
LAMI’S THEOREM

It states, “If three coplanar forces acting at a point be in equilibrium, then each force is
proportional to the sin of the angle between the other two.” Mathematically,

Where, P, Q, and R are three forces and α, β, and γ are the angles
Example: A smooth circular cylinder of radius 1.5 meter is lying in a triangular groove, one
side of which makes 15° angle and the other 40° angle with the horizontal. Find the reactions at
the surfaces of contact, if there is no friction and the cylinder weights 100 N.
 Example: Two cylinders P and Q rest in a channel as shown in Fig.

If the bottom width of the box is 180 mm, with one side vertical and the other inclined at
60°, determine the pressures at all the four points of contact.
CONDITIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM
Consider a body acted upon by a number of co-planer non-concurrent forces. A little
consideration will show, that as a result of these forces, the body may have any one of the
following states:
1. The body may move in any one direction.
2. The body may rotate about itself without moving.
3. The body may move in any one direction and at the same time it may also rotate about itself.
4. The body may be completely at rest.
Friction:

When one body slide/roll on other body of same or different material, then there is resistant setup
due to nature of surfaces. This opposing force, which acts in the opposite direction of the
movement of the body, is called force of friction or simply friction.
It is of the following two types:
1. Static friction. 2. Dynamic friction.

STATIC FRICTION
It is the friction experienced by a body when it is at rest. Or in other words, it is the friction
when the body tends to move.

DYNAMIC FRICTION

It is the friction experienced by a body when it is in motion. It is also called kinetic friction.
The dynamic friction is of the following two types:
1. Sliding friction. It is the friction, experienced by a body when it slides over another body.
2. Rolling friction. It is the friction, experienced by a body when it rolls over another body.

LIMITING FRICTION
A limit beyond which the force of friction cannot increase. If the applied force exceeds
this limit, the force of friction cannot balance it and the body begins to move, in the direction of
the applied force. This maximum value of frictional force, which comes into play, when a body
just begins to slide over the surface of the other body, is known as limiting friction. It may be
noted that when the applied force is less than the limiting friction, the body remains at rest, and
the friction is called static friction, which may have any value between zero and limiting friction.
Angle of friction:
Angle between normal reaction and resultant reaction is called angle of friction.

COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION

It is the ratio of limiting friction to the normal reaction, between the two bodies, and is
generally denoted by µ,
 Mathematically, coefficient of friction,

LAWS OF FRICTION

Following are the laws of static friction:

1. The force of friction always acts in a direction, opposite to that in which the body tends to
move, if the force of friction would have been absent.
2. The magnitude of the force of friction is exactly equal to the force, which tends to move
the body.
3. The magnitude of the limiting friction bears a constant ratio to the normal reaction
between the two surfaces. Mathematically

4. The force of friction is independent of the area of contact between the two surfaces.
5. The force of friction depends upon the roughness of the surfaces.
EQUILIBRIUM OF A BODY ON A ROUGH HORIZONTAL PLANE

Example: A body of weight 300 N is lying on a rough horizontal plane having a coefficient of
friction as 0.3. Find the magnitude of the force, which can move the body, while acting at an
angle of 25o with the horizontal.
Solution: Given: Weight of the body (W) = 300 N; Coefficient of friction (µ) = 0.3 and angle
made by the force with the horizontal (a) = 25°
EQUILIBRIUM OF A BODY ON A ROUGH INCLINED PLANE

Angle of Repose: It is the angle made by inclined plane with horizontal plane; when body tends
to move in downward direction due to its self weight.

Where α is the angle of repose in fig. (a)

Virtual Work
It has been observed that whenever a force acts on a body, and
the body undergoes some displacement, some work is said to be
done. Mathematically, if a force (P) acting on a body displaces it
through a distance (s), then

Workdone = Force × Distance = P × s

Unit N-m Or J

PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL WORK

It states, “If a system of forces acting on a body or a system of bodies be in equilibrium, and the
system be imagined to undergo a small displacement consistent with the geometrical conditions,
then the algebraic sum of the virtual works done by all the forces of the system is zero.”

