Week 11 Anph 111

Name: Aron Gian Farl M.
Supan Date: October 14, 2022
Course/Year/Sec: 1Y1-2 DMD Teacher: Bernard Balbat
EXERCISE NO. 11
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
GIO 1. TO LEARN THE ORGANS FORMING THE RESPIRATORY PASSAGEWAY.
1. Illustrate and label the sagittal view of the head and neck showing upper respiratory structures –
nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx.
2. Illustrate and label the anterior view of the trachea-bronchial tree including the Lungs
3. Trace the flow of the O2 from the outside to the alveoli in the lungs where the exchange of
gases takes place
4. Describe the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.
The maxilla, ethmoid bone, and perpendicular portion of the palatine bone all contribute to the
formation of the nasal cavity's lateral wall. In the rear, where the nasal cavity transitions into the
nasopharynx, the medial pterygoid plate forms the lateral wall.
5. Give the important features of the different parts of the pharynx.
provides the respiratory system with air. transports fluids and food to the digestive system.
prevents food from being inhaled by forcing it into the esophagus. drains fluid from the ears and
balances pressure inside them. The nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx are the three
components of the pharynx. Nasopharynx: The nasal cavities are connected to the top of the
throat, which allows air to travel through. The oropharynx is the region of the throat that links
to the mouth and oral cavity. Laryngopharynx or hypopharynx the larynx, or voice box, is located
close to the bottom of the throat.
6. Name the 9 laryngeal cartilages
The thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, epiglottis, arytenoid cartilage, corniculate cartilage, and
cuneiform cartilage make up the laryngeal skeleton's nine cartilages. The last three cartilages
are paired, whereas the initial three are unpaired.
7. Describe the features of the mucosa of the laryngeal cavity.
False and true vocal cord folds, formed by the mucosa, protrude into the larynx lumen in two
pairs. The stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium corresponds to the mechanically
exposed portions of the larynx.
8. Name 3 important laryngeal muscles and their corresponding functions.
The transverse arytenoid muscles, oblique arytenoid muscles, and aryepiglottic muscles make
up the sphincter muscles. The thyroarytenoid muscles and the vocalis muscles help to relax the
vocal cords, which are contracted by the cricothyroid muscles.
9. Tabulate the differences between the right and left lungs.
RIGHT LUNG LEFT LUNG
The right lung is the lung on the right The left lung is the lung on the left side
side of the respiratory system. of the respiratory system.
Consists of three lobes Consists of two lobes
Consist of two bronchi Consist single bronchus

Heavier Lighter
Short and wider Longer a narrower
Provides space for the liver Provides space for the heart
GIO 2. To know and understand the mechanics of breathing, gas exchanges, and the controls of
respiration.
1. Define the 2 phases of pulmonary ventilation.
Expiration and inspiration are the two main components of pulmonary ventilation. Expiration is
the process through which air leaves the lungs, while inspiration is the process by which air
enters them. One series of inhalation and expiration makes up a respiratory cycle.
2. Discuss the changes in the thoracic cavity including the respiratory muscles involved during the
different phases of respiration.
The diaphragm and intercostal muscles, which are related to the rib cage, contract during
inhalation to increase the lung capacity, which also increases the thoracic cavity. Based on the
ideas of Boyle's Law, the pressure is reduced because of this increase in volume.
3. Define the following:
a. tidal volume
In essence, tidal volume is each breath a person takes. It is a significant factor in both
minute and alveolar ventilation. The quantity of air that enters the lungs each minute is
measured by minute ventilation also referred to as total ventilation.
b. inspiratory reserve volume
The amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a tidal inhalation is known as the
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) (about 3,000 ml for men & 2,000 ml for women)
c. expiratory reserve volume
The maximum amount of air that can be expired above the typical TV expiration is known as
the expiratory reserve volume (ERV).
d. residual volume
It is the amount of air in the lungs that is still present after a maximum exhale. The typical
adult value is 1200ml/20–25 ml/kg. It cannot be assessed by spirometry but is indirectly
determined from the sum of FRC and ERV.
e. total lung capacity
The total of the RV, ERV, VT, and IRV is the total lung capacity (TLC), which is the maximum
amount of gas in the lungs following a maximal inhalation. TLC for a 70-kg adult in good
health is about 6 L. The maximum amount of gas released during a forced expiration
following a forced inhale is known as the vital capacity (VC).
f. vital capacity
After a maximum inhalation, it is the entire amount of air exhaled. The value, which varies
with age and body size, is around 4800mL. Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and
expiratory reserve volume are added together to calculate it.
g. inspiratory capacity
The amount of air that can be inspired after a typical, peaceful expiration is known as the
inspiratory capacity, which is equal to the sum of the tidal volume and the inspiratory
reserve volume. Vital capacity, which is equal to (inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume
+ expiratory reserve volume), is the amount of air under voluntary control.
4. Circle the term that does not belong in each of the following groupings.
1. ↑ respiratory rate ↓ blood CO 2 Alkalosis Acidosis

2. Acidosis Carbonic acid Hypoventilation CO 2 buildup
3. Acidosis Hyperventilation Hypoventilation CO2 buildup
4. Apnea Cyanosis ↑ O2 ↓ O2
5. ↓ pH ↑ blood CO2 Acidosis blood H+
5. Differentiate between external and internal respiration.

The exchange of gases with the environment outside takes place in the lungs' alveoli and is
known as external respiration. Internal respiration, which takes place in the tissues, is the
exchange of gases with the internal environment. Gases really exchange because of simple
diffusion.

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Name: Aron Gian Farl M.

Supan Date: October 14, 2022

Course/Year/Sec: 1Y1-2 DMD Teacher: Bernard Balbat

GIO 1. TO LEARN THE ORGANS FORMING THE RESPIRATORY PASSAGEWAY.

4. Describe the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.

5. Give the important features of the different parts of the pharynx.

6. Name the 9 laryngeal cartilages

7. Describe the features of the mucosa of the laryngeal cavity.

8. Name 3 important laryngeal muscles and their corresponding functions.

9. Tabulate the differences between the right and left lungs.

RIGHT LUNG LEFT LUNG

Consist of two bronchi Consist single bronchus

Short and wider Longer a narrower

1. Deﬁne the 2 phases of pulmonary ventilation.

3. Deﬁne the following:

c. expiratory reserve volume

e. total lung capacity

1. ↑ respiratory rate ↓ blood CO 2 Alkalosis Acidosis

5. Differentiate between external and internal respiration.

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