Work done by a force

Workdone = Force × Distance = P × s

Unit N-m
Sign Conventions:

1. Both force and displacement in same direction : + W.D. (positive)

2. Force and displacement in opposite to each other : -W.D. (Negative)

Work done by a moment:

Workdone = Moment × Angular displacement = M × Ø

Unit N-m
Sign Conventions:

1. Both moment and angular displacement in same direction : + W.D. (positive)

2. Moment and angular displacement in opposite to each other : -W.D. (Negative)
Centroid and Moment of Inertia
Centroid Center of gravity
Definition it is the geometric center of plane It is the point at which whole mass of body
figure suppose to be concentrated

Fig Generally located for plane figures Generally located for solid bodies

Example

Formula

Instead of area we consider volume of

solid.

Difference
Centriod and center of gravity of figure is Samepoint for same materials.
Centriod and center of gravity of figureis at different for composite material.
Symmetrical and unsymmetrical figures

Symmetrical figures: the figures having same shape and dimensions about axis are
symmetrical

Symmetrical figures: the figures having different shape and dimensions about axis are
symmetrical

Following examples illustrate it

Sr.
Figure Remark
No.

Symmetric @ both XX and YY

axis

Symmetric @ YY axis
Unsymmetrical @ XX axis
2

Unsymmetrical @ both XX and

YY axis
3
Unit 3: Centroid and Moment of Inertia (7)

Centroid and Center of Gravity, Moment of Inertia of Standard shapes from first
principle, Parallel and perpendicular axis theorem, Moment of Inertia of plain and
composite figures, Radius of Gyration.

Moment of Inertia (M I)

We have already discussed in that the moment of a force (P) about a point, is the product
of the force and perpendicular distance (x) between the point and the line of action of the force
(i.e. P. x). This moment is also called first moment of force. If this moment is again multiplied
by the perpendicular distance between the point and the line of action of the force i.e. P. x = P x2,
then this quantity is called moment of the moment of a force or second moment of force or
moment of inertia (briefly written as M.I.)
Definition: It is the second moment of force/ area of a figure about axis of rotation.

MOMENT OF INERTIA OF A PLANE AREA

Consider a plane area, whose moment of inertia is required to be found out. Split up the
whole area into a number of small elements.

UNITS OF MOMENT OF INERTIA

As a matter of fact the units of moment of inertia of a plane area depend upon the units of the
area and the length. e.g.
1.
If area is in m 2 and the length is also in m, the moment of inertia is expressed in m4
2. If area in mm 2 and the length is also in mm, then moment of inertia is expressed in
mm4
.
MOMENT OF INERTIA BY INTEGRATION
The moment of inertia of an area may also be found out by the
method of integration as discussed below:
Consider a plane figure, whose moment of inertia is required to be
found out about X-X axis and Y-Y axis as shown in Fig 7.1. Let us
divide the whole area into a no. of strips. Consider one of these
strips.
Let dA = Area of the strip
x = Distance of the centre of gravity of the strip on X-X axis and
y = Distance of the centre of gravity of the strip on Y-Y axis.
We know that the moment of inertia of the strip about Y-Y axis = dA . x2
Now the moment of inertia of the whole area may be found out by integrating above equation.

In the following pages, we shall discuss the applications of this method for finding out the
moment of inertia of various cross-sections.

Radius of Gyration
The radius of gyration of a given area about any axis is that distance from the given axis at which
the entire area is assumed to be concentrated without changing the moment of inertia about the
given axis. It is denoted by k or r.

I = A k2 =

The unit of radius of gyration is mm, cm, m etc

Radius of gyration about x-x and y-y axis

= =
MOMENT OF INERTIA OF A RECTANGULAR SECTION
Consider a rectangular section ABCD as shown in Fig. 7.2 whose moment
of inertia is required to be found out.
Let b = Width of the section and
d = Depth of the section.
Now consider a strip PQ of thickness dy parallel to X-X axis and at a
distance y from it as shown in the figure
∴Area of the strip = b. dy
We know that moment of inertia of the strip about X-X axis,
= Area × y2
= (b. dy) y2
= b. y2. dy
Now *moment of inertia of the whole section may be found out by integrating the above
equation for the whole length of the lamina i.e. from – d/2 to +d/2

Example: Find the moment of inertia of a rectangular section 30 mm wide and 40 mm deep
about X-X axis and Y-Y axis.
Solution. Given: Width of the section (b) = 30 mm and depth of the section (d) = 40 mm. We
know that moment of inertia of the section about an axis passing through its centre of gravity and
parallel to X-X axis,
Similarly,
MOMENT OF INERTIA OF A HOLLOW RECTANGULAR SECTION

Consider a hollow rectangular section, in which ABCD is the main section

and EFGH is the cut out section as shown in Fig.
Let b = Breadth of the outer rectangle,
d = Depth of the outer rectangle and
b1, d1 = Corresponding values for the cut out rectangle.
We know that the moment of inertia, of the outer rectangle
ABCD about X-X axis.

M.I. of the hollow rectangular section about X-X axis,

Note: This relation holds good only if the centre of gravity of the main section as well as that of
the cut out section coincides with each other.

Example: Find the moment of inertia of a hollow rectangular section about its centre of gravity
if the external dimensions are breadth 60 mm, depth 80 mm and internal dimensions are breadth
30 mm and depth 40 mm respectively.

Solution: Given: External breadth (b) = 60 mm; External depth (d) = 80 mm ; Internal breadth
(b1) = 30 mm and internal depth (d1) = 40 mm.
We know that moment of inertia of hollow rectangular section about an axis passing through its
centre of gravity and parallel to X-X axis,
PERPENDICULAR AXIS THEOREM

It states, If IXX and I be the moments of inertia of a plane section about two perpendicular
axis meeting at O, the moment of inertia IYY about the axis Z-Z, perpendicular to the plane and
passing through the intersection of X-X and Y-Y is given by:
IZZ = I XX+ IYY

We know that the moment of inertia of the lamina P about X-X axis,

MOMENT OF INERTIA OF A CIRCULAR SECTION

Now moment of inertia of the whole section, about the central axis, can be found out by
integrating the above equation for the whole radius of the circle i.e., from 0 to r.
Example: Find the moment of inertia of a circular section of 50 mm diameter about an axis
passing through its centre.
Solution: Given: Diameter (d) = 50 mm we know that moment of inertia of the circular section
about an axis passing through its centre,

MOMENT OF INERTIA OF A COMPOSITE SECTION

The moment of inertia of a composite section may be found out by the following steps:
1. First of all, split up the given section into plane areas (i.e., rectangular, triangular, circular
etc., and find the centre of gravity of the section).
2. Find the moments of inertia of these areas about their respective centers of gravity.
3. Now transfer this moment of inertia about the required axis (AB) by the Theorem of
Parallel Axis.
IAB = IG + ah2
Where,
IG = Moment of inertia of a section about its centre of gravity and parallel to the axis.
a = Area of the section,
h = Distance between the required axis and centre of gravity of the section.

4. The moments of inertia of the given section may now be obtained by the algebraic sum of
the moment of inertia about the required axis.
Example: Find the moment of inertia of a T-section with flange as 150 mm × 50 mm and web
as 150 mm × 50 mm about X-X and Y-Y axes through the centre of gravity of the section.
Solution: The given T-section is shown in fig.
First of all, let us find out centre of gravity of the section.
As the section is symmetrical about Y-Y axis, therefore its centre of
gravity will lie on this axis. Split up the whole section into two
rectangles viz., 1 and 2 as shown in figure. Let bottom of the web be the
axis of reference.
Rectangle (1)

We know that distance between centre of gravity of the section and bottom of the web,

Moment of inertia about X-

X axis

We also know that M.I. of rectangle (1) about an axis through its centre of gravity and parallel to
X-X axis.

And distance between centre of gravity of rectangle (1) and X-X axis,
Unit 4: Kinetics of Linear Motion
Introduction to Kinematics of Linear motion (no numerical on kinematics), Kinetics of
linear motion, Newton’s Laws, D’Alembert’s Principle, Work- Energy Principle, Impulse
Momentum Principal.

INTRODUCTION
A body is said to be at rest, if it occupies the same position with respect to its
surroundings at all moments. But it is said to be in motion, if it changes its position, with
respect to its surroundings.
IMPORTANT TERMS
1. Speed: The speed of a body may be defined as its rate of change of displacement with
respect to its surroundings. The speed of a body is irrespective of its direction and is,
thus, a scalar quantity.
2. Velocity: The velocity of a body may be defined as its rate of change of displacement,
with respect to its surroundings, in a particular direction. As the velocity is always
expressed in particular direction, therefore it is a vector quantity.
3. Acceleration: The acceleration of a body may be defined as the rate of change of its
velocity. It is said to be positive, when the velocity of a body increases with time, and
negative when the velocity decreases with time. The negative acceleration is also called
retardation. In general, the term acceleration is used to denote the rate at which the
velocity is changing. It may be uniform or variable.
4. Uniform acceleration: If a body moves in such a way that its velocity changes in
equal magnitudes in equal intervals of time, it is said to be moving with a uniform
acceleration.
5. Variable acceleration: If a body moves in such a way, that its velocity changes in
unequal magnitudes in equal intervals of time, it is said to be moving with a variable
acceleration.
6. Distance traversed: It is the total distance moved by a body. Mathematically, if body
is moving with a uniform velocity (v), then in (t) seconds, the distance traversed
 s = vt
MOTION UNDER UNIFORM ACCELERATION

Motion under uniform acceleration

Consider *linear motion of a particle starting from O and moving along OX with a uniform
acceleration as shown in Fig. Let P be its position after t seconds.
Let,
u = Initial velocity,
v = Final velocity,
t = Time (in seconds) taken by the particle to change its velocity from u to v.
a = Uniform positive acceleration, and
s = Distance travelled in t seconds.
Since in t seconds, the velocity of the particle has increased steadily from (u) to (v) at the rate of
a, therefore total increase in velocity
= at
v=u+at ...(i)

And average velocity = ( )

We know that distance travelled by the particle,
s = Average velocity x Time

s= x
Substituting the value of v from equation (i),

= = + ...(ii)

From equation (i), (i.e. v = u + at) we find that,

−
=
Now substituting this value of t in equation (ii),
+ − −
= "x =# $
2 2
2as = v2 - u2
v2 = u2 +2as
Therefore, Equations of linear motions are

v=u+at
= +

v2 = u2 +2as

IMPORTANT TERMS

1. Mass. It is the matter contained in a body. The units of mass are kilogram, tonne etc.
2. Weight. It is the force, by which the body is attracted towards the centre of the earth. The
units of weight are the same as those of force i.e. N, kN etc.
3. Momentum. It is the quantity of motion possessed by a body. It is expressed
mathematically as
Momentum = Mass × Velocity.
The units of momentum depend upon the units of mass and velocity. In S.I. units, the mass is
measured in kg, and velocity in m/s, therefore the unit of momentum will be kg-m/s.

4. Force. It is a very important factor in the field of dynamics also, and may be defined as
any cause which produces or tends to produce, stops or tends to stop motion. The units of
force, like those of weight, are N, kN etc.
5. Inertia. It is an inherent property of a body, which offers resistance to the change of its
state of rest or uniform motion.
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

Following are the three laws of motion, which were enunciated by Newton, who is regarded as
father of the Science.
1. Newton’s First Law of Motion states, “Everybody continues in its state of rest or of uniform
motion, in a straight line, unless it is acted upon by some external force.”
2. Newton’s Second Law of Motion states, “The rate of change of momentum is directly
proportional to the impressed force, and takes place in the same direction, in which the force
acts.”
3. Newton’s Third Law of Motion states, “To every action, there is always an equal and opposite
reaction.”

D’ALEMBERT’S PRINCIPLE
• D’Alembert’s principle state that, the system of forces acting on a body in motion is in
dynamic equilibrium with the inertia force of the body.
• The traction due to inertia of an accelerated body is equal and opposite to the force
causing the acceleration and by which the system is in dynamic equilibrium.
Reacting force + inertia force = 0

% & + (−' ) = 0

• It is also known as principle of Kino static or dynamic equilibrium.

• It is applicable only for plane motion of bodies which are symmetrical.
• Not applicable for unsymmetrical bodies or three dimensional motions.
• This principle is used to find acceleration and time.
WORK ENERGY PRINCIPLE
• It states that total work done by force is equal to change in kinetic energy.
Work done = Change in K.E.
WD = Final K.E. – Initial K.E.
1 1
&)*= ' − '
2 2
• This theorem is used to find velocity and displacement.
• Proof
According to Newton’s second law
F = ma
,
&='
,
Divided and multiply by ds
, ,
&=' )
, ,

.
- &, = ' - ,
./

& × * = '1 2
2
1 1
& × *= ' − '
2 2
WD = Final K.E. – Initial K.E.
IMPULSE MOMENT PRINCIPLE
• It states that, impulse due to force is equal to change in momentum.
• According to law
Impulse = Final momentum – Initial Momentum
F(t) = mv – mu
• This theorem is used to find velocity and time
• Sign conventions
Force along motion is +ve
• Proof
Using 2nd law of motion
F = ma
,
&='
,
&, = ',
3
&- , = '- ,
4

5× =' −'
Impulse = Final momentum – Initial Momentum
Unit 5: Kinetics of Circular Motion (8)

Introduction to Kinematics of Circular motion (no numerical on kinematics), Rotation

with constant and variable angular acceleration, centripetal and centrifugal force,
condition of skidding and overturning.
INTRODUCTION
We see that whenever a person, drives round a curve or a circular track
on a bicycle or a motor cycle or a scooter, he has to lean inward in
order to maintain a perfect equilibrium.
As a matter of fact, the angle at which the man leans with the vertical,
is more, if he is running at a faster speed than that when he is running at
a lower speed. This type of motion is called motion along a circular
path.
CENTRIPETAL ACCELERATION
Consider a particle moving along the circumference of a circle with O as centre as shown in Fig.

Centrifugal acceleration

Let r = Radius of the circular path in m, and

v = Linear velocity of the particle in m/s.
Now consider an instant when A be the position of the particle. After a small interval of time
(6 ), let its position be changed from A to B. When the body is at A its linear velocity (v) will be
along the dotted line AD i.e., tangent at A. Similarly, when the body is at B, its linear velocity
(again equal to v) will be along the dotted line BE i.e, tangent at B as shown in Fig. (a).
First of all, take any suitable point o, draw oa parallel to AD and let it represent the velocity v at
A, in direction and magnitude to some scale. Similarly, draw ob parallel to BE and let it
represent the velocity v at B, in direction and magnitude to the scale. Join ab as shown in Fig.
(b).
Now in ∆ 89, oa represents the initial velocity ; ob represents the final velocity and
ab represents the change in velocity.
We know that the acceleration,
:;<=>? @= A?BCD@EF J
= = …………………….. (i)
GHI K

Since the interval of time (∂t) is considered to be very small, therefore chord AB may be
considered to be equal to arc AB. Now consider two triangles ∆NOP and AOB, which are
similar.

CENTRIPETAL FORCE
A body, moving in a circle or along a circular path, with a constant velocity, suffers a continuous
change in its direction at every point of its motion; though the magnitude of its speed remains the
same. Since the velocity involves both magnitude as well as direction, and the velocity of the
body is continuously changing due to change in direction ; therefore according to *Newton’s
First Law of Motion, an external force must act continuously upon the body, to produce a change
in the direction of the moving body. Strictly speaking the body, due to inertia, tends to move
along the tangent at every point of its motion, with the constant velocity. Therefore, some force
must act at right angles to the direction of motion at every point, which should change the
direction of motion of the body, leaving the speed uniform. Thus the force, which acts along the
radius of the circle at every point, and is always directed towards the centre of the circle along
which the body moves, is known as centripetal force.

CENTRIFUGAL FORCE

According to **Newton’s Third Law of Motion, the force, which acts opposite to the centripetal
force, is known as centrifugal force. It may be noted that the centrifugal force always acts away
from the centre of the path, or in other words, the centrifugal force always tends to throw the
body away from the centre of circular path.
Unit 6: Impact and Collision (5)
Impact, Types of Impact, Law of conservation of Momentum,
Coefficient of Restitution, Numerical on Direct central Impact.